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Showing 4 results for Lead
Ali Reza Radkhah, Soheil Eagderi, Esmaeil Sadeghinejad Masouleh, Volume 3, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
The spread of pollutants, including heavy metals, in water resources, has negatively affected many marine and freshwater ecosystems and, consequently, their habitats, especially fish. Since the fisheries industry provides part of the food needs of society, the transfer of pollutants such as heavy metals through the food chain to the human body can be considered a threat to the health of human society. Therefore, the need to study this issue is felt like one of the research needs at the national and international levels.
This narrative review examines the subject by reviewing library resources, articles, books, as well as reputable scientific databases. In this review, first, a perspective of the fisheries and aquaculture industry was presented and then, the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of fish and their transfer to the human food chain was considered. Also, the major effects of heavy metals on human health were investigated.
In general, most heavy metals are toxic to the body at very low levels. However, among the studied metals, mercury, lead, and cadmium have a higher degree of toxicity, therefore, increasing these heavy metals in fish tissue to more than the allowable level is associated with many risks. The main mechanism of toxicity of heavy metals involves the production of free radicals to cause oxidative stress, which causes damage to biological molecules such as enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA.
Based on the results, increasing the levels of mercury, lead and cadmium in fish tissue compared to other metals can have more harmful effects on public health. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the quality of consumables, especially fish sold in wholesale markets and retailers.
Mohammad Velayatzadeh, Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
Lead is a toxic metal that is highly distributed in the environment and enters the natural cycle through many human-made industrial, agricultural, urban and rural activities, as well as by entering the marine ecosystems, it accumulates in the cycle of food and fish and can cause very dangerous and carcinogenic diseases in humans. This review was conducted in 2022. The data needed to assess the risk of lead on fish in the Caspian Sea, Oman sea and the Persian Gulf were collected by reviewing Persian and English published articles. The findings showed that the range of lead concentration in Caspian Sea fish was from 0.03 mg/kg in Vimba vimba to 3.01 mg/kg in golden grey mullet. Among the fish of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the highest amount of lead was found in the flounders (2.82 mg/kg) and the lowest amount of this metal was found in sulpdur goatfish (0.008 mg/kg). The amount of lead in the muscle of the fish studied in the Caspian Sea, such as Caspian kutum, Golden grey mullet, common carp, leaping mullet, Gobies, and common Pike, was higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard (0.2 mg/kg). In fish in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the levels of lead in the muscles of Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Tigertooth croaker, Indo-Pacific king mackerel, Chelon subviridis, blackspotted croaker, Cobia, Sillaginidae, and Flounder were reported to be higher than the WHO limit. According to the risk assessment of lead metal in the fishes, in many cases the risk index was higher than 1 and the carcinogenic risk index of lead in the muscle of many fishes was reported to be higher than 1×10-4. Therefore, according to these results, it can be concluded that many fish in the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Oman Sea have been contaminated with lead metal during the past years, and for human consumption, the necessary precautions should be taken based on the recommendations of the WHO. It is also suggested to continuously monitor and control the concentration of lead metal and other heavy metals in marine ecosystems.
Haniyeh Ziaeian Nourbakhsh, Razagh Obeidi, Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present research was carried out with the aim of measuring the levels of the heavy metals nickel, lead and cadmium in the muscle tissues of the Acanthopagrus cuvieris in Asaluyeh port in Bushehr Province.
Methods: Twenty Acanthopagrus cuvieri with an average weight of 1056.66±10.12 and 1014.30±19.68 gr were hunted in the winter and spring of 2020, respectively. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, their Biometrics operations were performed. Then the samples were chemically digested with nitric acid and at the end, the number of heavy metals was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model: PG AA 500).
Results: The results of measuring the concentrations of the heavy metals in the muscle tissues of the Acanthopagrus cuvieri showed that the mean levels of nickel, lead and cadmium were 36.4±0.2, 85.4±0.4 and 58.7±0.1 µg/kg dry weight during winter, respectively. In spring, these amounts were 12.8±0.4, 45.3±0.5 and 48.2±0.3 µg/kg dry weight, respectively. There was a significant difference between winter and spring in this regard (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The levels of heavy metals in muscle tissues of Acanthopagrus Cuvieri in Asaluyeh port were lower than the international WHO, FAO, NHMRC, and UK (MAFF) standards and therefore these concentrations pose no threat to consumers.
Sarina Jafari, Mohammadhosein Movassagh, Volume 5, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Various natural and human activities, non-biodegradability and toxicity of heavy metals even in low concentrations are among causative agents of aquatic ecosystem pollution, which can cause serious threat to the environment and humans. The aim of study was to investigate the level of lead and cadmium in the edible tissue (muscle and skin) of caspian kutum and rainbow trout in Gonbad Kavus, Iran and also to compare the accumulation levels with the European Union standard.
Methods: To investigate the concentration of lead and cadmium, 25 samples of caspian kutum and 25 samples of rainbow trout were randomly collected from fish supply centers in Gonbad Kavus, from April to June 2022. The levels of lead and cadmium in the samples were measured using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry technique.
Results: The concentration of lead and cadmium in Caspian white fish was 587±22.30 and 120.89±6.07 µg/kg and in rainbow trout 323.72±9.89 and 62.37±3.98 µg/kg, respectively. The levels of lead and cadmium in caspian kutum were significantly higher than those of rainbow trout (P<0.05). The amount of lead and cadmium in caspian kutum samples exceeded the EU standard limit, while the levels exceeded the EU standard limit in 30% and 36% of rainbow trout samples, respectively.
Conclusion: The levels of lead and cadmium heavy metals pollution were high in rainbow trout compared to caspian kutum in Gonbad Kavus, Iran. It is suggested that in order to find the causes of the pollution and provide suitable solutions, the amount of these heavy metals must be periodically measured in rainbow trout compared to caspian kutum in Gonbad Kavus, Iran. The influx of human and industrial sewage from Iran and other countries in the Caspian Sea and the lowering of the water level in the Caspian Sea increase the contamination of seafood with heavy metals. Therefore, the pollution of water resources in areas such as Gorgan Bay with sewage should be prevented.
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