Background and Aim: Among the most annoying problems in all vessels are the existence of species from rodents to insects that waste some part of the ability of personnel to operate or damage navigation control systems, damage electronic networks, damage food and even poison people. The purpose of this study was to identify pests, insects and rodents on the light and semi-heavy vessels available in Bandar Abbas and to provide solutions to them.
Methods: After preliminary examination, location and floating docks selection, sampling and catching of insects and rodents were done from the vessels in southern Iran (Bandar Abbas). Samples were collected with the help of manual entomopathology; aspirator; sticky trap; hand collection; match with canberra; pneumatic; trap collection. Killing and storing of samples was done by standard methods and frequency of samples was recorded. After processing the information, a panel of experts from six experts in the field of health (environmental, public and occupational health) developed solution and strategies to remove pest, insect and rodent.  
Results: In total, 141 arthropods, 18 genera, 29 species and 4 rodents from one family belonging to one species were identified. Samples were collected in greater order from the kitchen, personnel dormitories, martial facilities and the main vessels lounge. The highest frequency of arthropods caught was American cockroach and large ant (12.77%) followed by spiders (11.35%), small ants (10.64%) and the least abundant were locusts and rodents. Summarizing the opinions of 6 experts in the field of health (environmental health, public and professional), solutions were presented in 4 areas: physical, chemical, biological and genetic.
Conclusion: Considering the abundance of pests, insects and rodents in light and semi-heavy vessels, raising the awareness of managers and staff about environmental health, through training sessions by health experts, as well as the preparation of a pesticide and insect control checklist is suggested.

Background and Aim: Determining the actual cost of various services has a great impact on the efficiency of hospitals and increasing their profitability. This study was conducted to introduce and apply the Activity Based Costing (ABC) Method in determining the total price of dental services.
Methods: The present study was conducted in 2015 in the dental department of a clinic affiliated with the Navy in Tehran, Iran. The necessary data was collected using methods such as observation and interview. After calculating the costs, the total cost of each process was calculated and recorded in tables. Using the two-way sharing model and with the help of the inverse matrix function, the costs of service and diagnostic units were allocated to each of the hospital's operating units directly dealing with patients by ABC method and then compared with traditional method results.
 Results: The total cost of patients in the dental department specifically indicate that there is a significant difference between the total costs of services in the traditional method compared to the ABC method.
Conclusion: This study showed that there is a difference between the real price of dental services and government tariffs, which in most activities has led to dental profitability. Due to the high share of direct wage costs in total expenditures (75%), therefore, by increasing labor productivity and improving performance management in the field of manpower and standardization, it is possible to reduce the cost of services and consumption of resources.

 

The World Health Organization announced a state of emergency to deal with the new coronavirus on January 30, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and due to the high contagiousness and rapid spread of the virus, it quickly involved the whole world in multiple problems. Efficient management has minimized the damage in some countries. In this review, we investigate the management practices of different countries. Rapid action, utilization of experience, forecasting and equipping of required infrastructure and use of all capabilities seem to be effective factors in controlling the new coronavirus pandemic in some countries.

The new coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes an infectious disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This disease is highly contagious, and it damages organs due to the high affinity of Spike protein for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor, which is highly expresses in organs such as the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain, and bladder. These organs seems a probable host for the virus although the main target tissue of the virus is the lungs. In general, the virus enters the host cell by Spike protein, which it is a good candidate for the vaccine design. Inhibition or blockade of ACE2 receptors using antibodies that neutralize this receptor can be a hope to prevent the virus from invading the cell and causing damage.

Background and aim: Tuberculosis is a life-threatening infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Determining the incidence of tuberculosis and treating sick people is one of the important strategies to prevent the occurrence of the disease and accelerate the process of achieving the goals of sustainable development to reduce cases of tuberculosis.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The information is extracted from the recorded data of the tuberculosis care system and a researcher-made checklist with questions from patients as well as health system staff.
Results: The total number of tuberculosis cases was 89, of which 57.3% were female. The mean age was 61.71 years. The cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were 78.7% and the others were extrapulmonary. The overall incidence of tuberculosis and smear-positive cases in Kerman in 2018 were equal to 11.4 and 6.1 per 100,000 population, respectively. Also, the incidence of negative and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in 2018 was equal to 1.2 and 2.2 people per 100,000 population, respectively.
Conclusion: These findings showed that the incidence of tuberculosis in Kerman is slightly higher than the national average, however, this small amount requires further investigation and survey of the causes and finally measurements to reduce the incidence of this disease.

Medical and educational care and the creation of special measures to prevent the spread of the disease are of great importance in maintaining the health of seafarers. Direct and immediate access to appropriate medical care always is not available to this group. Given that sailing is a dangerous occupation with a higher mortality rate than many onshore jobs, self-care is the most common behavioral response to prevent common diseases in this group. The most important achievement of strengthening the self-care approach is that sailors make the right decisions about the proper use of health care and choose and implement appropriate self-care behaviors for health problems. Sailors' self-care can include prevention of occupational diseases, prevention and protection of occupational and mechanical detrimental factors, prevention of ergonomic detrimental factors, prevention of chemical detrimental factors, prevention of physical detrimental factors, prevention of nutritional problems. Self-care in seafarers clearly increases the efficiency and individual skills of sailors against disease. On the other hand, learning self-care activities can lead sailors to stay healthy, increase a person's adaptation to the environment and health problems, increase the ability of sailors to take care of themselves, and reduce the incidence of disability and treatment costs.

Sailors are a unique occupational group in terms of access to medical facilities in times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 epidemic. On the large or small vessels, sailors may spend a long time away from standard medical services. In addition, job restrictions, closed living space, and long distance from family members during long-distance voyages make it difficult for sailors to prevent and treat diseases that occur at sea compared to landlocked individuals. Therefore, due to the nature of their work and travel to different countries through water, sailors are exposed to potential risks of disease.
Given the risk of sailors and the importance of disease prevention education in this group, Tele Education is a good opportunity to improve the knowledge of sailors in the field of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and its prevention. This training can be provided using communication tools. Tele Education for sailors can be done in two dimensions: self-care training for the prevention of COVID-19, and specific self-care training for the prevention of common diseases. In this way, the sailors' knowledge and awareness will increase and their insights and attitudes in the field of prevention of infectious diseases will be enhanced, and also their performance in this field will be improved that lead to the health and well-being.

Background and Aim: The bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L, 1758) is one of the most important health pests which have very closely related to the human environment. This study aimed to review and collect information on the identification and control of bed bugs.
Methods: In this review, papers found in scientific databases were used after removing old ones as well as duplicate content. The information obtained from Iran and other countries of the world was categorized and presented in the fields of identification, level of infection, ways to control bed bugs and prevent their spread.
Results: Many studies have shown the widespread spread of bedbugs in homes and other places such as student dormitories and military sanatoriums in Iran and other countries. Some factors such as increased travel of people as well as bed bug resistance to pesticides can be effective in the outbreak of this insect. Many methods have been proposed to control and limit the growth and expansion of the population of this insect. Control of this pest in small populations will be very easy and fast, therefore, detection of bed bugs in the early stages of infection is very important.
Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, bedbugs have become very common in urban areas in recent years, and it seems that the spread of this insect is still increasing. Although this insect does not play a role in transmitting a specific pathogen to humans, its bites, especially at night, cause insomnia and loss of comfort, which is sometimes associated with psychological effects. The use of any of the control methods alone is not able to control this insect and a combination of control measures should be used. In addition, regular monitoring of this insect in areas prone to infection can be very effective in preventing the spread and recurrence of bed bugs.