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:: Search published articles ::
Showing 10 results for Water

Ali Ahmadi, Jafar Soleimanian ,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract

The importance of freshwater resources and water infrastructure for the health of human communities has made them one of the main targets of terrorist attacks. Currently, 9 types of biological toxins are considered to be potentially important factors in bioterrorism to contaminate drinking water resources. These toxins include botulinum toxin, T-2 mycotoxin, ricin, aflatoxin, saxitoxin, anatoxin A, tetrodotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxins, and microcystin. There have been several reported terrorist attacks in the world using contaminated drinking water by microbial pathogens. Unlike most terrorist factors, it is very difficult to detect threats to water resources, and because such attacks are characterized only by the spread of contaminated water and the loss of many lives in an outbreak or epidemic, it is important to identify and deal with quickly. In addition to permanent control and elimination of the possible vulnerability of reservoirs and drinking water facilities in usual conditions, in order to quickly and efficiently deal with these threats, especially in crisis situations, most countries are equipped with diagnostic laboratories, monitoring systems and advanced monitoring networks. It seems vital to set up a specialized reference laboratory for controlling and monitoring drinking water in the field of passive defense. In addition to general and traditional tests, this laboratory must have specialized departments for monitoring, tracking and rapid detection of microbial pathogens contaminating drinking water, as well as biological toxins in this area using molecular, immunological methods, biosensors and nanosensors.  

Saeid Zardar , Dr Babak Barati ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2021)
Abstract

Providing healthy water and food in the armed forces, in addition to having a direct impact on the physical and mental health of the forces, is one of the concerns of commanders and managers. The transfer and relocation of forces in various missions and operations, especially in the Navy, emphasize the importance of water and food management.
Today, nanotechnology with various applications in the field of water and food resource management has also come to the aid of the defense industry. However, this technology has been used in other fields of the Navy, such as nanofibers in antibacterial diving suits, self-cleaning suits, fire-resistant suits, as well as equipment, boat hulls as lightweight and corrosion-resistant coatings, it also has many applications, but in this review, we will have a glimpse of the use of this technology in providing healthy water and food for the forces in critical conditions at sea.
In the past, the goals of drinking water purifiers were to reduce suspended solids and eliminate live pathogens in water, which could be achieved by conventional filtration and disinfection methods. However, with increasing concentrations of particulate matter, nitrogen compounds, organic and mineral matter, and heavy metals in water sources, conventional methods do not meet the needs of consumers and it is necessary to use relatively new processes in purifiers.

Rahim Keshavarz, Vali Alipour , Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini , Mehdi Safatian ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract

The importance of water and disease transmission has been known for a long time. One of the necessities of human life, both in times of peace and in times of crisis, is to drink "safe water". Drinking healthy, disease-free water plays an important role in preventing water-borne diseases such as acute and chronic diarrhea. Water-borne pathogens are abundant and include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms.
Adequate water supply and water purification in emergency situations and control and monitoring of water quality have particular importance. The United Nations recommends that each person needs 20-50 liters of healthy freshwater per day to meet basic human needs such as drinking, cooking, and cleaning, of which 2-4 liters per day is sufficient for drinking and should be provided from the best quality water sources. The minimum amount of drinking water consumption on the first day after the occurrence of a catastrophe to survive in a mild climate and mountain conditions is one liter per day and to survive in hot and dry conditions 3 liters per day.
In the present review study, the practical and applied methods appropriate to the available technology for the drinking water supply of small communities have been presented.

Iman Kord, Mohammad Seyedahmadi, Mohsen Ghofrani,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (8-2021)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Parkinson's disease is one of the most important diseases related to the nervous system in adults, which has become the second most dangerous disease after Alzheimer's disease. The purpose of this study is a systematic and meta-analysis review of studies that have examined the effect of water-based exercise on balance and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Search for Persian language articles was done in Sid and Magiran databases, and for English language articles was done in Science direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases without time limit until April 2021 with keywords related to "Parkinson", "quality of life", "balance". Only clinical trials in adult Parkinson's patients were included in this review, that comparing water-based exercise versus daily care or land-based exercise. The main variables were balance and quality of life in Parkinson's patients. The mean difference (MD) was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI) and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. To analyze the data, Cochran Institute Rev Man 4.5 software was used.
Results: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 Persian articles and 9 English articles out of 161 studies were comprehensively reviewed. The number of Parkinson's patients in the balance studies was 294 and in the quality of life studies was 116. The age of the participants ranged from 47 to 71 years (mean 63.2 years). The duration of the sessions ranged from 45 to 60 minutes, the number of sessions per week varied from 2 to 5 sessions and the duration of the training period was from 4 to 12 weeks. The results of meta-analysis showed that water-based exercise compared to land-based exercise at 39 PDQ scale caused a slightly significant difference in quality of life between Parkinson's patients (-0.15 to -9.76), 95% CI, -4.96 MD. Also, water-based exercise compared to land-based exercise (in balance component with BBS Berg balance scale) caused a significant difference (2.10 to 6.08) 95% CI, 4.09 MD.
Conclusion: Water-based exercise is more effective in improving balance and quality of life in people with Parkinson's than land-based exercise and routine care. Therefore, in addition to daily exercise on land, exercise in water can help increase the quality of life and balance of these patients and therapists can use it in exercise programs for patients.   

Hossein Masoumbeigi, Mahdi Sadat Rasoul, Ghader Qanizadeh,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Strengthening the security and flexibility of critical infrastructure such as water facilities, which are part of the main assets and vital centers of cities and are very vulnerable to possible attacks, has a very important role in reducing vulnerability in critical situations. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the risk of drinking water facilities in Hashtgerd city by Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). 
Methods: The present analytical study was conducted in the all water facility of Hashtgerd city, Alborz, Iran in 2020. Identification and determination of the types of potential hazards and threats of water facilities in Hashtgerd city related to the quantity and quality of water and operation and maintenance was done by reviewing the necessary documents, field visits, observation, interviews and opinion polls of Alborz province water supply experts. Then, risk assessment was performed using FMEA technique. The risk priority number was calculated by multiplying the three factors of severity, probability of occurrence and probability of discovery, and based on that, risk prioritization was performed and the necessary solutions to reduce the risk were presented.
Results: In this study, 42 potential risks were identified. The highest risks belonged to water wells (35.71%). The identified risks were 10, 33 and 57%, related to the quantity, quality of water and operation and maintenance, respectively. The highest risk priority number were 576, 448 and 392, related to the critical threats that belonged to improper selection of water well location, possibility of physical attacks on reservoirs and long life of pumping station and water distribution network, respectively. 47.6, 40.5 and 11.9% of the risks were at the critical, moderate and non-critical levels, respectively. Risk priority number range of critical level threats for water wells with 8 risks was 192-448, for pumping stations with 8 risks was 280-576 and for reservoirs and water distribution network with 4 risks was 336-392.
Conclusion: The findings showed that all of the Hashtgerd water facilities are vulnerable to identified potentially critical threats and require serious corrections, control, monitoring and up-to-date and frequent staff training. Corrections implementation, especially for critical level threats, in order of priority for water tanks and distribution network, pumping station and then water wells, can play an effective role in reducing the risk potential and destructive effects of threats in crises and need to be seriously considered by water industry officials.

Amirhosein Fazilati, Nader Mokhtarian, Alimohammad Latifi, Mohammad Fazilati,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract

Background and Aim: With the industrialization of aquatic ecosystems, the concentration of ammonia in surface water and groundwater have been much higher than standards, and large amounts of industrial, municipal and agricultural effluents containing ammonia are released into water sources, producing unhealthy and harmful products. The aim of this study was to synthesis the biological nanocomposite hydrogels based on kappa-carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles to absorb three samples of agricultural effluent containing ammonia.
Methods: Hydrogels are the most suitable bio-sorbents that exist naturally and synthetically. In this study, carrageenan and acrylic acid hydrogels in the form of radical polymerization were prepared in the room by methylene bis-acrylamide as the crosslinking agent and ammonia persulfate as the initiator. Then, a magnetic hydrogel was prepared using divalent and trivalent iron by co-precipitation method.
Results: By adsorbing the ammonia in the two prepared effluent samples, the optimal values ​​for contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent were 40 minutes, 5, 15 ° C and 40 mg, respectively. The ammonia equilibrium adsorption process by nanomagnetic hydrogels was studied by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, which show that the maximum adsorption belongs to the Langmuir isotherm. Comparison of experimental data with adsorption models showed that these data follow a quasi-quadratic adsorption model. The optimum temperature for the removal of ammonia from both effluents is 15 ° C and the removal capacity in both effluents increases with rising pH from 2 to 10.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be estimated that the adsorbent studied in this study, which is a nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide, had a significant reduction in the amount of ammonia in the effluents. It can be said that the nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide is an effective adsorbent for the rapid removal of ammonium ions from an aqueous solution.

Aliakbar Takhtdar, Arash Shakuri,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract

Heavy metals are one of the most common environmental pollutants that can enter coastal areas from natural and human sources and affect marine organisms and the human population. Heavy metals are a serious threat to human health, living organisms and natural ecosystems due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation characteristics. Many heavy metal ions are toxic or carcinogenic to humans. Heavy metals can lead to the destruction of marine ecosystems by reducing the diversity and number of species and through accumulation in living organisms and food chains. Heavy metals enter coastal and marine environments through various sources, including industries, and domestic sewage. Heavy metals from ship traffic effluents are among polluting sources. This study investigated the effect of this pollution on macrobenthic communities. The findings show that heavy metals have an effect on premature spawning, increase in mortality and decrease in the body's defense system in fish, decrease in growth and survival and irregular cell division in sea urchins, increase in mortality, delay in growth and prevention shell development and irregular cell division in crustaceans, and increased mortality, reducing body defenses, delaying growth, losing breeding capacity and reducing eggshell thickness in seabirds, and irregular structure and acute toxic condition and delay in growth in benthos. Urban and industrial activities are the main sources of marine environment pollution. As a result, it can be stated that environmental quality assessment in this sector can provide useful information for pollution control in coastal areas. Recently, the implementation of environmental legal frameworks in the European Community has increased the awareness of the importance of heavy metals in shipping effluents in order to achieve "good environmental status".

Mohammad Zare Abandansari, Abbas Naghizadeh Baghi, Hossein Taheri, Tayyebeh Yanpi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract

Background and Aim: One of the most important ways of spending leisure time is using swimming pools and water parks. Therefore, the current research, in order to maintain the physical and mental health of the users of these places, seeks to develop a model for water safety in swimming pools by using appropriate strategies.
Methods: The current qualitative research was conducted using the foundation data model. The statistical population was university faculty members in the department of sports management and medical sciences, officials of the sports and youth department, experts in the field of construction and equipping of sports facilities, managers and users of swimming pools in Mazandaran province, north of Iran in 2022. The non-random sampling method; and a semi-structured interview with open questions were used. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation (Interview No. 18). In order to finalize the research, validity and reliability criteria were used.
Results: After removing the similar codes, 64 concepts were identified in the field of water safety development in swimming pools, which are in two main categories of operational development (including technical measures, security measures, emergency services, health measures) and strategic development (including training and culture, preventive measures).
Conclusion: Some important recommendations in the field of developing a model for water safety in swimming pools include preventing the formation of calcareous deposits on the surface of the pool, preventing the growth of algae in the pool, having an oxygen device in swimming pools and familiarizing rescuers and lifeguards with resuscitation methods and quick connection with medical centers.

Zeinab Naseri, Farzam Farzan, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Razavi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract

Background and Aim: The harsh environment and conditions of serving in prison endanger the mental health of soldiers and affect their level of aggression and life satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of life satisfaction and aggression dimensions of soldiers based on the type of sport (water or land) and their marital status.
Methods: The statistical population was all soldiers serving in the Mazandaran prison organization, north of Iran, in 2022. The soldiers of 3 prisons, Babol, Sari, and Tonkabon, were selected as the research sample by random cluster sampling (n=169) and finally 153 complete questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected with three questionnaires; demographic information, Diener's life satisfaction and Makarowski's aggression, and with 3 dimensions going ahead, tripping up, and assertiveness.
Results: The life satisfaction has a significant difference between land and water sports soldiers, and water sports soldiers have higher life satisfaction (P<0.05). The mean aggression dimensions of the water sports group is lower than the land sports group, which is statistically significant (P<0.05) except for the assertiveness dimension. Single soldiers are more satisfied with life than married soldiers, but this difference is not statistically significant (P<0.05). Also, there is no significant difference in the mean dimensions of aggression between married and single soldiers (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the current findings that showed water sports soldiers have higher life satisfaction and less aggressive dimensions than land sports soldiers, in order to increase life satisfaction and reduce soldiers' aggression, it is suggested that recreational and educational water sports programs should be part of the soldiers' leisure time programs.
Mazyar Jahanbakhsh , Ali Mohammadi, Abbas Khazaei ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2025)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Given the critical importance of advanced equipment in diving operations, particularly in complex and deep environments, this study examines the effects of atmospheric diving suits (ADS) on improving safety and operational efficiency in underwater missions.
Methods: This applied research employed a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach with an exploratory-descriptive design. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 8 military and industrial diving experts, selected through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. The quantitative phase distributed a 29-item questionnaire via complete census sampling to 40 diving supervisors and operators. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. Qualitative data were analyzed through coding and content analysis, while quantitative data were examined using descriptive statistics.
Results: The study revealed that atmospheric diving suits (ADS) significantly impact underwater operations across six key dimensions: 1) technical-operational aspects (6 components, mean=4.84) emerged as the most influential factor, followed by 2) economic considerations (4 components, mean=4.82), 3) military-security applications (4 components, mean=4.67), 4) operational safety and protection (7 components, mean=4.33), 5) scientific research capabilities (5 components, mean=4.18), and 6) environmental factors (4 components, mean=4.12), demonstrating ADS technology's comprehensive potential to enhance safety, efficiency, and operational effectiveness in challenging underwater environments while offering notable economic and security benefits.
Conclusion: As an innovative technology, atmospheric diving suits play a vital role in improving underwater operation safety and performance. The systems offer significant advantages not only technically and operationally, but also economically, environmentally, and in security applications. Their deployment is particularly recommended for challenging underwater environments.  


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مجله طب دریا Journal of Marine Medicine
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