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:: Search published articles ::
Showing 7 results for Pollution

Masoud Javanbakht ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2021)
Abstract

Environmental pollution, especially marine pollution, is one of the most complex and threatening issues facing human beings today. Fighting chemical pollutants and substances that endanger the health of the environment is one of the most important tasks and missions of today's society. The sea is one of the rich resources with special privileges to meet some of the human needs throughout history, so the preservation of its environment and the living things that live in it play an important role in the continuation of human life. Pollution is the direct or indirect transfer or intrusion of materials or energy by humans into the environment, resulting in harmful effects on the marine environment by endangering biological resources, endangering human health, and creating barriers to marine activities. Fishing will damage the use of seawater and reduce recreational resources. In some places in the oceans, the number of these particles is even higher than the number of plankton, where the high levels of the oceans live. Fish also eat these plastic particles, and eventually their stomachs contain more plastic than plankton. Hence, fish die despite having a full stomach. At the same time, it is not only fish that are at risk of plastic particles in the seas, but these particles also endanger the life of seabirds. On the one hand, it is possible for birds to get stuck in plastic bags and suffocate, on the other hand, when these birds eat fish, plastic particles enter their bodies. Another problem with plastic bags is the lack of a proper way to dispose of them without having harmful consequences for the environment
Aliakbar Takhtdar, Arash Shakuri,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract

Heavy metals are one of the most common environmental pollutants that can enter coastal areas from natural and human sources and affect marine organisms and the human population. Heavy metals are a serious threat to human health, living organisms and natural ecosystems due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation characteristics. Many heavy metal ions are toxic or carcinogenic to humans. Heavy metals can lead to the destruction of marine ecosystems by reducing the diversity and number of species and through accumulation in living organisms and food chains. Heavy metals enter coastal and marine environments through various sources, including industries, and domestic sewage. Heavy metals from ship traffic effluents are among polluting sources. This study investigated the effect of this pollution on macrobenthic communities. The findings show that heavy metals have an effect on premature spawning, increase in mortality and decrease in the body's defense system in fish, decrease in growth and survival and irregular cell division in sea urchins, increase in mortality, delay in growth and prevention shell development and irregular cell division in crustaceans, and increased mortality, reducing body defenses, delaying growth, losing breeding capacity and reducing eggshell thickness in seabirds, and irregular structure and acute toxic condition and delay in growth in benthos. Urban and industrial activities are the main sources of marine environment pollution. As a result, it can be stated that environmental quality assessment in this sector can provide useful information for pollution control in coastal areas. Recently, the implementation of environmental legal frameworks in the European Community has increased the awareness of the importance of heavy metals in shipping effluents in order to achieve "good environmental status".

Mehran Maleki Roveshti, Firouz Valipour,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Noise annoyance is considered a significant injury in military personnel and has the ability to affect their combat performance. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of sound in the occupational exposure of employees to military vessels.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on N-class and T-class vessels near Mahshahr city in 2022. Sound measurement and octaband analysis were done using sound meter and acoustic calibrator. In N-class and T-class vessels, the analysis of the sound pressure level was analyzed in the stationary state and in the state while moving with engine speed of 1300 and 1700 rpm. The collected data were analyzed in Minitab 21 software.
Results: The findings showed that the sound pressure level in the switched on state is less than the standard limits at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. But in the on state during movement and with the engine speed of 1700 rpm in both N-class and T-class vessels, engine number 2 has the highest sound pressure level with a difference of 18.8 and 14.9 dB compared to the standard limits. Also, at the frequency of 250 Hz, among the distance measurement of different engines, the biggest difference in sound pressure level (-29.6 dB) with the standard limits is related to the right engine of the N-class vessel.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that the sound pressure level in the switched on state does not cause any damage to the hearing of military personnel, because in all the measured frequencies, the sound pressure level was reported to be lower than the standard limits. It is recommended to use personal protective equipment for employees during military operations or to install a high-performance absorber in the cabin of both vessels during occupational exposures to reduce the harmful effects of noise.

Mahmood Reza Abbasi,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (2-2024)
Abstract

The operation of marine nuclear reactors mirrors that of all nuclear reactors. However, unlike other reactors, much of the information regarding marine reactors is classified, making it challenging to assess their safety levels. While the likelihood of an accident resulting in the release of radioactivity from the core of a nuclear reactor on a ship or submarine into the environment is minimal, the potential for such incidents cannot be disregarded. Numerous studies have explored the risks associated with accidents in nuclear reactors. This article provides a descriptive examination of various aspects of accidents in nuclear ships and submarines, delving into the extent of risks posed by these incidents.
The article highlights the rigorous safety measures incorporated into the design and construction of nuclear vessels and submarines to prevent the release of radioactive materials in case of accidents. Each nuclear system, including the fuel casing, cooling system, and safety chamber, presents potential risks of radioactive material leakage into the environment. By categorizing nuclear accidents based on these subsystems, safety protocols aimed at preventing contamination spread and ensuring nuclear safety are reviewed.
Furthermore, the emission characteristics of radioactive materials released into the marine environment during a nuclear accident are explored in terms of half-life, emission range, and decay types. The study also investigates the crucial role of seawater in attenuating and modifying the radiation properties of radioactive materials. It is demonstrated that fast neutrons and gamma rays are rapidly attenuated by surrounding seawater, typically traveling less than 1 meter. Additionally, most radioactive materials resulting from a nuclear accident emit alpha (α) and beta (β) radiation, both of which have limited ranges of less than 10 cm in water, with seawater serving as an effective shield against this type of radiation pollution.
Esmaeil Zakeri Minabi , Morteza Zarei , Abbas Derakhshan,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract

The increasing marginalization in coastal cities, coupled with excessive population density and the resulting rise in socio-economic activities, has led to significant environmental challenges in sensitive coastal areas. This situation necessitates the identification and assessment of threat factors, considering both their contribution and location within these vulnerable ecosystems. This study aims to identify and evaluate the pollution threats to the coastal environment along the eastern coast of the Strait of Hormuz, specifically in Sirik County.
The research employs a field-based approach, including surveys and interviews with experts, while also utilizing a documentary method for its theoretical framework. Data collected indicate that five primary factors contribute to pollution threats in the study area: tourism, shrimp farming, marine transportation of fuel, wastewater and household waste, and river discharges. Following the identification of these critical pollution threat factors, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool used in management and planning, was applied to analyze and prioritize these factors. Subsequently, Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities were leveraged to create a final map depicting the pollution threat levels across the studied area.
The findings reveal that a substantial portion of the coastal area in Sirik County is under threat from pollution. Specifically, out of a total study area of 514 square kilometers, 342 square kilometers -equivalent to 66.5 percent- are classified as facing medium to very high pollution threat levels. Additionally, the generated map indicates that the pollution threat is particularly severe along the northern coasts, with intensity diminishing toward the central and southern areas.
 

Zohrah Barkhordari Ahmadi , Mohammad Reza Taherizadeh,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract

Background and Aim: The concentration of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems is assessed in water, sediments, and living organisms. Typically, heavy metals are found in the lowest concentrations in water, with significant accumulation occurring in sediments, followed by increased levels of bioaccumulation in living organisms. This study aims to measure the concentrations of heavy metals -chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)- in the sediments of Khor Jask and Yek Shabah Hormozgan Province.
Methods: To identify environmental pollution caused by heavy metals, sample locations were first determined using GPS. Surface sediment samples were collected using a grab sampler, with 30 samples taken from Jask (both intertidal and subtidal zones) and 30 samples from the Yek Shabah. After drying and acid digestion, a flame atomic absorption spectrometer was employed to determine the concentration of heavy metals, followed by the calculation of the enrichment index.
Results: The results indicated significant differences in the average concentrations of the studied elements across different stations (P<0.05). In the sediments of the Jask estuary, the highest average concentration was found for chromium at 59±45.73 µg/g, while the lowest was for cadmium at 0.14±0.04 µg/g. In contrast, the Yek Shabah estuary sediments exhibited an average concentration of 101.33±5.03 µg/g for nickel and 0.16±0.01 µg/g for cadmium. According to the Mueller geochemical index, the sediments in the studied areas were classified as unpolluted to slightly polluted.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings suggest that the sediments of the Yek Shabah estuary fall within the category of low to moderate pollution, while the Jask estuary is either free from pollution or exhibits low levels of metal pollution in Hormozgan Province. In terms of enrichment factors, all studied elements -except arsenic- showed minimal enrichment. The Yek Shabah estuary displayed very high enrichment for arsenic, whereas the Jask estuary demonstrated minimal enrichment.
 

Farshad Ahmadi Haddad,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2025)
Abstract

This article examines the impact of Iran's general maritime development policies on public health and marine environmental protection. Given the importance of the sea and Iran's geographical position in meeting the country's economic and social needs, Iran's general maritime policies should focus on sustainable development and maintaining community health. These policies include establishing a unified management system for maritime affairs, developing maritime economic activities, facilitating and developing investment, drafting a comprehensive plan for the development of coastal and marine areas, optimal utilization of marine resources, providing and enhancing specialized human resources, developing international cooperation, and increasing the country's share in maritime transport.
This article examines the challenges of implementing these policies in the field of public health and marine environmental protection. These challenges include structural problems, high infrastructure costs, financial barriers, technological barriers, environmental problems, social and human factors, geopolitical issues, and transportation problems. Additionally, opportunities for developing new technologies, education and awareness-raising, and strengthening international cooperation have been examined.
The results of this study show that despite efforts to comply with general maritime policies and their impact on health, there are still many challenges that need more attention and improvement.

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مجله طب دریا Journal of Marine Medicine
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