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Global experiences of CBRNE attacks and maritime terrorism: Lessons learned
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Maryam Moradi   , Akbar Hajighasemalian * , Sajad Mehran |
| AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Drghasemalian@gmail.com |
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Abstract: (760 Views) |
Background and Aim: In recent decades, the emergence of weapons of mass destruction, including chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) agents, has positioned maritime terrorism as a critical threat to international security. The increasing ability of terrorist organizations to access advanced technologies and execute attacks in maritime environments presents a growing challenge for global security. Such incidents not only endanger lives but also disrupt critical infrastructure, including ports, shipping lanes, and global trade networks. Notable attacks, such as the 2002 Limburg oil tanker bombing in Yemen and Al-Qaeda’s reported plans to deploy chemical agents in military installations, underscore the severity of these threats. Analyzing global best practices, such as the implementation of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, can offer practical strategies to mitigate vulnerabilities in maritime infrastructure.
Methods: This study employs a targeted systematic review to identify, analyze, and synthesize research on maritime terrorism and the use of CBRNE weapons. By examining studies conducted between 1900 and 2024, this review provides a comprehensive assessment of past incidents and extracts key lessons learned.
Results: A total of 17 maritime terrorism incidents were analyzed. Findings indicate that geopolitically sensitive regions, particularly the Strait of Hormuz and Southeast Asia, are highly vulnerable to such attacks. The study highlights the multifaceted nature of these threats, encompassing both non-state actors using chemical and radiological weapons and incidents arising from poorly managed hazardous materials.
Conclusion: Strengthening international collaboration, enhancing monitoring systems for hazardous material transport, and enforcing maritime security protocols- such as those established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)- are essential for countering these threats. |
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| Keywords: Maritime terrorism, Chemical threats, Biological threats, Nuclear-radiological threats, Explosive threats. |
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Full-Text [PDF 339 kb]
(113 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Marine Medicine
Received: 2024/12/12 | Accepted: 2025/03/4 | Published: 2025/02/28
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