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پیامدها و مداخلات روان‌شناختی در پاندمی کووید-19: مطالعه مروری Psychological Consequences and Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Narrative Review 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه اثرات روان­شناختی گسترده پنومونی کووید-19 مانند استرس، اضطراب، افسردگی، اختلال استرس پس از سانحه بر مردم به ویژه کادر درمان، مبتلایان به این بیماری و خانواده­های آنان و افراد قرنطینه، مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی، شناخت و ارائه مداخلات روان­شناختی اثربخش مبتنی بر شواهد علمی انجام شد. روش­ها: این مطالعه مروری روایتی به بررسی مطالعات انجام شده در زمینه پیامدها و ارائه مداخلات ‌روان­شناختی در زمان پنومونی ویروس کرونا از تاریخ 1 ژانویه تا 11 می 2020 با استفاده از کلیدواژگان ویروس کرونا، پنومونی، مداخلات روان­شناختی در بحران­ها، سلامت روان، کووید-19، پاندمیک و با جستجو در سایت­های معتبر پابمد، ساینس دایرکت، اسکوپوس، گوگل اسکالر، پروکوئست و همچنین پایگاه‌های داخلی همچون پایگاه جهاد دانشگاهی، ایرانمدکس و مگیران پرداخت. علاوه بر این، مقالاتی که به طور آنلاین توسط کمیسیون بهداشت ملی چین، مرکز ملی پیشگیری و کنترل بیماری‌ها و سازمان جهانی بهداشت منتشر شده بود، نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته­ها: در مجموع، از تعداد 102 مقاله به دست آمده، تعداد 75 مقاله مورد مرور نهایی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که در زمان پاندمی کووید-19 اثرات روان­شناختی منفی از جمله اختلال استرس پس از سانحه، افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس، اختلالات خواب و عصبانیت در کادر درمان و دیگر افراد درگیر با کووید-19 به طور معناداری افزایش یافته بود. عوامل استرس­زا شامل اضطراب سلامتی، نظریه‌های توطئه، طولانی شدن زمان قرنطینه، ترس از سرایت بیماری، ناامیدی، خستگی، لوازم محافظتی کم، اطلاعات ناکافی، ضرر مالی، شایعات، باورهای منفی درباره واکسیناسیون و انگ هستند. به علاوه یافته‌ها نشان داد که در زمان شیوع کرونا، رویکرد درمانی شناختی- رفتاری به صورت آنلاین موثر می‌باشد. نتیجه­گیری: بر طبق مرور مطالعات انجام شده، مشخص شد که به طورکلی در زمان پاندمی کووید-19 شاهد کاهش سلامت روان افراد به خصوص کارکنان درمانی درگیر با این بیماری هستیم و لازم است مداخلات روان­شناختی سریع، مداوم و به موقع به خصوص خدمات تلفنی و آنلاین صورت گیرد و فواید خدمات روان­شناختی آنلاین در طی زمان شیوع، به مراتب بیشتر از خدمات روان­شناختی حضوری و چهره به چهره است. 2 Background and Aim: Due to serious psychological effects of COVID-19 like stress, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder on people, patients, medical staff, families and those quarantined, the purpose of this review was to investigate, identify and provide evidence based psychological interventions. Methods: This narrative review investigated the studies conducted in the field of psychological interventions and consequences during coronavirus pneumonia from January 1 to May 11, 2020 using the keywords SSARS-CoV-2, pneumonia, psychological interventions in crises, mental health, COVID-19, pandemic. The search was done in databases of Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, as well as the most famous Iranian databases, SID, Iranmedax and Magiran. In addition, articles published online by the China National Health Commission, the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization were reviewed. Results: In total, 75 out of 102 articles were reviewed. The findings showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, negative psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep disorders and anger in the medical staff and other people involved with Covid-19 were significantly increased. Stressors include health anxiety, conspiracy theories, prolonged quarantine, fear of disease transmission, frustration, fatigue, lack of protective equipment, insufficient information, financial loss, rumors, negative beliefs about vaccination, and stigma. In addition, the findings showed that online cognitive-behavioral therapy approach is effective at the time of COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusion: According to a review of studies, a decrease in mental health of people, especially medical staff was found, so it is necessary to provide fast, continuous and timely psychological interventions, especially online services. It seems that online psychological services is better than face-to-face psychological services. 1 11 2020/05/29 1399/3/9 2020/07/2 1399/4/12 هاله شاهد حق قدم Haleh Shahed hagh ghadam haleh.shahed@gmail.com علی فتحی آشتیانی Ali Fathi Ashtiani afa1337@gmail.com امیر محسن راه نجات Amir Mohsen Rahnejat گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران، تهران، ایران arahnedjat@yahoo.com محسن احمدی طهور سلطانی Mohsen Ahmadi Tahour Soltani m.ahmaditahour@gmail.com ارسیا تقوا Arsia Taghva ataghva@yahoo.com محمدرضا ابراهیمی Mohammad Reza Ebrahimi mohammadreza_ebrahimi25@yahoo.com وحید دنیوی Vahid Donyavi donyavi_vahid@yahoo.com پیمان جهانداری Peyman Jahandari p.jahandari54@gmail.com COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Psychological Interventions Crisis ویروس کرونا کووید-19 مداخلات روان‌شناختی بحران. 1. Parry J. China coronavirus: cases surge as official admits human to human transmission. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.##doi:10.1136/bmj.m236##2. 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پایه فیزیولوژی استفاده از سیستم اکسیژن‌رسان غشایی خارج پیکری (ECMO) در نارسایی تنفسی حاد و شدید در کووید-19 Physiological Basis of Using Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Acute and Severe Respiratory Failure in COVID-19 1 1 سیستم تنفسی اولین جایگاه­ بیماری ­زایی برای ویروس SARS-CoV-2 است. بر اساس شواهد آزمایشگاهی، ویروس از طریق ایزوفرم نوع دوم آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین (ACE2) وارد سلول­های ریه می ­شود، که به میزان بالایی در سلول­های آلوئولی بیان می­ شود. بیماری ناشی از این ویروس به طور رسمی به عنوان کووید-19 نام­گذاری گردیده که با ایجاد آسیب­ های گسترده در بافت ریه باعث بروز نارسایی تنفسی حاد می­ گردد. نتایج بافت ­شناسی به ­دست آمده از نمونه­ برداری ریه بیماران کووید-19 آسیب گسترده آلوئولی، ترشحات التهابی مزمن و ادم شدید را در ریه نمایان کرده است. بر این اساس، در حالت شدید بیماری، که آسیب گسترده در غشای تنفسی به همراه کاهش شدید در ظرفیت انتشاری ریه به ­وجود می ­آید، امکان تبادل گازها حتی با دستگاه تهویه مصنوعی نیز امکان­ پذیر نخواهد بود. در این وضیعت، استفاده از سیستم اکسیژن ­رسان غشایی خارج پیکری (ECMO) می­تواند یک روش کمک­ کننده برای تبادل گازهای تنفسی و اکسیژنه ­شدن خون باشد. سیستم ECMO به عنوان یک درمان نجات ­بخش می­تواند از هیپوکسی طولانی ­مدت و آسیب­های بافتی جلوگیری نماید، در زمانی که یک کاهش در انتقال گازهای تنفسی در غشای تنفسی در حالات شدید بیماری کووید-19 مشاهده می ­گردد. 2 The respiratory system is the first pathogenic place for SARS-CoV-2 virus. According to the experimental evidence, the virus enters into the lung cells through type-2 isoform of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2), which is expressed at high level in the alveolar cells. The disease induced by the virus was officially named as COVID-19 that by development of the diffused injuries in lung results in acute respiratory failure. Histopathological findings obtained from lung biopsy in patients with COVID-19 showed the diffuse alveolar damage, chronic inflammatory exudates and severe edema in the lung. Accordingly, during severe state of disease, which the diffuse damages are observed in respiratory membrane in accompany by reduction of lung diffusing capacity, gases transfer is not even possible by using mechanical ventilator. In this situation, using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could be a helpful method for the respiratory gases exchange and blood oxygenation. ECMO as a rescue therapy could prevent long-term hypoxia and the tissues damages when a decrease in the respiratory gases transfer in respiratory membrane is observed in severe state of COVID-19. 12 17 2020/05/292020/05/23 1399/3/3 2020/07/22020/06/29 1399/4/9 محمدتقی محمدی Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi گروه فیزیولوژی و فیزیک پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله، تهران، ایران Mohammadi.mohammadt@yahoo.com COVID-19 Lung diffusing capacity Alveolar damage Blood oxygenation Gas exchange کووید-19 ظرفیت انتشاری ریه آسیب آلوئولی اکسیژنه‌شدن خون تبادل گاز. 1. Zhu H, Wei L, Niu P. The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Global health research and policy. 2020;5:6. doi:10.1186/s41256-020-00135-6##2. Zhao S, Chen H. Modeling the epidemic dynamics and control of COVID-19 outbreak in China. Quantitative biology (Beijing, China). 2020:1-9.##doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.20028639##3. Liu X, Na RS, Bi ZQ. 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Wang P-H. Increasing host cellular receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression by coronavirus may facilitate 2019-nCoV infection. bioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.02.24.963348##8. Qi F, Qian S, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2020.##doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.951913##9. Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive care medicine. 2020:1-5. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9##10. Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao S-Y. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2020. doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0220.v2##11. Zhang H, Zhou P, Wei Y, Yue H, Wang Y, Hu M, et al. 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بررسی مدیریت کارآمد کشورهای مختلف در پاندمی کووید-19 Investigating the Efficient Management of Different Countries in the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 1 اعلام وضعیت اضطراری برای مقابله با کروناویروس جدید توسط سازمان جهانی بهداشت در 30 ژانویه2020 اطلاع رسانی شد. پاندمی کووید-19 در دسامبر 2019 از ووهان چین آغاز شد و با توجه به سرعت بالای انتقال این ویروس، خیلی سریع تمام دنیا را درگیر مشکلات چندگانه کرد. مدیریت کارآمد در برخی از کشورها خسارت را به حداقل رساند. ما در این مطالعه اقدامات مدیریتی کشورهای مختلف را مورد بررسی قرار داده ایم. به نظر می رسد اقدام سریع، استفاده از تجربه، پیش بینی و تجهیز زیرساخت های مورد نیاز و استفاده و بکارگیری همه توانایی ها از فاکتورهای موثر در کنترل پاندمی کروناویروس جدید در بعضی از کشورها هست. 2 The World Health Organization announced a state of emergency to deal with the new coronavirus on January 30, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and due to the high contagiousness and rapid spread of the virus, it quickly involved the whole world in multiple problems. Efficient management has minimized the damage in some countries. In this review, we investigate the management practices of different countries. Rapid action, utilization of experience, forecasting and equipping of required infrastructure and use of all capabilities seem to be effective factors in controlling the new coronavirus pandemic in some countries. 18 25 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/6 1399/3/17 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/11 1399/4/21 مهدی پولادی Mehdi Pooladi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران mehdi.pooladi7@gmail.com ملیحه انتظاری Maliheh Entezari گروه بهداشت مواد غذایی و کنترل کیفی، بخش اپیدمیولوژی و زنونوز، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران medicine.med2000@yahoo.com مهرداد هاشمی Mehrdad Hashemi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران drmehashemi@gmail.com علیرضا باهنر Alireza Bahonar دانشگاه تهران mehdi.raei86@gmail.com کیاوش هوشمندی Kiavash Hushmandi دانشگاه تهران kiavash.hushmandi@gmail.com مهدی راعی Mehdi Raei دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله mehdi_r_d@yahoo.com COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Efficient Management. کووید-19 کروناویروس پاندمی مدیریت کارآمد. 1. Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A, Hemalatha K. COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) - recent trends. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2020;24(4):2006-11.##2. Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020;55(5):105955.##doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955##3. Zhang X. Epidemiology of Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(19):1869.##doi:10.1056/NEJMc2005157##4. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases: official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2020;39(6):1011-9.##5. Paudel S, Dangal G, Chalise A, Bhandari TR, Dangal O. The Coronavirus Pandemic: What Does the Evidence Show? Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2020;18(1):1-9.##6. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;12(4). doi:10.3390/v12040372##7. Nicola M, O'Neill N, Sohrabi C, Khan M, Agha M, Agha R. Evidence based management guideline for the COVID-19 pandemic - Review article. International journal of surgery (London, England). 2020;77:206-16.doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.001##8. Müller O, Neuhann F, Razum O. [Epidemiology and control of COVID-19]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2020;145(10):670-4. doi:10.1055/a-1162-1987##9. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(1):157-60.##10. Jee Y. WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak. Epidemiology and health. 2020;42:e2020013. doi:10.4178/epih.e2020013##11. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648##12. Pather N, Blyth P, Chapman JA, Dayal MR, Flack N, Fogg QA, et al. Forced Disruption of Anatomy Education in Australia and New Zealand: An Acute Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Anatomical sciences education. 2020;13(3):284-300. doi:10.1002/ase.1968##13. Wang H, Wang S, Yu K. COVID-19 infection epidemic: the medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China. Critical care (London, England). 2020;24(1):107.##doi:10.1186/s13054-020-2832-8##14. Foley DA, Kirk M, Jepp C, Brophy-Williams S, Tong SYC, Davis JS, et al. COVID-19 and paediatric health services: A survey of paediatric physicians in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of paediatrics and child health. 2020.doi:10.1111/jpc.14903##15. Yousefifard M, Zali A, Mohamed Ali K, Madani Neishaboori A, Zarghi A, Hosseini M, et al. Antiviral therapy in management of COVID-19: a systematic review on current evidence. Archives of academic emergency medicine. 2020;8(1):e45. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13557##16. Kang YJ. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2020:1-8. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.141##17. Reis RF, de Melo Quintela B, de Oliveira Campos J, Gomes JM, Rocha BM, Lobosco M, et al. Characterization of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of uncertainties, mitigation strategies, and underreporting of cases in South Korea, Italy, and Brazil. Chaos, solitons, and fractals. 2020;136: 109888. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109888##18. Fontanella MM, Saraceno G, Lei T, Bederson JB, You N, Rubiano AM, et al. Neurosurgical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: an expert opinion from China, South Korea, Italy, United Stated of America, Colombia and United Kingdom. Journal of neurosurgical sciences. 2020.##19. Lan FY, Wei CF, Hsu YT, Christiani DC, Kales SN. Work-related COVID-19 transmission in six Asian countries/areas: A follow-up study. PloS one. 2020;15(5):e0233588. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233588##20. On Kwok K, Hin Chan HH, Huang Y, Cheong Hui DS, Anantharajah Tambyah P, In Wei W, et al. Inferring super-spreading from transmission clusters of COVID-19 in Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore. The Journal of hospital infection. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.027##21. Wang CJ, Ng CY, Brook RH. Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing. JAMA. 2020.doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3151##22. Steinbrook R. Contact Tracing, Testing, and Control of COVID-19-Learning from Taiwan. JAMA internal medicine. 2020. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2072##23. Schwartz J, King CC, Yen MY. Protecting Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak -Lessons from Taiwan's SARS response. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.##24. Cheng SC, Chang YC, Fan Chiang YL, Chien YC, Cheng M, Yang CH, et al. First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020;119(3):747-51. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.007##25. Huang WH, Teng LC, Yeh TK, Chen YJ, Lo WJ, Wu MJ, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Taiwan: Reports of two cases from Wuhan, China. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection. 2020;53(3):481-4.##doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.009##26. Webster P. Canada and COVID-19: learning from SARS. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10228): 936-7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30670-X##27. Marchand-Senécal X, Kozak R, Mubareka S, Salt N, Gubbay JB, Eshaghi A, et al. Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS. Clinical infectious diseas : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.##doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa227##28. Stafford N. Covid-19: Why Germany's case fatality rate seems so low. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2020;369:m1395.doi:10.1136/bmj.m1395##29. Dichter MN, Sander M, Seismann-Petersen S, Köpke S. COVID-19: it is time to balance infection management and person-centered care to maintain mental health of people living in German nursing homes. International psychogeriatrics. 2020:1-4. doi:10.1017/S1041610220000897##30. Ravi KS. Dead Body Management in Times of Covid-19 and its Potential Impact on the Availability of Cadavers for Medical Education in India. Anatomical sciences education. 2020;13(3):316-7. doi:10.1002/ase.1962##31. Gautam S. The Influence of COVID-19 on Air Quality in India: A Boon or Inutile. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2020;104(6):724-6. doi:10.1007/s00128-020-02877-y##32. Gupta N, Agrawal S, Ish P, Mishra S, Gaind R, Usha G, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic profile of the initial COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care centre in India. Monaldi archives for chest disease. 2020;90(1).doi:10.4081/monaldi.2020.1294##33. Cousins S. New Zealand eliminates COVID-19. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10235):1474. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31097-7##34. Ghelichkhani P, Esmaeili M. Prone Position in Management of COVID-19 Patients; a Commentary. Archives of academic emergency medicine. 2020; 8(1):e48.##35. Takian A, Raoofi A, Kazempour-Ardebili S. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10229):1035-6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30668-1##1. Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A, Hemalatha K. COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) - recent trends. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2020;24(4):2006-11.##2. Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020;55(5):105955.##doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955##3. Zhang X. Epidemiology of Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(19):1869.##doi:10.1056/NEJMc2005157##4. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases: official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2020;39(6):1011-9.##5. Paudel S, Dangal G, Chalise A, Bhandari TR, Dangal O. The Coronavirus Pandemic: What Does the Evidence Show? Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2020;18(1):1-9.##6. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;12(4). doi:10.3390/v12040372##7. Nicola M, O'Neill N, Sohrabi C, Khan M, Agha M, Agha R. Evidence based management guideline for the COVID-19 pandemic - Review article. International journal of surgery (London, England). 2020;77:206-16.doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.001##8. Müller O, Neuhann F, Razum O. [Epidemiology and control of COVID-19]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2020;145(10):670-4. doi:10.1055/a-1162-1987##9. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(1):157-60.##10. Jee Y. WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak. Epidemiology and health. 2020;42:e2020013. doi:10.4178/epih.e2020013##11. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648##12. Pather N, Blyth P, Chapman JA, Dayal MR, Flack N, Fogg QA, et al. Forced Disruption of Anatomy Education in Australia and New Zealand: An Acute Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Anatomical sciences education. 2020;13(3):284-300. doi:10.1002/ase.1968##13. Wang H, Wang S, Yu K. COVID-19 infection epidemic: the medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China. Critical care (London, England). 2020;24(1):107.##doi:10.1186/s13054-020-2832-8##14. Foley DA, Kirk M, Jepp C, Brophy-Williams S, Tong SYC, Davis JS, et al. COVID-19 and paediatric health services: A survey of paediatric physicians in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of paediatrics and child health. 2020.doi:10.1111/jpc.14903##15. Yousefifard M, Zali A, Mohamed Ali K, Madani Neishaboori A, Zarghi A, Hosseini M, et al. Antiviral therapy in management of COVID-19: a systematic review on current evidence. Archives of academic emergency medicine. 2020;8(1):e45. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13557##16. Kang YJ. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2020:1-8. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.141##17. Reis RF, de Melo Quintela B, de Oliveira Campos J, Gomes JM, Rocha BM, Lobosco M, et al. Characterization of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of uncertainties, mitigation strategies, and underreporting of cases in South Korea, Italy, and Brazil. Chaos, solitons, and fractals. 2020;136: 109888. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109888##18. Fontanella MM, Saraceno G, Lei T, Bederson JB, You N, Rubiano AM, et al. Neurosurgical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: an expert opinion from China, South Korea, Italy, United Stated of America, Colombia and United Kingdom. Journal of neurosurgical sciences. 2020.##19. Lan FY, Wei CF, Hsu YT, Christiani DC, Kales SN. Work-related COVID-19 transmission in six Asian countries/areas: A follow-up study. PloS one. 2020;15(5):e0233588. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233588##20. On Kwok K, Hin Chan HH, Huang Y, Cheong Hui DS, Anantharajah Tambyah P, In Wei W, et al. Inferring super-spreading from transmission clusters of COVID-19 in Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore. The Journal of hospital infection. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.027##21. Wang CJ, Ng CY, Brook RH. Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing. JAMA. 2020.doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3151##22. Steinbrook R. Contact Tracing, Testing, and Control of COVID-19-Learning from Taiwan. JAMA internal medicine. 2020. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2072##23. Schwartz J, King CC, Yen MY. Protecting Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak -Lessons from Taiwan's SARS response. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.##24. Cheng SC, Chang YC, Fan Chiang YL, Chien YC, Cheng M, Yang CH, et al. First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020;119(3):747-51. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.007##25. Huang WH, Teng LC, Yeh TK, Chen YJ, Lo WJ, Wu MJ, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Taiwan: Reports of two cases from Wuhan, China. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection. 2020;53(3):481-4.##doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.009##26. Webster P. Canada and COVID-19: learning from SARS. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10228): 936-7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30670-X##27. Marchand-Senécal X, Kozak R, Mubareka S, Salt N, Gubbay JB, Eshaghi A, et al. Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS. Clinical infectious diseas : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.##doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa227##28. Stafford N. Covid-19: Why Germany's case fatality rate seems so low. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2020;369:m1395.doi:10.1136/bmj.m1395##29. Dichter MN, Sander M, Seismann-Petersen S, Köpke S. COVID-19: it is time to balance infection management and person-centered care to maintain mental health of people living in German nursing homes. International psychogeriatrics. 2020:1-4. doi:10.1017/S1041610220000897##30. Ravi KS. Dead Body Management in Times of Covid-19 and its Potential Impact on the Availability of Cadavers for Medical Education in India. Anatomical sciences education. 2020;13(3):316-7. doi:10.1002/ase.1962##31. Gautam S. The Influence of COVID-19 on Air Quality in India: A Boon or Inutile. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2020;104(6):724-6. doi:10.1007/s00128-020-02877-y##32. Gupta N, Agrawal S, Ish P, Mishra S, Gaind R, Usha G, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic profile of the initial COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care centre in India. Monaldi archives for chest disease. 2020;90(1).doi:10.4081/monaldi.2020.1294##33. Cousins S. New Zealand eliminates COVID-19. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10235):1474. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31097-7##34. Ghelichkhani P, Esmaeili M. Prone Position in Management of COVID-19 Patients; a Commentary. Archives of academic emergency medicine. 2020; 8(1):e48.##35. Takian A, Raoofi A, Kazempour-Ardebili S. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10229):1035-6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30668-1 ##

فیزیوتراپی تنفسی در مبتلایان به کووید -19 بر اساس شواهد موجود- مطالعه مروری Respiratory Physiotherapy in COVID-19 based on Available Evidence- Narrative Review 1 1 بیماری همه گیر کووید-19 در اواخر دسامبر سال 2019، باعث آغاز شیوع پنومونی از ووهان چین شد. این بیماری در حال حاضر همچنان بصورت یک تهدید بهداشتی بزرگ در سراسر جهان مطرح و جان تعداد زیادی از افراد را گرفته است. کووید-19 تا به حال حدود 220 کشور، از جمله ایران را آلوده کرده است. طبق آمار جهانی، میزان نرخ مرگ و میر آن بین 4/3 تا 5/3 % می باشد. این ویروس در کمیته طبقه بندی ویروسها به عنوان سندرم تنفسی حاد شدید (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) طبقه بندی شده است. علائم اولیه کووید-19 شامل پنومونی، تب، دردهای عضلانی و خستگی می باشد. تا به امروز هنوز هیچ واکسن یا داروی ضد ویروسی موفقیت آمیزی برای این عفونت از نظر بالینی تأیید نشده است. لذا همچنان پیشگیری، کنترل عفونت و رعایت اصول بهداشتی توسط عموم مردم در اولویت می باشد. افراد مبتلا به این بیماری بصورت بارزی دچار مشکلات تنفسی حاصل از پنومونی می شوند و به تبع آن علائمی مانند کاهش سطح اکسیژن، تنگی نفس، سرفه های تحریکی و خشک، تحریک ناحیه حلق، خلط، خطر فیبروز ریوی بروز می نماید. هدف این مطالعه مروری بررسی نقش فیزیوتراپی تنفسی در درمان مبتلایان به کووید -19 بر اساس شواهد موجود می باشد.   2 In late December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 caused the outbreak of pneumonia, COVID-19, in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 is still a major health threat worldwide and has claimed many lives. It has infected about 220 countries, including Iran. According to world statistics, its fatality rate is 4.3-5.3%. The virus is classified on the Virus Classification Committee as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The early symptoms of COVID-19 include: pneumonia, fever, muscle aches and fatigue. To date, unfortunately, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs to control this infection. Therefore, prevention, infection control, and compliance with health principles are still a top priority for people. People with this infection develop significant respiratory problems from pneumonia, and consequently symptoms such as decreased oxygen levels, shortness of breath, irritable and dry cough, pharyngeal irritation, sputum, and risk of pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of respiratory physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 based on available evidence. 26 32 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/30 1399/3/10 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/2 1399/4/12 منیره متقی Monireh Motaqi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی dr_motaqi@gmail.com علی غنجال Ali Ghanjal مرکز تحقیقات مدیریت سلامت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران aghanjal@yahoo.com Respiratory Physiotherapy SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 فیزیوتراپی تنفسی کرونا ویروس نوین 2019 کووید -19. 1. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-423. doi:10.1002/jmv.25681##2. Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MU, Khan K. Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of travel medicine. 2020;27(2). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa008##3. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4): 401-402. doi:10.1002/jmv.25678##4. Farnoosh G, Alishiri G, Hosseini Zijoud S R, Dorostkar R, Jalali Farahani A. Understanding the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Available Evidence - A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (1) :1-11. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.1.1.##5. Wu F , Zhao S, Bin Y, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG,Hu Y, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;580(7803):E7. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2202-3##6. Zhou P YX, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W,et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579 (7798):270-273.##7. Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, et al. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International journal of infectious diseases. 2020;92:214-7. doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.916395##8. Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):441-447. doi:10.1002/jmv.25689##9. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5##10. Wu P, Hao X, Lau EH, Wong JY, Leung KS, Wu JT, et al. Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3):115-120. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000044##11. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.##12. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chinese medical journal. 2020.##13. Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. COVID-19 Disease due to SARS-CoV-2 (Novel Coronavirus). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2020;201(4): P7-8. doi:10.1164/rccm.2014P7##14. Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT, Le HQ, et al. Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(9):872-4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001272##15. Lei J, Li J, Li X, Qi X. CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):18. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200236##16. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 (13). doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994##17. Xu K, Cai H, Shen Y, Ni Q, Chen Y, Hu S, et al. Management of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19): the Zhejiang experience. Journal of Zhejiang University (medical science). 2020;49(1).##18. Xu Z, Peng C, Shi Y, Zhu Z, Mu K, Wang X, et al. Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential inhibitor of 2019-nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology modelling, molecular docking and binding free energy calculation. BioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921627##19. Tai DY. Pharmacologic treatment of SARS: current knowledge and recommendations. Annals-Academy of Medicine Singapore. 2007;36 (6):438.##20. Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59(3):252-6.##doi:10.1136/thorax.2003.012658##21. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020;14 (1): 69-71. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01020##22. Hristara-Papadopoulou A, Tsanakas J, Diomou G, Papadopoulou O. Current devices of respiratory physiotherapy. Hippokratia. 2008;12(4):211.##23. Qiu HB, Li XY, Du B, Kang HYJ, Wang YS, Wang F, et al. [The keypoints in treatment of the critical novel coronavirus pneumonia patient]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43(0):E022.##24. Yang M, Yan Y, Yin X, Wang BY, Wu T, Liu GJ, et al. Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD006338. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006338.pub3##1. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-423. doi:10.1002/jmv.25681##2. Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MU, Khan K. Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of travel medicine. 2020;27(2). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa008##3. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4): 401-402. doi:10.1002/jmv.25678##4. Farnoosh G, Alishiri G, Hosseini Zijoud S R, Dorostkar R, Jalali Farahani A. Understanding the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Available Evidence - A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (1) :1-11. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.1.1.##5. Wu F , Zhao S, Bin Y, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG,Hu Y, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;580(7803):E7. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2202-3##6. Zhou P YX, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W,et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579 (7798):270-273.##7. Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, et al. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International journal of infectious diseases. 2020;92:214-7. doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.916395##8. Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):441-447. doi:10.1002/jmv.25689##9. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5##10. Wu P, Hao X, Lau EH, Wong JY, Leung KS, Wu JT, et al. Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3):115-120. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000044##11. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.##12. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chinese medical journal. 2020.##13. Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. COVID-19 Disease due to SARS-CoV-2 (Novel Coronavirus). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2020;201(4): P7-8. doi:10.1164/rccm.2014P7##14. Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT, Le HQ, et al. Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(9):872-4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001272##15. Lei J, Li J, Li X, Qi X. CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):18. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200236##16. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 (13). doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994##17. Xu K, Cai H, Shen Y, Ni Q, Chen Y, Hu S, et al. Management of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19): the Zhejiang experience. Journal of Zhejiang University (medical science). 2020;49(1).##18. Xu Z, Peng C, Shi Y, Zhu Z, Mu K, Wang X, et al. Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential inhibitor of 2019-nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology modelling, molecular docking and binding free energy calculation. BioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921627##19. Tai DY. Pharmacologic treatment of SARS: current knowledge and recommendations. Annals-Academy of Medicine Singapore. 2007;36 (6):438.##20. Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59(3):252-6.##doi:10.1136/thorax.2003.012658##21. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020;14 (1): 69-71. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01020##22. Hristara-Papadopoulou A, Tsanakas J, Diomou G, Papadopoulou O. Current devices of respiratory physiotherapy. Hippokratia. 2008;12(4):211.##23. Qiu HB, Li XY, Du B, Kang HYJ, Wang YS, Wang F, et al. [The keypoints in treatment of the critical novel coronavirus pneumonia patient]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43(0):E022.##24. Yang M, Yan Y, Yin X, Wang BY, Wu T, Liu GJ, et al. Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD006338. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006338.pub3 ##

ACE2؛ گیرنده ورود کروناویروس جدید به سلول انسانی ACE-2; an Entry Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 1 1 کروناویروس جدید با نامSARS-CoV-2  شناخته شده است و بیماری ناشی از آن کووید-19 نامیده می شود. این بیماری قدرت انتقال فرد به فرد زیادی داشته و به نظر می رسد به علت توانایی بالا و تمایل پروتئین Spike به گیرنده سلولیACE2  انسانی است که به اندام‌هایی چون ریه، قلب، کبد و کلیه که دارای میزانی بالایی از این گیرنده هستند، آسیب وارد می کند. این مسئله باعث شده این اندام‌ها میزبانی برای این ویروس محسوب گردند و اثرات جانبی این بیماری روی این اندام ها تاثیر بگذارد، اگرچه بافت اصلی هدف این ویروس ریه ها محسوب می شود. به طور کلی این ویروس با کمک پروتئین Spike وارد سلول میزبان می گردد که این پروتئین یا بخش هایی از آن کاندیدی مناسب برای طراحی واکسن هستند و مهار یا بلاک گیرنده های ACE2 با استفاده از پادتن‌های خنثی کننده این گیرنده می تواند امیدی برای ممانعت از تهاجم این ویروس به سلول و آسیب های ناشی از آن گردد. 2 The new coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes an infectious disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This disease is highly contagious, and it damages organs due to the high affinity of Spike protein for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor, which is highly expresses in organs such as the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain, and bladder. These organs seems a probable host for the virus although the main target tissue of the virus is the lungs. In general, the virus enters the host cell by Spike protein, which it is a good candidate for the vaccine design. Inhibition or blockade of ACE2 receptors using antibodies that neutralize this receptor can be a hope to prevent the virus from invading the cell and causing damage. 33 40 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/29 1399/4/9 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/19 1399/4/29 مریم سعیدی Maryam Saeidi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران medicine.med2000@gmail.com مهشاد کلانتری Mahshad Kalantari دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران mahshadk73@yahoo.com احسان دردی زاده بصیر آباد Ehsan Dordizadeh Basirabad دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، مازندران houshmandi.kia7@ut.ac.ir ملیحه انتظاری Maliheh Entezari گروه ژنتیک، دانشکده علوم نوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران medicine.med2000@yahoo.com Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) COVID-19 Coronavirus Receptor SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 کووید-19 گیرنده کرونا ویروس SARS-CoV-2 1. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. 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Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Patra P, Ghosh P, Sharma G, Patra BC, et al. Development of epitope‐based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS‐COV‐2): Immunoinformatics approach. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(6):618-31. doi:10.1002/jmv.25736##60. Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive care medicine. 2020;46(4):586-90. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9 ##

چشم‌اندازی بر پیدایش کووید-19 و مروری بر وضعیت همه‌گیری آن در ایران و جهان A Perspective on the Origin of COVID-19 and Its Epidemic Situation in Iran and the World 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در اواخر 2019، یک بیماری ویروسی جدید، با نام کووید-19، ناشی از کروناویروس SARS-CoV-2، از چین آغاز و خیلی زود به یک پاندمی تبدیل شد. کووید-19 عامل تهدیدکننده سلامت انسان‌ها و مسبب خسارات جانی و مالی جوامع بشری است. لذا محققین در تلاش برای شناسایی بهتر و کنترل سریعتر آن هستند. این مطالعه به ارائه جدیدترین اطلاعات کووید-19 پرداخته است. روش‌ها: داده های این مطالعه مروری، از جدیدترین مقالات مرتبط با کووید-19 استخراج شده و شامل منشاء کروناویروس و راه های انتقال، اکو- اپیدمیولوژی، دوره کمون و علائم بیماری و چشم اندازی بر کنترل و پیشگیری آن می باشد. نتایج: کروناویروس SARS-CoV-2 یک عامل زئونوتیک محسوب شده و جهش در ژنوم آن، مطرح می باشد. علائم آن متعدد بوده و مهم‌ترین راه انتقال، قطرات تنفسی است. لذا تاریخچه بیمار، تشخیص علائم عمومی، یافته های آزمایشگاهی، تصویربرداری قفسه سینه، تشخیص سرولوژیک و مولکولی، می تواند در شناسایی سریع‌تر بیماران، کنترل و پیشگیری موثر باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: تاکنون واکسن یا داروی موثری برای پیشگیری یا درمان کووید-19 وجود ندارد، محققین دنیا با افزایش آگاهی از ویژگی‌های ساختاری و رفتارشناسی ویروس، در تلاش برای تولید دارو و واکسن موثر هستند ولی تا کسب نتایج قطعی، تنها راه، پیشگیری و کنترل بیماری با رعایت پروتکل‌های بهداشتی است. 2 Background and Aim: In late 2019, a new viral disease, called COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, began in China and soon became a pandemic. COVID-19 is a threat to human health and causes human and financial losses in societies. Therefore, researchers are working to identify and control it more quickly. This review provides the newest information on COVID-19. Methods: The data in this review are extracted from the latest articles related to COVID-19 and include the origin of the virus and its transmission routes, eco-epidemiology, incubation period and the symptoms of the disease, and perspectives on its control and prevention.  Results: SARS-CoV-2 is known as a zoonotic agent with high gene mutation. COVID-19 symptoms are numerous and the most important mode of transmission is respiratory droplets. Therefore, the patient's history, diagnosis of general symptoms, laboratory findings, chest imaging, serological and molecular diagnosis, can be effective in identifying patients as soon as possible, controlling and preventing. Conclusion: There is still no effective drug or vaccine to prevent the disease and investigation in this field is ongoing. The only way to prevent and control the disease is adherence to the health protocols. 41 52 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/19 1399/3/30 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/20 1399/4/30 محمدجلیل ذریه زهرا Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra zorrieh@yahoo.com مریم دادار Maryam Dadar dadar.m77@gmail.com مینا زیارتی Mina Ziarati گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جهرم، ایران mziarati2@gmail.com مسعود صیدگر Masoud Seidgar seidgar21007@yahoo.com فاطمه حسن تیار Fatemeh Hassantabar f.hassantabar66@gmail.com سمیرا رشیدی منفرد Samira Rashidi monfared rashidi_s@alumni.ut.ac.ir محدث قاسمی Mohaddes Ghasemi mohades@yahoo.com لاله یزدانپناه گوهرریزی Laleh Yazdanpanah goharrizi l_yazdanpanah@yahoo.com منیره فئید Monireh Faeed m_faeed@yahoo.com رکسانا فلاحی Roxana Fallahi roxana.fallahi@gmail.com SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Pandemic Care. کروناویروس کووید-19 پاندمی مراقبت. 1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395: 497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5##2. Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nova): Interim guidance. World health organization. 2020 Jan. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330376/WHO-2019-nCoV-Surveillance-v2020.1-eng.pdf##3. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316##4. Smith RD. Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 63(12): 3113-23. ##doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004##5. Zumla A, Hui DS, Perlman S. Middle east respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2015; 386: 995-1007.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60454-8##6. Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas EC, Simmonds P, Templeton KE. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229e, hku1, nl63, and oc43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time pcr method. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48: 2940-7. doi:10.1128/JCM.00636-10##7. Zeng ZQ, De-Hui C, Wei-Ping T, Shu-Yan Q, Duo X, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: A study of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 37(2): 363-369. doi:10.1007/s10096-017-3144-z##8. Tan W, Zhao X, Ma X, Wang W, Niu P, Xu W, et al. A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases-Wuhan, China 2019− 2020. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(4): 61-2. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.017##9. Rambaut A. Preliminary Phylogenetic Analysis of 11 nCoV2019 Genomes. 2020; 01-19. http://virol ogical.org.##10. De Groot RJ, Baker S, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya A, Holmes K, et al. Family coronaviridae. Virus taxonomy. 2012; 806-28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00068-9##11. Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020; 12(2):135.##doi:10.3390/v12020135##12. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhang, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020; 395: 507-513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7##13. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou Ch, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. medRxiv. 2020; 20020974. doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974##14. Leino A, Lukkarinen M, Turunen R, Vuorinen T, Venermo MS, Vahlberg T, et al. Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity 4 years after the first virus-induced wheezing. Allergy. 2019; 74: 518-526. doi:10.1111/all.13593##15. Wan Y, Shang, J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020. doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20##16. Wong MC, Cregeen SJ, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF. BioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207##17- Liu P, Chen W, Chen JP. Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses. 2019; 11(979). doi:10.3390/v11110979##18. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019; 17: 181-192.doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9##19. Almazán F, Sola I, Zuniga S, Marquez-Jurado S, Morales L, Becares M, et al. Coronavirus reverse genetic systems: Infectious clones and replicons. Virus Res. 2014; 189: 262-270.##doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.026##20. Anderson KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020; 26: 450-452.doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9##21. Chen B, Liang H, Yuan X, Hu Y, Xu M, Zhao Y, et al. Roles of meteorological conditions in COVID-19 transmission on a worldwide scale. medRix. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.20037168##22. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020; 27(2). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa020##23. Team R. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2017. URL https://www.R-project.org.##24. Wang M, Jiang A, Gong L, Lina L, Wenbin G, Chuyi L, et al. Temperature Significantly Change COVID-19 Transmission in 429 cities. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.02.22.20025791##25. Oliveiros B, Caramelo L, Ferreira N, Caramelo F. Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.20031872##26. Bazrafshan A, Bakhtiarzadeh T, Zabihee P, Sifan F, Sadeghinasab M, Gheitasi F, et al. General guidelines for the prevention of covid-19 (novel coronavirus). March 2020. Shanghai Science and Technology Press publications, 54P. ##27. National novel coronavirus guidelines. Flowchart for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in the outpatient and inpatient services. March 2020. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Version 2. ##28. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 19. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001737##29. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032##30. Wang D, Hu B, Hu Ch, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus - infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; E1-E9. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585##31. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, Xiang TX, Le A, Liu JM, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2##32. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3##33. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith MR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.7326/M20-0504##34. Outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome associated with a novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. ECDC, European center for disease prevention and control. 2020; First Update-22 Jan.2020. 12p.##35. Kanne JP. 2020. Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China. Key points for the radiologist. Radiology. 2020; 2p. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200241##36. General guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19. Chinese students group in Tehran University. 2020 March. ##37. De Groot RJ, Baker S, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya A, Holmes K, et al. Family coronaviridae. Virus taxonomy. 2012:806-28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00068-9##38. Veljkovic V, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Paessler S. Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. F1000 Research. 2020; 9(52): 52.##doi:10.12688/f1000research.22149.2##39. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020.##40. Stein RA. The 2019 Coronavirus: Learning Curves, Lessons, and the Weakest Link. Int J Clin Pract. 2020: e13488.doi:10.1111/ijcp.13488##41. Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Insights into Cross-species Evolution of Novel Human Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Defining Immune Determinants for Vaccine Development. bioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925867##42. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M, et al. Emerging novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Q. 2020; (just-accepted):1-12.doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1727993##43. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020.##doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017##44. Chen M, Fan Y, Wu X, Zhang L, Guo T, Deng K, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors For Fatal Outcome in Patients With 2019-Coronavirus Infected Disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3546069##45. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Liu S, Wu F, Liu XF, et al. Higher severity and mortality in male patients with COVID-19 independent of age and susceptibility. medRxiv. 2020.##46. de Wit E, Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses." Nat rev microbiol. 2016; 14(8): 523.doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81##47. Ahmed SF, Quadeer M, McKay. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses. 2020; 12(3): 254.doi:10.3390/v12030254##48. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020.##49. Prompetchara E, Ketloy Ch, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020; 38:1-9. ##50. McIntosh K. Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Hirsch MS (Ed). 2020 Mar 09.##51. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Disease in Elderly and Boarding Care Centers. Health and prevention, 2020 Feb. (In persian). http://www.sapiba.com/covid19-2.##52. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection. 2020 March 7. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.##1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395: 497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5##2. Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nova): Interim guidance. World health organization. 2020 Jan. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330376/WHO-2019-nCoV-Surveillance-v2020.1-eng.pdf##3. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316##4. Smith RD. Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 63(12): 3113-23. ##doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004##5. Zumla A, Hui DS, Perlman S. Middle east respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2015; 386: 995-1007.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60454-8##6. Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas EC, Simmonds P, Templeton KE. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229e, hku1, nl63, and oc43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time pcr method. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48: 2940-7. doi:10.1128/JCM.00636-10##7. Zeng ZQ, De-Hui C, Wei-Ping T, Shu-Yan Q, Duo X, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: A study of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 37(2): 363-369. doi:10.1007/s10096-017-3144-z##8. Tan W, Zhao X, Ma X, Wang W, Niu P, Xu W, et al. A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases-Wuhan, China 2019− 2020. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(4): 61-2. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.017##9. Rambaut A. Preliminary Phylogenetic Analysis of 11 nCoV2019 Genomes. 2020; 01-19. http://virol ogical.org.##10. De Groot RJ, Baker S, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya A, Holmes K, et al. Family coronaviridae. Virus taxonomy. 2012; 806-28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00068-9##11. Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020; 12(2):135.##doi:10.3390/v12020135##12. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhang, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020; 395: 507-513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7##13. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou Ch, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. medRxiv. 2020; 20020974. doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974##14. Leino A, Lukkarinen M, Turunen R, Vuorinen T, Venermo MS, Vahlberg T, et al. Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity 4 years after the first virus-induced wheezing. Allergy. 2019; 74: 518-526. doi:10.1111/all.13593##15. Wan Y, Shang, J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020. doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20##16. Wong MC, Cregeen SJ, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF. BioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207##17- Liu P, Chen W, Chen JP. Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses. 2019; 11(979). doi:10.3390/v11110979##18. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019; 17: 181-192.doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9##19. Almazán F, Sola I, Zuniga S, Marquez-Jurado S, Morales L, Becares M, et al. Coronavirus reverse genetic systems: Infectious clones and replicons. Virus Res. 2014; 189: 262-270.##doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.026##20. Anderson KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020; 26: 450-452.doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9##21. Chen B, Liang H, Yuan X, Hu Y, Xu M, Zhao Y, et al. Roles of meteorological conditions in COVID-19 transmission on a worldwide scale. medRix. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.20037168##22. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020; 27(2). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa020##23. Team R. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2017. URL https://www.R-project.org.##24. Wang M, Jiang A, Gong L, Lina L, Wenbin G, Chuyi L, et al. Temperature Significantly Change COVID-19 Transmission in 429 cities. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.02.22.20025791##25. Oliveiros B, Caramelo L, Ferreira N, Caramelo F. Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.20031872##26. Bazrafshan A, Bakhtiarzadeh T, Zabihee P, Sifan F, Sadeghinasab M, Gheitasi F, et al. General guidelines for the prevention of covid-19 (novel coronavirus). March 2020. Shanghai Science and Technology Press publications, 54P. ##27. National novel coronavirus guidelines. Flowchart for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in the outpatient and inpatient services. March 2020. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Version 2. ##28. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 19. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001737##29. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032##30. Wang D, Hu B, Hu Ch, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus - infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; E1-E9. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585##31. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, Xiang TX, Le A, Liu JM, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2##32. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3##33. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith MR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.7326/M20-0504##34. Outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome associated with a novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. ECDC, European center for disease prevention and control. 2020; First Update-22 Jan.2020. 12p.##35. Kanne JP. 2020. Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China. Key points for the radiologist. Radiology. 2020; 2p. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200241##36. General guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19. Chinese students group in Tehran University. 2020 March. ##37. De Groot RJ, Baker S, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya A, Holmes K, et al. Family coronaviridae. Virus taxonomy. 2012:806-28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00068-9##38. Veljkovic V, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Paessler S. Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. F1000 Research. 2020; 9(52): 52.##doi:10.12688/f1000research.22149.2##39. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020.##40. Stein RA. The 2019 Coronavirus: Learning Curves, Lessons, and the Weakest Link. Int J Clin Pract. 2020: e13488.doi:10.1111/ijcp.13488##41. Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Insights into Cross-species Evolution of Novel Human Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Defining Immune Determinants for Vaccine Development. bioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925867##42. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M, et al. Emerging novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Q. 2020; (just-accepted):1-12.doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1727993##43. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020.##doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017##44. Chen M, Fan Y, Wu X, Zhang L, Guo T, Deng K, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors For Fatal Outcome in Patients With 2019-Coronavirus Infected Disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3546069##45. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Liu S, Wu F, Liu XF, et al. Higher severity and mortality in male patients with COVID-19 independent of age and susceptibility. medRxiv. 2020.##46. de Wit E, Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses." Nat rev microbiol. 2016; 14(8): 523.doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81##47. Ahmed SF, Quadeer M, McKay. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses. 2020; 12(3): 254.doi:10.3390/v12030254##48. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020.##49. Prompetchara E, Ketloy Ch, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020; 38:1-9. ##50. McIntosh K. Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Hirsch MS (Ed). 2020 Mar 09.##51. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Disease in Elderly and Boarding Care Centers. Health and prevention, 2020 Feb. (In persian). http://www.sapiba.com/covid19-2.##52. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection. 2020 March 7. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients. ##

شاخص‌های ارزیابی توانایی نظام مراقبت بیماری کووید-19 در تشخیص بیماران Indicators for Assessing the Practice and Capacity of COVID-19 Surveillance System 1 1 ارزیابی توانایی و کارایی نظام مراقبت بیماری کووید-19 در تشخیص بیماران با استفاده از شاخص های اپیدمیولوژیک به منظور آگاهی از کارکرد سیستم سلامت و سودمندی آن بسیار مهم و راهگشا می تواند باشد. مدیران و سیاستگذاران سلامت با در اختیار داشتن داده های مناسب و دقیق می‌توانند برنامه‌ریزی موثری برای کنترل بیماری اتخاذ نمایند و در صورت نیاز بازنگری لازم در برنامه نیز اعمال نمایند. حساسیت، ویژگی، ارزش اخباری مثبت و منفی از شاخص های مهم ارزیابی توانایی نظام مراقبت در تشخیص موارد است. اما با توجه به حساسیت کم تست های تشخیصی بیماری کووید-19 و درصد زیاد منفی کاذب و فاصله طولانی بین تشخیص و نتیجه تایید شده، بهتر است برای ارزیابی توانایی نظام مراقبت از شاخص های پایایی مثل درصد توافق مثبت تست ها (Percent Positive Agreement)، آماره کاپا (KAPPA) استفاده شود. 2 The capacity and efficiency of the COVID-19 surveillance system in diagnosis patients by epidemiologic indicators are critical for system utility and practice. Policymakers and health managers can make effective plans to control the COVID-19 outbreak by having valid and appropriate data surveillance ability. They can also review and revise the plan, if necessary. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value are important indicators for assessing the capacity of the surveillance system to diagnose cases. However, due to the low sensitivity of COVID-19 diagnostic tests and the high false-negative percentage and the long interval between the diagnosis and the confirmed result, it is better to evaluate the capacity of the surveillance system to take care of reliability indicators such as Percent Positive Agreement (PPA) and KAPPA statistics. 53 56 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/22 1399/3/2 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/29 1399/4/9 حسین عزیزی Hosein Azizi مرکز تحقیقات روانپزشکی و علوم رفتاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران 2. گروه اپیدمیولوژی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران 3. گروه اپیدمیولوژی و آمار زیستی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران aziziepid@gmail.com Surveillance COVID-19 Percent Positive Agreement KAPPA statistics. نظام مراقبت کووید-19 درصد توافق مثبت آماره کاپا. 1. Team CO. Contributors to the Production of the MMWR (Weekly) Weekly Notifiable Disease Morbidity Data and 122 Cities Mortality Data. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1999;48(25-52):870.##2. Henderson D. The development of surveillance systems. American journal of epidemiology. 2016; 183(5):381-386. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv229##3. Porta M: A dictionary of epidemiology: Oxford university press; 2014.##doi:10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001##4. Akbari H, Majdzadeh R, Foroushani AR, Raeisi A: Timeliness of malaria surveillance system in Iran. Iranian journal of public health. 2013; 42(1):39.##5. Raeisi A, Tabrizi JS, Gouya MM: IR of Iran National Mobilization against COVID-19 Epidemic. Arch Iran Med. 2020; 23(4):216-219. doi:10.34172/aim.2020.01##6. Azizi H, Davtalab-Esmaeili E, Farahbakhsh M, Zeinolabedini M, Mirzaei Y, Mirzapour M. Malaria situation in a clear area of Iran: an approach for the better understanding of the health service providers' readiness and challenges for malaria elimination in clear areas. Malaria Journal. 2020; 19(1):1-10.##doi:10.1186/s12936-020-03188-7##7. Majdzadeh R, Pourmalek F. A conditional probability approach to surveillance system sensitivity assessment. Public health. 2008; 122(1):53-60. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.011##8. Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Epidemiology: beyond the basics: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2014.##9. Azizi H. Iranian Health Care Providers Practice in COVID-19 Outbreak. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2020, 49(5).##10. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008.##1. Team CO. Contributors to the Production of the MMWR (Weekly) Weekly Notifiable Disease Morbidity Data and 122 Cities Mortality Data. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1999;48(25-52):870.##2. Henderson D. The development of surveillance systems. American journal of epidemiology. 2016; 183(5):381-386. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv229##3. Porta M: A dictionary of epidemiology: Oxford university press; 2014.##doi:10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001##4. Akbari H, Majdzadeh R, Foroushani AR, Raeisi A: Timeliness of malaria surveillance system in Iran. Iranian journal of public health. 2013; 42(1):39.##5. Raeisi A, Tabrizi JS, Gouya MM: IR of Iran National Mobilization against COVID-19 Epidemic. Arch Iran Med. 2020; 23(4):216-219. doi:10.34172/aim.2020.01##6. Azizi H, Davtalab-Esmaeili E, Farahbakhsh M, Zeinolabedini M, Mirzaei Y, Mirzapour M. Malaria situation in a clear area of Iran: an approach for the better understanding of the health service providers' readiness and challenges for malaria elimination in clear areas. Malaria Journal. 2020; 19(1):1-10.##doi:10.1186/s12936-020-03188-7##7. Majdzadeh R, Pourmalek F. A conditional probability approach to surveillance system sensitivity assessment. Public health. 2008; 122(1):53-60. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.011##8. Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Epidemiology: beyond the basics: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2014.##9. Azizi H. Iranian Health Care Providers Practice in COVID-19 Outbreak. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2020, 49(5).##10. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. ##

پاندمی کووید-19 و پزشک خانواده در ایران COVID-19 Pandemic and Family Physician in Iran 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 57 58 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/21 1399/4/31 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/7 1399/5/17 راحیل قربانی Rahil Ghorbani دانشکده مدیریت و اطلاع رسانی پزشکی ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران r.ghorbani6790@gmail.com Pandemic COVID-19 Family physician. پاندمی کووید-19 پزشک خانواده 1. Viner RM, Russell SJ, Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C, et al. School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3556648##2. Peykari N, Mostafavi E, Eybpoosh S, Sharifi H, Haghdoost A.A. Trend of the COVID-19 Pandemic in IRAN. 2020; 4 (1):14-19.##3. Kohpeima Jahromi V, Dehnavieh R, Mehrolhasani MH. Evaluation of urban family physician program in Iran using primary care evaluation tool. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2018; 13:134-44.##4. García-Basteiro AL, Chaccour C, Guinovart C, Llupià A, Brew J, Trilla A, Plasencia A. Monitoring the COVID-19 epidemic in the context of widespread local transmission. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):440-2. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30162-4##1. Viner RM, Russell SJ, Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C, et al. School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3556648##2. Peykari N, Mostafavi E, Eybpoosh S, Sharifi H, Haghdoost A.A. Trend of the COVID-19 Pandemic in IRAN. 2020; 4 (1):14-19.##3. Kohpeima Jahromi V, Dehnavieh R, Mehrolhasani MH. Evaluation of urban family physician program in Iran using primary care evaluation tool. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2018; 13:134-44.##4. García-Basteiro AL, Chaccour C, Guinovart C, Llupià A, Brew J, Trilla A, Plasencia A. Monitoring the COVID-19 epidemic in the context of widespread local transmission. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):440-2. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30162-4 ##

انگ اجتماعی: از پیامدهای اجتماعی ابتلا به کووید-19 Social Stigma: The Social Consequences of COVID-19 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 59 60 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/212020/05/23 1399/3/3 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/72020/05/29 1399/3/9 خدیجه جهانگشت Khadije Jahangasht دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل، بابل، ایران kh.jahangasht@yahoo.com SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Social stigma. کروناویروس کووید-19 انگ اجتماعی. 1. Ghazi TM, Pawluch D, Vedadhir A. Constructing a socio-demographic problem: toward the social-critical demography of HIV/Aids in Iran. JPAI. 2007; 1(2): 136-70.##2. Yang LH, Kleinman A, Linka BG. Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science & Medicine. 2007; 64 (7):1524-35.##doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.013##3. Dovidio JF, Major B, Crocker J. Stigma: Introduction and overview, Guilford Press, New York. 2000.##4. Major B, O'Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology. 2005; 56: 393-421. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137##5. Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: Rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006; 11(3): 277-87. doi:10.1080/13548500600595053##1. Ghazi TM, Pawluch D, Vedadhir A. Constructing a socio-demographic problem: toward the social-critical demography of HIV/Aids in Iran. JPAI. 2007; 1(2): 136-70.##2. Yang LH, Kleinman A, Linka BG. Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science & Medicine. 2007; 64 (7):1524-35.##doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.013##3. Dovidio JF, Major B, Crocker J. Stigma: Introduction and overview, Guilford Press, New York. 2000.##4. Major B, O'Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology. 2005; 56: 393-421. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137##5. Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: Rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006; 11(3): 277-87. doi:10.1080/13548500600595053 ##

مدیریت بحران در پاندمی کووید-19 Crisis Management in COVID-19 Pandemic 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 61 62 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/212020/05/232020/06/1 1399/3/12 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/72020/05/292020/06/1 1399/3/12 ابراهیم رحمانی مقدم Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز Ebrahimrahmani1374@gmail.com وحیده زرین Vahideh Zarrin دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز zarrin.vahideh2075@gmail.com هادی کشی پور Hadi Keshipour دانشگاه تهران keshipourhadi@gmail.com مهدی راعی Mehdi Raei مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت نظامی، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران mehdi_r_d@yahoo.com COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Crisis Management کووید 19 کروناویروس مدیریت بحران 1. Peeples L. News Feature: Avoiding pitfalls in the pursuit of a COVID-19 vaccine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(15):8218-21. doi:10.1073/pnas.2005456117##2. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. 2020;76:71-6.##doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034##3. Xu Z, Li S, Tian S, Li H, Kong L-q. Full spectrum of COVID-19 severity still being depicted. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10228):947.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30308-1##4. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 87: 281-6. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6##5. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):1-9.##1. Peeples L. News Feature: Avoiding pitfalls in the pursuit of a COVID-19 vaccine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(15):8218-21. doi:10.1073/pnas.2005456117##2. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. 2020;76:71-6.##doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034##3. Xu Z, Li S, Tian S, Li H, Kong L-q. Full spectrum of COVID-19 severity still being depicted. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10228):947.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30308-1##4. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 87: 281-6. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6##5. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):1-9. ##

نقش جامعه ورزش در ارتقا سلامتی مردم ایران در قرنطینه خانگی در شرایط وجود بیماری کووید-19 The Role of the Sports Community in Improving the Health of the Iranian People in Home Quarantine in the Presence of COVID-19 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 63 64 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/212020/05/232020/06/12020/05/19 1399/2/30 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/72020/05/292020/06/12020/05/29 1399/3/9 حسین شیروانی Hossein Shirvani مرکز تحقیقات فیزیولوژی ورزشی، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله (عج)، تهران، ایران Shirvani.h2006@gmail.com ابوالفضل درویشی Abolfazl Darvishi دانشگاه مازندران abolfazl446@yahoo.com علی محسنی فر Ali Mohsenifar دانشگاه مازندران ali.mohsenifar1372@yahoo.com Sports Community Health Promotion Home Quarantine COVID-19. جامعه ورزش ارتقا سلامتی قرنطینه خانگی کووید-19 1. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9##2. Abachizadeh A. Review of Future Trends of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Based on Developed Forecasting Models in the World. Salamat. 2020; 7(2):221-230.##3. World health Organizations, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-65. 2020.##4. Alimohamadi Y, Sepandi M. Basic Reproduction Number: An important Indicator for the Future of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. Journal Mil Med. 2020;22(1):96-7. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.1.96##5. Perlman S. Another decade, another coronavirus. 2020. ‌doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126##6. Khodabakhshi-koolaee A. Living in Home Quarantine: Analyzing Psychological Experiences College Student's in COVID-19. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (2):130-138. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.130##7. Shahyad S, Mohammadi M T. Psychological Impacts of Covid-19 Outbreak on Mental Health Status of Society Individuals: A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (2):184-192. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.184##8. Mohsenifar A, Dosti M, Hosseini Nia SR, Tabesh S. Postponing Football Matches in Iran to Reduce Human-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. J Mil Med. 2020;22 (2):214-215. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.214##9. Shirvani H, Rostamkhani F. Exercise Considerations during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (2):161-168. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.161##10. Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of sport and health science. 2019;8 (3): 201-17. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009##11. Kohut ML, Sim YJ, Yu S, Yoon KJ, Loiacono CM. Chronic exercise reduces illness severity, decreases viral load, and results in greater anti-inflammatory effects than acute exercise during influenza infection. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2009;200(9):1434-42.doi:10.1086/606014##1. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9##2. Abachizadeh A. Review of Future Trends of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Based on Developed Forecasting Models in the World. Salamat. 2020; 7(2):221-230.##3. World health Organizations, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-65. 2020.##4. Alimohamadi Y, Sepandi M. Basic Reproduction Number: An important Indicator for the Future of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. Journal Mil Med. 2020;22(1):96-7. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.1.96##5. Perlman S. Another decade, another coronavirus. 2020. ‌doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126##6. Khodabakhshi-koolaee A. Living in Home Quarantine: Analyzing Psychological Experiences College Student's in COVID-19. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (2):130-138. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.130##7. Shahyad S, Mohammadi M T. Psychological Impacts of Covid-19 Outbreak on Mental Health Status of Society Individuals: A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (2):184-192. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.184##8. Mohsenifar A, Dosti M, Hosseini Nia SR, Tabesh S. Postponing Football Matches in Iran to Reduce Human-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. J Mil Med. 2020;22 (2):214-215. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.214##9. Shirvani H, Rostamkhani F. Exercise Considerations during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (2):161-168. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.2.161##10. Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of sport and health science. 2019;8 (3): 201-17. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009##11. Kohut ML, Sim YJ, Yu S, Yoon KJ, Loiacono CM. Chronic exercise reduces illness severity, decreases viral load, and results in greater anti-inflammatory effects than acute exercise during influenza infection. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2009;200(9):1434-42.doi:10.1086/606014 ##

اختلال استرس و اضطراب ناشی از کووید-19 در جوامع Stress and Anxiety caused by COVID-19 in the Communities 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 65 66 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/212020/05/232020/06/12020/05/192020/05/19 1399/2/30 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/72020/05/292020/06/12020/05/292020/05/29 1399/3/9 ساقی نورایی Saghi Nooraei پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری medicine.med2000@yahoo.com ملیحه انتظاری Maliheh Entezari دانشکده علوم نوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران mehdi.raei86@gmail.com کیاوش هوشمندی Kiavash Hushmandi دانشگاه تهران medicine.med2000@gmail.com مهدی راعی Mehdi Raei مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران mehdi_r_d@yahoo.com Stress Anxiety COVID-19 استرس اضطراب کووید-19 1. Organization WH. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.##2. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet. 2020;395(10224):e37-e8.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3##3. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020:102083.##doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083##4. Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228-9.##doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8##5. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma AS, Muana AT, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2016;94(3):210.##doi:10.2471/BLT.15.158543##6. Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ. The 1995 Kikwit Ebola outbreak: lessons hospitals and physicians can apply to future viral epidemics. General hospital psychiatry. 2008;30(5):446-52.##doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.003##7. Tucci V, Moukaddam N, Meadows J, Shah S, Galwankar SC, Kapur GB. The forgotten plague: Psychiatric manifestations of Ebola, Zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of global infectious diseases. 2017;9(4):151. doi:10.4103/jgid.jgid_66_17##8. Müller N. Infectious diseases and mental health. Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders. 2014:99. doi:10.1159/000365542##9. Zhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, Bambling M, Edirippulige S, Bai X, et al. The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020. doi:10.1089/tmj.2020.0068##10. Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):945. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30520-1##1. Organization WH. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.##2. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet. 2020;395(10224):e37-e8.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3##3. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020:102083.##doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083##4. Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228-9.##doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8##5. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma AS, Muana AT, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2016;94(3):210.##doi:10.2471/BLT.15.158543##6. Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ. The 1995 Kikwit Ebola outbreak: lessons hospitals and physicians can apply to future viral epidemics. General hospital psychiatry. 2008;30(5):446-52.##doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.003##7. Tucci V, Moukaddam N, Meadows J, Shah S, Galwankar SC, Kapur GB. The forgotten plague: Psychiatric manifestations of Ebola, Zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of global infectious diseases. 2017;9(4):151. doi:10.4103/jgid.jgid_66_17##8. Müller N. Infectious diseases and mental health. Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders. 2014:99. doi:10.1159/000365542##9. Zhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, Bambling M, Edirippulige S, Bai X, et al. The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020. doi:10.1089/tmj.2020.0068##10. Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):945. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30520-1 ##

رفتارهای مقابله با کووید-19 در ایران و آمریکا Behaviors against COVID-19 in Iran and the United States 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 67 68 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/212020/05/232020/06/12020/05/192020/05/192020/05/30 1399/3/10 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/72020/05/292020/06/12020/05/292020/05/292020/06/1 1399/3/12 حسین علی احمدی جشفقانی Hosein Aliahmadi Jeshfaghni گروه سیاست‌گذاری علم و فناوری، دانشکده مهندسی پیشرفت، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران aliahmadi@iust.ac.ir COVID-19 Iran United States of America (USA). کووید-19 ایران آمریکا. 1. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9##2. Abachizadeh A. Review of Future Trends of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Based on Developed Forecasting Models in the World. Salamat. 2020; 7(2):221-230.##3. World health Organizations, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-65. 2020.##4. Ali Mohammadi Y, Sepandi M. Basic Reproduction Number: An important Indicator for the Future of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. 2020; 1: 96-97. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.1.96##1. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020.##doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9##2. Abachizadeh A. Review of Future Trends of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Based on Developed Forecasting Models in the World. Salamat. 2020; 7(2):221-230.##3. World health Organizations, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-65. 2020.##4. Ali Mohammadi Y, Sepandi M. Basic Reproduction Number: An important Indicator for the Future of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. 2020; 1: 96-97. doi: 10.30491/JMM.22.1.96 ##

فعالیت‌های تفریحی خانه بنیاد در دوران قرنطینه بیماری کووید-19: دیدگاهی نوین Home Based Leisure Activities during the COVID-19 Quarantine: New Perspective 1 1 بیان دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 69 70 2020/05/292020/05/232020/06/62020/05/302020/06/292020/06/192020/05/222020/07/212020/05/232020/06/12020/05/192020/05/192020/05/302020/05/20 1399/2/31 2020/07/22020/06/292020/07/112020/07/22020/07/192020/07/202020/06/292020/08/72020/05/292020/06/12020/05/292020/05/292020/06/12020/05/29 1399/3/9 فرزام فرزان Farzam Farzan گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران f.farzan@umz.ac.ir زینب ناصری Zeinab Naseri دانشگاه مازندران znaseri@umz.ac.ir Home Based Leisure Activities COVID-19 Quarantine. فعالیت‌های تفریحی خانه بنیاد کووید-19 قرنطینه. 1. Hall G, Laddu DR, Phillips SA, Lavie CJ, Arena R. A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another?. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005##2. Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-6. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X##3. Goodman-Casanova JM, Dura-Perez E, Guzman-Parra J, Cuesta-Vargas A, Mayoral-Cleries F. Telehealth home support during COVID-19 confinement for community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia: survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(5):e19434. doi:10.2196/19434##4. Hammami A, Harrabi B, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure. 2020 20:1-6. doi:10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494##1. Hall G, Laddu DR, Phillips SA, Lavie CJ, Arena R. A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another?. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005##2. Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-6. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X##3. Goodman-Casanova JM, Dura-Perez E, Guzman-Parra J, Cuesta-Vargas A, Mayoral-Cleries F. Telehealth home support during COVID-19 confinement for community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia: survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(5):e19434. doi:10.2196/19434##4. Hammami A, Harrabi B, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure. 2020 20:1-6. doi:10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494 ##