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ضرورت بازبینی تجهیزاتِ بیمارستان‌های صحرایی (سیار) در زمان امدادرسانی در حوادث غیرمترقبه و ارائه خدمات بشردوستانه Necessity of Revising Military Field Hospital’s Equipment to Provide Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Services 1 118 120 2023/12/20 1402/9/29 2019/11/1 1398/8/10 سیدعلی موسوی جزایری Ali mosavi-zajayeri ایران ## ##

آلژینات، پلیمر تخلیص شده از جلبک‌های دریایی و کاربردهای آن در نانوبیوتکنولوژی دارویی- مطالعه مروری Alginate, a Polymer Purified from Seaweed and Its Applications in Pharmaceutical Nano-biotechnology - A Narrative Review 1 1 آلژینات ها پلی ساکارید هایی هستند که در جلبک های دریایی قهوه ای یافت می شوند و بیشترین فراوانی را در بین بیوپلیمرهای دریایی، و بعد از سلولز، بیشترین فراوانی را در بین بیوپلیمر ها در جهان دارا می باشند. فرآیند استخراج آلژینات از جلبک دریایی قهوه ای روشی ساده است و می توان با بکارگیری اسید معدنی رقیق شده و کربنات سدیم نسبت به استخراج این ماده از جلبک های قهوه ای خشک شده اقدام نمود. استفاده معمول از آلژینات به عنوان یک افزودنی در محصولات دارویی به طور کلی بستگی به تشکیل ژل و خواص پایداری آن دارد. طی فرآیند ژلاسیون با سه روش سرنگی یا قطره چکانی، روش اکستروژن و روش سیالی می توان ژل آلژینات را تهیه نمود. مزایای زیاد این ماده مانند سازگاری زیستی و زیست تخریب پذیری منجر به افزایش تمایل محققین به آلژینات به عنوان سکویی برای ارتقاء سیستم‌های نوین تحویل نانوداروها در دهه های اخیر شده است رهایش دارو های محلول در آب از ماتریکس ژل آلژینات عموماً از طریق انتشار صورت می پذیرد در حالی که داروهای دارای حلالیت کم در آب از طریق فرسایش ماتریکس آلژینات رها سازی می ­شوند. پتانسیل بالقوه کیفیت­های مختلف افزودنی های جانبی دارویی به طور کامل ارزیابی نشده است، اما آلژینات به احتمال زیاد سهم مهمی در توسعه سیستم‌های تحویل پلیمری ایجاد می کند. هدف از این مقاله توضیح در رابطه با ساختار، خواص، روش تهیه و کاربرد نانوذرات آلژینات در سیستم‌های دارویی می باشد. 2 Alginates are polysaccharides found in brown seaweeds, and the most abundant marine biopolymer and, after cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer in the world. Alginate purification process from brown algae is simple. This goal is feasible by using of diluted mineral acid and sodium carbonate on dried brown algae. The conventional use of alginate as an excipient in drug products generally depends on its gel-forming and stabilizing properties. Alginate gel can be prepared during gelation process with three methods of syringe or droplet, extrusion and fluid methods. The main benefits of alginates, such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, have led to an increase in scientists' desire to use alginate as a platform to promote the new delivery systems of nanodrugs in recent decades. Release of water-soluble drugs from the alginate gel matrix is generally via diffusion, while low-solubility drugs are released through the alginate matrix erosion. The potential use of the various qualities as pharmaceutical excipients has not been evaluated fully, but alginate is likely to make an important contribution in the development of polymeric delivery systems. The purpose of this narrative review is to explain the structure, properties, method of preparation and application of alginate nanoparticles in pharmaceutical systems.   121 128 2023/12/202019/09/24 1398/7/2 2019/11/12019/11/20 1398/8/29 مصطفی بخشی Mostafa Bakhshi مرکز تحقیقات زیست شناسی، دانشکده و پژوهشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه امام حسین (ع)، تهران، ایران bakhshi-m@hotmail.com داود صادقی Davoud Sadeghi مرکز تحقیقات زیست شناسی، دانشکده و پژوهشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه امام حسین (ع)، تهران، ایران davudsadeghi64@yahoo.com Alginate Nanoparticles Seaweeds. آلژینات نانوذرات جلبک‌ قهوه‌ای دریایی. 1. Zhao L, Seth A, Wibowo N, Zhao CX, Mitter N, Yu C, Middelberg APJ. Nanoparticle vaccines. Vaccine; 2014; 32:327–337. ##2. Guo S, Fu D, Utupova A, Sun D, Zhou M, Jin Z, Zhao K. Applications of polymer-based nanoparticles in vaccine field. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019; 8:143–155.##3. Kheirollahpour M, Mehrabi M, Mohammadpour Dounighi1 N, Mohammadi M, Masoudi A. Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 2020, 8, 1-16.##4. Hajizade A, Ebrahimi F, Salmanian A-H, Arpanaei A, Amani J. Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports, 2015; 1(4), 125-134.##5. Evelyn Roopngam P. Liposome and polymer-based nanomaterials for vaccine applications. Nanomedicine Journal. 2019; 6 (1): 1-10.##6. Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Préat V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach. J Control Release 2006; 116:1–27.##7. I.C.Crucho , TeresaBarros M. Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods. Materials Science and Engineering. 2017; 80 (1): 771-784.##8. Mahapatro A, Singh DK. Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. J Nanobiotechnology; 2011; 9:55. ##9. Sosnik A. Alginate Particles as Platform for Drug Delivery by the Oral Route: State-of-the-Art. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. ISRN Pharmaceutics. 2014; 1-17.##10. Steinbuchel A, Rhee SK (Editors). Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry. Properties, Production, and Patents/ Alginate from Algae. 2005; 1-26.##11. Laurienzo P .Marine Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications: An Overview. Mar. Drugs; 2010; 8:2435-2465.##12. Sun J, Tan H. Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Materials. 2013; 6:1285-1309.##13. Draget KI., Skjak-Braek G. and Smidsrod O. Alginate acid gel: the effect of alginate chemical composition and molecular weight. J carbohyd Polymers, 1994; 25:31-38.##14. Fertah M, Belfkira A, Dahmane ELM, Taourirte M, Brouillette F. Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from Moroccan Laminaria digitata brown seaweed. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 10 (2): S3707-S3714.##15. Borges O, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Romeijn SG, et al. Uptake studies in rat Peyer’s patches, cytotoxicity and release studies of alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal vaccination. Journal of Controlled Release. 2006;114(3):348–358.##16. Yi Y-M, Yang T-Y, Pan W-M. Preparation and distribution of 5-fluorouracil 125I sodium alginate-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999; 5(1):57–60. ##17. Haidar ZS, Hamdy RC, Tabrizian M. Protein release kinetics for core-shell hybrid nanoparticles based on the layer-by-layer assembly of alginate and chitosan on liposomes. Biomaterials. 2008;29(9):1207–1215.##18. Borges O, Silva M, de Sousa A, Borchard G, Junginger HE, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles are an effective subcutaneous adjuvant for hepatitis B surface antigen. International Immunopharmacology. 2008;8(13-14):1773–1780.##19. O. Borges, M. Silva, A. de Sousa, G. Borchard,H. E. Junginger, and A. Cordeiro-da-Silva. Alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles are an effective subcutaneous adjuvant for hepatitis B surface antigen International Immunopharmacology. 2008; 8(13-14): 1773–1780, ##20. J. S. Hong,W. N. Vreeland, S. H. D. Lacerda, L. E. Locascio, M. Gaitan, and S. R. Raghavan. Liposome-templated supramolecular assembly of responsive alginate nanogels. Langmuir. 2008; 24 (8): 4092–4096.##21. Y. Chen, X. Lin, H. Park, and R. Greever. Study of artemisinin nanocapsules as anticancer drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine. 2009; 5 )3): 316–322.##22. Saraei F, Mohamadpour Dounighi N, Zolfagharian H, Moradi Bidhendi S, Khaki P, Inanlou F. Design and evaluate alginate nanoparticles as a protein delivery system. ARI. 2013; 68(2):139-146.##23. Pandey R, Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Khuller GK. Nano-encapsulation of azole antifungals: potential applications to improve oral drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2005;301(1-2):268–276. ##24. Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Khuller GK. Chemotherapeutic evaluation of alginate nanoparticle-encapsulated azole antifungal and antitubercular drugs against murine tuberculosis. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine. 2007;3(3):239–243.##25. Arora S, Gupta S, Narang RK, Budhiraja RD. Amoxicillin loaded chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles as mucopenetrating delivery system for H. pylori . Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2011;79(3):673–694.##26. Yang S-J, Lin F-H, Tsai H-M, et al. Alginate-folic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles for photodynamic detection of intestinal neoplasms. Biomaterials. 2011;32(8):2174–2182.##27. Bakhshi M, Ebrahimi F, Nazarian S, Zargan J, Behzadi F, Sadeghi D. Nano-encapsulation of chicken immunoglobulin (IgY) in sodium alginate nanoparticles: In vitro characterization. Biologicals. 2017 1-7.##28. Wong TW, Chan LW, Kho SB, Heng PWS. Design of controlled release solid dosage forms of alginate and chitosan using microwave. J Control Release. 2002;84: 99-114.##29. Kordbacheh E, Nazarian S, Hajizadeh A, Sadeghi D. Entrapment of LTB protein in alginate nanoparticles protects against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. APMIS. 2018; 1-9.##30. Jana S, Gandhi A, Sen KK, Basu Sk. Natural Polymers and their Application in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Field. Journal of PharmaSciTech. 2011; 1(1):16-27.##31. Bhattarai R S, Dhandapani N V, Shrestha A. Drug delivery using alginate and chitosan beads: An Overview. Chronicles of Young Scientists. 2011; 2(4),192.##1. Zhao L, Seth A, Wibowo N, Zhao CX, Mitter N, Yu C, Middelberg APJ. Nanoparticle vaccines. Vaccine. 2014; 32:327–337. ##2. Guo S, Fu D, Utupova A, Sun D, Zhou M, Jin Z, Zhao K. Applications of polymer-based nanoparticles in vaccine field. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019; 8:143-155.##3. Kheirollahpour M, Mehrabi M, Mohammadpour Dounighi N, Mohammadi M, Masoudi A. Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. 2020; 8:1-16.##4. Hajizade A, Ebrahimi F, Salmanian A-H, Arpanaei A, Amani J. Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports. 2015; 1(4):25-134.##5. Evelyn Roopngam P. Liposome and polymer-based nanomaterials for vaccine applications. Nanomedicine Journal. 2019;6(1):1-10.##6. Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Préat V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach. J Control Release. 2006;116:1–27.##7. I.C.Crucho, TeresaBarros M. Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods. Materials Science and Engineering. 2017;80(1):771-784.##8. Mahapatro A, Singh DK. Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. J Nanobiotechnology. 2011; 9(1):55. ##9. Sosnik A. Alginate Particles as Platform for Drug Delivery by the Oral Route: State-of-the-Art. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. ISRN Pharmaceutics. 2014;1-17.##10. Steinbuchel A, Rhee SK (Editors). Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry. Properties, Production, and Patents/ Alginate from Algae. 2005; 1-26.##11. Laurienzo P. Marine polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications: an overview. Marine drugs. 2010;8(9):2435-65.##12. Sun J, Tan H. Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Materials. 2013;6:1285-1309.##13. Draget KI., Skjak-Braek G. and Smidsrod O. Alginate acid gel: the effect of alginate chemical composition and molecular weight. J carbohyd Polymers. 1994;25:31-38.##14. Fertah M, Belfkira A, Dahmane ELM, Taourirte M, Brouillette F. Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from Moroccan Laminaria digitata brown seaweed. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 10 (2): S3707-S3714.##15. Borges O, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Romeijn SG, Amidi M, de Sousa A, Borchard G, et al. Uptake studies in rat Peyer's patches, cytotoxicity and release studies of alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal vaccination. Journal of Controlled Release. 2006;114(3):348-58.##16. Yi Y-M, Yang T-Y, Pan W-M. Preparation and distribution of 5-fluorouracil 125I sodium alginate-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999; 5(1):57–60. ##17. Haidar ZS, Hamdy RC, Tabrizian M. Protein release kinetics for core-shell hybrid nanoparticles based on the layer-by-layer assembly of alginate and chitosan on liposomes. Biomaterials. 2008; 29(9): 1207-1215.##18. Borges O, Silva M, de Sousa A, Borchard G, Junginger HE, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles are an effective subcutaneous adjuvant for hepatitis B surface antigen. International Immunopharmacology. 2008;8(13-14):1773–1780.##19. Borges O, Silva M, de Sousa A, Borchard G, Junginger HE, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles are an effective subcutaneous adjuvant for hepatitis B surface antigen. International Immunopharmacology. 2008;8(13-14):1773-80.##20. Hong JS, Vreeland WN, DePaoli Lacerda SH, Locascio LE, Gaitan M, Raghavan SR. Liposome-templated supramolecular assembly of responsive alginate nanogels. Langmuir. 2008;24(8):4092-6.##21. Chen Y, Lin X, Park H, Greever R. Study of artemisinin nanocapsules as anticancer drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine: nanotechnology, biology and medicine. 2009;5(3):316-22.##22. Saraei F, Mohamadpour Dounighi N, Zolfagharian H, Moradi Bidhendi S, Khaki P, Inanlou F. Design and evaluate alginate nanoparticles as a protein delivery system. Archives of Razi Institute. 2013; 68(2):139-146.##23. Pandey R, Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Khuller GK. Nano-encapsulation of azole antifungals: potential applications to improve oral drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2005;301 (1-2): 268–276. ## 24. Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Khuller GK. Chemotherapeutic evaluation of alginate nanoparticle-encapsulated azole antifungal and antitubercular drugs against murine tuberculosis. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine. 2007;3(3):239–243.##25. Arora S, Gupta S, Narang RK, Budhiraja RD. Amoxicillin loaded chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles as mucopenetrating delivery system for H. pylori. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2011; 79(3): 673–694.##26. Yang S-J, Lin F-H, Tsai H-M, et al. Alginate-folic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles for photodynamic detection of intestinal neoplasms. Biomaterials. 2011;32(8):2174-82.##27. Bakhshi M, Ebrahimi F, Nazarian S, Zargan J, Behzadi F, Gariz DS. Nano-encapsulation of chicken immunoglobulin (IgY) in sodium alginate nanoparticles: In vitro characterization. Biologicals. 2017; 49:69-75.##28. Wong TW, Chan LW, Kho SB, Heng PWS. Design of controlled release solid dosage forms of alginate and chitosan using microwave. J Control Release. 2002;84: 99-114.##29. Kordbacheh E, Nazarian S, Hajizadeh A, Sadeghi D. Entrapment of LTB protein in alginate nanoparticles protects against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Apmis. 2018;126(4):320-8.##30. Jana S, Gandhi A, Sen KK, Basu Sk. Natural Polymers and their Application in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Field. Journal of PharmaSciTech. 2011; 1(1):16-27.##31. Bhattarai R S, Dhandapani N V, Shrestha A. Drug delivery using alginate and chitosan beads: An Overview. Chronicles of Young Scientists. 2011; 2 (4),192. ##

بررسی تاثیرات ضد چاقی فوکوزانتین، کاروتنوئید دریایی اصلی جدا شده از جلبک های قهوه ای خوراکی- مطالعه مروری Anti-obesity Effects of Fucoxanthin, a Major Marine Carotenoid Isolated from Edible Brown Seaweeds- A Narrative Review 1 1 یکی از مشکلات شایع بهداشتی در جهان امروز؛ اضافه وزن، چاقی و بیماری­های متابولیک مرتبط با سبک زندگی نادرست و کاهش فعالیت­های بدنی، می­باشد که همه جوامع را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. نیروهای نظامی علیرغم تحرک و فعالیت­های بدنی هم از این قاعده مستثنی نیستند. اگرچه روش­های امیدوارکننده­ای برای درمان چاقی در حال گسترش است، با این وجود تغذیه نیز می تواند برای جلوگیری از بروز اختلالات مرتبط با شیوه زندگی نقش مهمی داشته باشد. یکی از این موارد تغذیه ای، تاثیرات مولکولی ضد چاقی و تنظیم ترشحات سیتوکین­ها از طریق مصرف متابولیت های مفید مواد غذایی مانند فوکوزانتین است. فوکوزانتین، نوعی از کاروتنوئیدهای متعلق به گزانتوفیل­ها است، که می­تواند از جلبک دریایی قهوه­ای خوراکی جدا شود و اخیراً عملکردهای فیزیولوژیکی و خواص بیولوژیکی بسیاری در مورد آن گزارش شده است. مطالعات نشان می­دهند که فوکوزانتین می تواند منجر به اکسیداسیون اسیدهای چرب و تولید گرما در بافت چربی سفید شکمی ­گردد. همچنین فوکوزانتین با تنظیم ترشحات سیتوکین­ها، مقاومت به انسولین را بهبود می­بخشد و سطح گلوکز خون را کاهش می­دهد، در نتیجه می­تواند نقش ضد چاقی داشته باشد. این مطالعه مروری روایتی به تبیین ساختار و متابولیسم فوکوزانتین، با تمرکز بر تأثیرات احتمالی ضد چاقی آن و مکانیسم های آن، پرداخته است. 2 One of the most common health problems in the world is obesity and metabolic diseases associated with inadequate lifestyles and reduced physical activity. The military is no exception to this rule, despite its mobility and physical activity. Although promising ways to treat obesity are expanding, nutrition still plays an important role in preventing lifestyle-related disorders. One of these nutritional issues is the molecular effects of anti-obesity and regulation of cytokine secretion through the consumption of useful food metabolites such as fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin, a type of carotenoid belonging to xanthophylls, can be isolated from edible seaweed and has recently been reported for its physiological functions and many biological properties. Studies have shown that fucoxanthin can lead to oxidation of fatty acids and heat production in white adipose tissue. Fucoxanthin also improves insulin resistance by regulating the secretion of cytokines and decreases blood glucose levels, thus having an anti-obesity effect. This narrative review has elucidated the structure and metabolism of fucoxanthin, focusing on its potential anti-obesity effects and its mechanisms. 129 140 2023/12/202019/09/242019/09/24 1398/7/2 2019/11/12019/11/202019/11/20 1398/8/29 صادق زارعی Sadegh Zarei گروه بیوشیمی بالینی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران sadeghe.zarei5722@gmail.com حامد حسینیان Hamed Hosseinian گروه بیولوژی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی، دانشگاه علم وهنر، یزد، ایران Obesity Fucoxanthin Edible Seaweeds Nutrition Military Force. چاقی فوکوزانتین جلبک های خوراکی تغذیه نیروهای نظامی. 1. Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2010;39(1):1-7.##2. Janghorbani M, Amini M, Willett WC, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, et al. First nationwide survey of prevalence of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults. Obesity. 2007;15(11):2797-808.##3. Finucane M, Stevens G, Cowan M, Danaei G, Lin J, Paciorek C, et al. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index) National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377(9765): 557-67.##4. Feng Y-l, Zheng G-y, Ling C-q. The investigation of the correlation between metabolic syndrome and Chinese medicine constitution types in senior retired military personnel of the People’s Liberation Army. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2012;18 (7):485-9.##5. Khoshdel A, Jafari SMS, Heydari ST, Abtahi F, Ardekani A, Lak FJ. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, and metabolic syndrome among Iranian military parachutists. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2012;6(2):51-5.##6. Costa FFd, Montenegro VB, Lopes TJA, Costa EC. Combination of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia. 2011;97(6):485-92.##7. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease. Current opinion in lipidology. 2014;25(1): 20-6.##8. Wells ML, Potin P, Craigie JS, Raven JA, Merchant SS, Helliwell KE, et al. Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. Journal of applied phycology. 2017;29(2):949-82.##9. Park HJ, Lee MK, Park YB, Shin YC, Choi MS. Beneficial effects of Undaria pinnatifida ethanol extract on diet-induced-insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. Food and chemical toxicology. 2011;49 (4): 727-33.##10. Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Murakami-Funayama K, Miyashita K. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of fucoxanthin on diet-induced obesity conditions in a murine model. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2009 ;2(6):897-902.##11. Chung TW, Choi HJ, Lee JY, Jeong HS, Kim CH, Joo M, Choi JY, Han CW, Kim SY, Choi JS, Ha KT. 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Anti-obesity effects of seaweeds of Jeju Island on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Food and chemical toxicology. 2016 ;90:36-44.##17. Hashimoto T, Ozaki Y, Taminato M, Das SK, Mizuno M, Yoshimura K, et al. The distribution and accumulation of fucoxanthin and its metabolites after oral administration in mice. British journal of nutrition. 2009;102(2):242-8.##18. Hashimoto T, Ozaki Y, Taminato M, Das SK, Mizuno M, Yoshimura K, Maoka T, Kanazawa K. The distribution and accumulation of fucoxanthin and its metabolites after oral administration in mice. British journal of nutrition. 2009 ;102(2):242-8.##19. Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S, Karimian H, Khanabdali R, Razavi M, Firoozinia M, Zandi K, et al. Anticancer and antitumor potential of fucoidan and fucoxanthin, two main metabolites isolated from brown algae. The Scientific World Journal. 2014.##20. Hu X, Li Y, Li C, Fu Y, Cai F, Chen Q, et al. 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بررسی استرس شغلی و ارتباط آن با برخی از پارامترهای دموگرافیک و استخدامی در کارکنان نیروی دریایی ایران Assessment of Job Stress and Its Relationship with Demographic and Recruitment Parameters in Iranian Navy Personnel 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه با اهمیت موضوع استرس شغلی و اثرات آن بر عملکرد نیروهای نظامی، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی سطح استرس شغلی و ارتباط آن با برخی از پارامترهای دموگرافیک و استخدامی در کارکنان برخی از یگان­های نیروی دریایی ایران پرداخته است. روش­ها: این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی در گروهی از پرسنل نیروی دریایی ایران در سال 1392 انجام شد. نمونه ها به روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده پرسشنامه استرس شغلی اُسیپو و پرسشنامه اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی بود. داده­ ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS 18 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته­ ها: تعداد 384 نفر از پرسنل نیروی دریایی با میانگین سنی 4/2±29/6 سال حضور داشتند. میانگین نمره استرس شغلی در کل افراد 26/1±163/2 بود که سطح نرمال استرس شغلی محسوب می­ شود. در مجموع 13/3 % افراد بدون استرس، 85/2  % دارای سطح استرس نرمال، 1/3 % استرس متوسط و 0/3 % استرس شدید داشتند. استرس شدید در بین افسران ارشد و آنهایی که استخدام رسمی بودند، ثبت شد. بیشترین سطح استرس شغلی مربوط به محیط فیزیکی با میانگین 68/8 % و کمترین میزان استرس شغلی در حیطه دوگانگی نقش با میانگین 24/2 % بود. نتیجه گیری: اگرچه 85 درصد از پرسنل نیرویی دریایی سطح نرمالی از استرس را تجربه می کنند، با این وجود استرس شدید در افسران ارشد و کسانی که استخدام رسمی بودند ثبت شد. همچنین بیشترین سطح استرس در حیطه استرس محیط فیزیکی بود که ضروری است اقدامات لازم برای بهبود شرایط محیط کاری و کاهش استرس در این حیطه انجام شود. 2 Background and Aim: Considering the importance of job stress and its effects on the performance of military forces, this study investigated the level of occupational stress and its relationship with demographic and employment parameters in Iranian Navy personnel. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on a group of Navy personnel in southern of Iran in 2013. Samples were selected by cluster sampling. The Osipow Job Stress Questionnaire and Demographic Questionnaire was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software. Results: There were 384 Navy personnel with mean age of 29.6±4.2 years. The mean score of job stress in all subjects was 163.2 ± 26.1, which is the normal level of job stress. Overall, 13.3% of subjects had no stress, 85.2% had normal stress, 1.3% had moderate stress and 0.3% had severe stress. Severe stress was recorded among senior officers and those employed in official hiring. The highest level of job stress was related to physical environment with average of 68.8% and the lowest level of job stress was in ambiguity role with average of 24.2%. Conclusion: Although 85% of Navy personnel experience a normal level of stress, severe stress was recorded in senior officers and those employed in official hiring. Also, the highest level of stress was in the physical environment, which required measures to improve work environment conditions and reduce stress in this area. 141 148 2023/12/202019/09/242019/09/242019/12/28 1398/10/7 2019/11/12019/11/202019/11/202020/01/9 1398/10/19 محمد جعفر سپهوند Mohammad Jafar Sepahvand دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج) mjsepahvand@yahoo.com مهروز جوادی Mahrooz Javadi مرکز تحقیقات مدیریت سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران mahrooz.javadi@hotmail.com جمیله مختاری Jamileh Mokhtari دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج) jamilmokhtari@yahoo.com مرتضی خاقانی زاده Morteza Khaghanizade دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج) khaghanizade11@yahoo.com سعید باباجانی وفسی Saeed Babajani-Vafsi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی آجا، تهران، ایران babajanisaeed@gmail.com Job Stress Osipow Navy. استرس شغلی اُسیپو نیروی دریایی. 1. Orasanu JM, Backer P. Stress and Military.Stress and Human Performance. San Jose: NASA-Ames research center; 2013. p.89.##2. 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Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 2003:478-87.##9. Bonde JPE. Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008; 65(7):438-45.##10. Seaward B. Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies for Health and Well-Being-BOOK ALONE. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2008.##11. Taverniers J, Smeets T, Bue SL, Syroit J, Van Ruysseveldt J, Pattyn N, et al. Visuo-spatial path learning, stress, and cortisol secretion following military cadets’ first parachute jump: The effect of increasing task complexity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2011; 11(3):332-43.##12. Lester P, Mogil C, Saltzman W, Woodward K, Nash W, Leskin G, Bursch B, Green S, Pynoos R, Beardslee W. 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Occupational stress and strain in the Royal Navy 2007. Occupational Medicine. 2008;58(8): 534-9.##28. Enjezab B, Faraj Khoda T, Mojahed SH, Bokaei M. Barriers and motivators related to cervical and breast cancer screening. Journal of shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences and health services. 2004; 12(3):78-84.##29. Soori H, Rahimi M, Mohseni H. Epidemiological pattern of job stress among managers of car manufacture companies in Iran. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2006; 2(3):41-50.##30. Rahimi E. Survey of organizational job stress among physical education managers. Psychol Rep. 2008;102(1):79-82.##31. Soori H, Hatami-Sadabadi AR. A study on job stress among employed women in Ahwaz, Iran. Hakim Research Journal. 2004; 1(6):65-2.##1. Orasanu JM, Backer P. Stress and Military.Stress and Human Performance. San Jose: NASA-Ames research center; 2013. p.89.##2. Jackson S, Agius R, Bridger R, Richards P. Occupational stress and the outcome of basic military training. Occupational Medicine. 2011; 61(4):253-8.##3. Cooper B. Mental health epidemiology today: a monitor of distress. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences. 2012; 21(02):171-3.##4. Winwood PC, Peters R, Peters M, Dollard M. Further validation of the psychological injury risk indicator scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2012; 54(4):478-84.##5. Violanti JM. Police suicide: Epidemic in blue. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 2007.##6. Summerfield D. Metropolitan Police blues: protracted sickness absence, ill health retirement, and the occupational psychiatrist. BMJ. 2011;342.##7. van Rhenen W, van Dijk F, Schaufeli W, Blonk R. Distress or no distress, that's the question: A cutoff point for distress in a working population. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology.2008; 3(1):3.##8. Van Der Klink JJL, Van Dijk FJH. Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 2003:478-87.##9. Bonde JPE. Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008; 65(7):438-45.##10. Seaward B. Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies for Health and Well-Being-BOOK ALONE. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2008.##11. Taverniers J, Smeets T, Bue SL, Syroit J, Van Ruysseveldt J, Pattyn N, et al. Visuo-spatial path learning, stress, and cortisol secretion following military cadets’ first parachute jump: The effect of increasing task complexity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2011; 11(3):332-43.##12. Lester P, Mogil C, Saltzman W, Woodward K, Nash W, Leskin G, Bursch B, Green S, Pynoos R, Beardslee W. Families overcoming under stress: Implementing family-centered prevention for military families facing wartime deployments and combat operational stress. Military medicine. 2011; 176 (1):19-25.##13. Taylor MK, Mujica-Parodi LR, Potterat EG, Momen N, Ward MD, Padilla GA, et al. Anger expression and stress responses in military men. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine. 2009; 80(11):962-7.##14. Shakerinia I, Mohammadpour M. Relationship between job stress and resiliency with occupational burnout among nurses. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2010;14(2): 34-41.##15. Azad marzabadi Esfandiar, Gholami Fesharaki Mohammad. The relationship between geographical areas, personality, socioeconomical status and demographical factors with job stress, Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2011;5(2):151-6.##16. Osipow SH. Occupational stress inventory-revised Edition (OSI-R) professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources. 1998.##17. Lieberman HR, Castellani JW, Young AJ. - Cognitive function and mood during acute cold stress after extended military. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine. 2009; 80(7):629-36.##18. Garbarino S, Cuomo G, Chiorri C, Magnavita N. Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit. BMJ open. 2013;3(7):1-13.##19. Azadmarzabadi E, Tarkhorani H, Emami khansari N. Job Stress in a Group of Military Personnel. Journal of Military Medicine. 2007; 9(1):15-22. ##20. Hajiamini CZ, Azad Marzabadi, Ebadi A., Norouzi Koushali A. Comparison of job stress in military and non-military drivers in Tehran city. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine. 2011;13(1):25-30. ##21. Layne CM, Hohenshil TH, Singh K. The relationship of occupational stress, psychological strain, and coping resources to the turnover intentions of rehabilitation counselors. Rehabilitation counseling bulletin. 2004; 48(1):19-30.##22. Santana ÂMC, Gomes JKV, De Marchi D, Girondoli YM, de Lima Rosado LEFP, Rosado GP, et al. Ocuppational stress, working condition and nutrional status of military police officers. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation. 2012; 41:2908 -14.##23. Sori H, Hatami A. Job stress in working women in Ahwaz. Hakim Journal. 2003; 6(1):65-9. ##24. Azad Marzabadi E, Fathi Ashtiani Ali, Ahmadi KHodabakhsh. Study of Stress in Military Personnel in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Military Medicine. 2006; 8(4):249-254. ##25. Soori H, Ali JM, Nasrin R. Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in Tehran Province, Iran. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2011;61(6):544-9.##26. Khaghanizadeh M, Ebadi AB, Sirati NM, Rahmani M. The study of relationship between job stress and quality of work life of nurses in military hospitals. Journal Military Medicine. 2008;10(3): 175-184.##27. Bridger RS, Brasher K, Dew A, Kilminster S. Occupational stress and strain in the Royal Navy 2007. Occupational Medicine. 2008;58(8): 534-9.##28. Enjezab B, Faraj Khoda T, Mojahed SH, Bokaei M. Barriers and motivators related to cervical and breast cancer screening. Journal of shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences and health services. 2004; 12(3):78-84.##29. Soori H, Rahimi M, Mohseni H. Epidemiological pattern of job stress among managers of car manufacture companies in Iran. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2006; 2(3):41-50.##30. Rahimi E. Survey of organizational job stress among physical education managers. Psychol Rep. 2008;102(1):79-82.##31. Soori H, Hatami-Sadabadi AR. A study on job stress among employed women in Ahwaz, Iran. Hakim Research Journal. 2004; 1(6):65-2. ##

بررسی میزان مصرف شیر و لبنیات و وضعیت دریافت کلسیم و ویتامین D در گروهی از نظامیان نیروی دریایی Assessment of Milk and Dairy Intake and Calcium and Vitamin Status in Iranian Navy Personnel 1 1 زمینه و هدف: کلسیم و ویتامین D از مواد مغذی ضروری در سلامت جسمی و روانی نظامیان به حساب می آید. سربازان و نیروهای نظامی همواره در خطر شکستگی های استخوانی قرار دارند که موجب می شود توجه به میزان مصرف منابع کلسیم و ویتامین D همچون شیر و لبنیات در آنها دوچندان باشد. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی میزان مصرف شیر و لبنیات و وضعیت دریافت کلسیم و ویتامین D در نظامیان نیروی دریایی می باشد. روش ها: این مطالعه بر روی 89 نفر از نظامیان نیروی دریایی در شهر بندرعباس در سال 1397 انجام گرفت. بعد از ثبت اطلاعات دموگرافیک، بررسی فعالیت های حرکتی با پرسشنامه فعالیت فیزیکی و بررسی کلسیم و ویتامین D دریافتی با FFQ168 ثبت شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS  نسخه 20 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: تعداد 89 نفر از مردان نظامی نیروی دریایی با میانگین سنی 5/1±32/6 سال حضور داشتند. میانگین ساعت خواب، 7/2 ساعت در روز بود. میانگین انرژی دریافتی روزانه 2973 کیلوکالری بدست آمد. میانگین مصرف گروه لبنیات 1/2 واحد در روز و شیوع کمبود دریافت کلسیم 77/5 ٪ گزارش شد. افراد مورد مطالعه به طور میانگین 20/2 ٪ کمبود دریافت ویتامین D داشته و 79/8 ٪ افراد متوسط دریافت ویتامین D نرمال یا بالاتر داشتند. همچنین در مورد کلسیم، به طور متوسط 48/3 ٪ کمتر از استاندارد و 51/7 ٪ میزان دریافت کلسیم نرمال و یا بالاترداشتند. نتیجه گیری: تعداد زیادی از افراد نیروی دریایی مورد مطالعه دریافت لبنیات و کلسیم کمتر از میزان استاندارد داشتند ولی در مورد ویتامین D اکثر افراد دریافت استانداردی را نشان دادند. با این وجود برای قضاوت دقیق تر توصیه می شود سطح سرمی ویتامین D اندازه‌گیری شود. 2 Background and Aim: Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for the physical and mental health of the military. Soldiers and military personnel are always at risk for bone fractures, making them more likely to consume calcium and vitamin D sources such as milk and dairy products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consumption of milk and dairy products and the status of calcium and vitamin D intake in Iranian Navy personnel. Methods: This study was performed on 89 Navy personnel in Bandar Abbas city in 2018. After collecting demographic data, physical activity was recorded by physical activity questionnaire and calcium and vitamin D intake were recorded with FFQ168. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Results: 89 military men with a mean age of 32.6±5.1 years were assessed. The average sleep time was 7.2 hours per day. The average daily energy intake was 2973 kcal. The average intake of the dairy group was 1.2 units / day and the prevalence of calcium deficiency was 77.5%. On average, 20.2% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 79.8% of subjects had normal or higher vitamin D intake. For calcium, 48.3% had lower than standard and 51.7% had normal or high calcium intake. Conclusion: Many of the Navy subjects had lower dairy and calcium intakes, but for vitamin D, most people showed a standard intake. However, for a more accurate judgment, it is advisable to measure serum vitamin D levels. 149 155 2023/12/202019/09/242019/09/242019/12/282020/01/15 1398/10/25 2019/11/12019/11/202019/11/202020/01/92020/01/22 1398/11/2 سهراب سالی Sohrab Sali sohrab.saki@yahoo.com منصور بابایی Mansour Babaei مرکز تحقیقات مدیریت سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران m_babaei5@yahoo.com Nutrition Calcium Vitamin D Dairy Navy. تغذیه کلسیم ویتامین D لبنیات نیروی دریایی. 1. Yeh JK, Aloia JF, Yasumura S. Effect of physical activity on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the rat. The American journal of physiology. 1989;256(1 Pt 1):E1-6.##2. Nabizade-Asl L, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Yassini-Ardekani S, Hadi Nodoushan H, Fallahzadeh H. Vitamin D Status in Patients with Depression Referred to Specialized Clinics Affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd-2011. Tolooebehdasht. 2012;11(1):9-19.##3. He CS, Aw Yong XH, Walsh NP, Gleeson M. Is there an optimal vitamin D status for immunity in athletes and military personnel? Exercise Immunology Review. 2016;22:42-64.##4. DiNicola AF, DiNicola PJ, Sanchez L. Need for Routine Vitamin D Screening in Military Personnel. Military Medicine. 2016;181(9):1163-4.##5. Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, Gourlay M, LeBlanc E, Coker-Schwimmer M, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1600-12.##6. Uglem S, Stea TH, Frolich W, Wandel M. Body weight, weight perceptions and food intake patterns. A cross-sectional study among male recruits in the Norwegian National Guard. BMC public health. 2011; 11:343.##Nieves JW, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES, Zion M, Barlas S, Chen YT. Calcium and vitamin D intake influence bone mass, but not short-term fracture risk, in Caucasian postmenopausal women from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Osteoporosis international. 2008;19(5):673-9.##8. Abrishami R, Najmeddin F. Vitamin D Utilization May Improve Military Performance: A Mini-Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care. 2016:33-6.##9. Esfahani FH, Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Journal of epidemiology. 2010;20(2):150-8.##10. Wang J, Thornton JC, Bari S, Williamson B, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, et al. Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2003;77(2): 379-84.##11. Bayat N, HajiAmini Z, Alishiri G, Ebadi A, Hosseini MA, Lalouei A. Frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia in post-menopausal military family’s women. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2008;6(1):25-30.##12. Hovsepian S, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Amini P, Iraj B. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2011;29(2):149.##13. Klesges RC, Harmon-Clayton K, Ward KD, Kaufman EM, Haddock CK, Talcott GW, et al. Predictors of Milk Consumption in a Population of 17- to 35-Year-Old Military Personnel. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999;99(7):821-6.##14. Swain HL, Toth FM, Consolazio FC, Fitzpatrick WH, Allen DI, Koehn CJ. Food Consumption of Soldiers in a Subarctic Climate (Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, 1947–1948) One Figure. The Journal of nutrition. 1949;38(1):63-72.##15. Lutz LJ, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Scisco JL, Cable SJ, Karl JP, Young AJ, et al. Assessment of dietary intake using the healthy eating index during military training. US Army Medical Department journal. 2013:91-7.##16. Abdi F, Atarodi Z, Mirmiran P, Esteki T. Surveying Global and Iranian Food Consumption Patterns: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2015;5(2):159-67.##17. Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Mohamadkhani M, Asemi Z, et al. High prevalence of vitamin d deficiency among Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 2018;43(2):125.##18. Farina EK, Taylor JC, Means GE, Murphy NE, Pasiakos SM, Lieberman HR, et al. Effects of deployment on diet quality and nutritional status markers of elite U.S. Army special operations forces soldiers. Nutrition journal. 2017;16(1):41.##19. Ahmed M, Mandic I, Lou W, Goodman L, Jacobs I, L'Abbe MR. Comparison of dietary intakes of Canadian Armed Forces personnel consuming field rations in acute hot, cold, and temperate conditions with standardized infantry activities. Military Medical Research. 2019;6(1):26.##1. Yeh JK, Aloia JF, Yasumura S. Effect of physical activity on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the rat. The American journal of physiology. 1989;256(1 Pt 1):E1-6.##2. Nabizade-Asl L, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Yassini-Ardekani S, Hadi Nodoushan H, Fallahzadeh H. Vitamin D Status in Patients with Depression Referred to Specialized Clinics Affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd-2011. Tolooebehdasht. 2012;11(1):9-19.##3. He CS, Aw Yong XH, Walsh NP, Gleeson M. Is there an optimal vitamin D status for immunity in athletes and military personnel? Exercise Immunology Review. 2016;22:42-64.##4. DiNicola AF, DiNicola PJ, Sanchez L. Need for Routine Vitamin D Screening in Military Personnel. Military Medicine. 2016;181(9):1163-4.##5. Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, Gourlay M, LeBlanc E, Coker-Schwimmer M, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1600-12.##6. Uglem S, Stea TH, Frolich W, Wandel M. Body weight, weight perceptions and food intake patterns. A cross-sectional study among male recruits in the Norwegian National Guard. BMC public health. 2011; 11:343.##Nieves JW, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES, Zion M, Barlas S, Chen YT. Calcium and vitamin D intake influence bone mass, but not short-term fracture risk, in Caucasian postmenopausal women from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Osteoporosis international. 2008;19(5):673-9.##8. Abrishami R, Najmeddin F. Vitamin D Utilization May Improve Military Performance: A Mini-Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care. 2016:33-6.##9. Esfahani FH, Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Journal of epidemiology. 2010;20(2):150-8.##10. Wang J, Thornton JC, Bari S, Williamson B, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, et al. Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2003;77(2): 379-84.##11. Bayat N, HajiAmini Z, Alishiri G, Ebadi A, Hosseini MA, Lalouei A. Frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia in post-menopausal military family’s women. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2008;6(1):25-30.##12. Hovsepian S, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Amini P, Iraj B. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2011;29(2):149.##13. Klesges RC, Harmon-Clayton K, Ward KD, Kaufman EM, Haddock CK, Talcott GW, et al. Predictors of Milk Consumption in a Population of 17- to 35-Year-Old Military Personnel. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999;99(7):821-6.##14. Swain HL, Toth FM, Consolazio FC, Fitzpatrick WH, Allen DI, Koehn CJ. Food Consumption of Soldiers in a Subarctic Climate (Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, 1947–1948) One Figure. The Journal of nutrition. 1949;38(1):63-72.##15. Lutz LJ, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Scisco JL, Cable SJ, Karl JP, Young AJ, et al. Assessment of dietary intake using the healthy eating index during military training. US Army Medical Department journal. 2013:91-7.##16. Abdi F, Atarodi Z, Mirmiran P, Esteki T. Surveying Global and Iranian Food Consumption Patterns: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2015;5(2):159-67.##17. Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Mohamadkhani M, Asemi Z, et al. High prevalence of vitamin d deficiency among Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 2018;43(2):125.##18. Farina EK, Taylor JC, Means GE, Murphy NE, Pasiakos SM, Lieberman HR, et al. Effects of deployment on diet quality and nutritional status markers of elite U.S. Army special operations forces soldiers. Nutrition journal. 2017;16(1):41.##19. Ahmed M, Mandic I, Lou W, Goodman L, Jacobs I, L'Abbe MR. Comparison of dietary intakes of Canadian Armed Forces personnel consuming field rations in acute hot, cold, and temperate conditions with standardized infantry activities. Military Medical Research. 2019;6(1):26. ##

بررسی و شناسایی بندپایان سمی در جزایر سه‌گانه ایرانی تنب بزرگ، تنب کوچک، بوموسی و قشم در خلیج‌فارس Survey of poisonous arachnids in the Iranian Triple islands, Great Tunb, Little Tunb, Bu-musa and Qeshm in the Persian Gulf 1 1 زمینه و هدف: منطقه خلیج فارس دارای آب و هوای گرم و مرطوب بوده و شرایط مناسب برای تکثیر، زیست و گسترش انواع حشرات و بندپایان سمی را دارد. پیش از این، مطالعاتی بر روی برخی از حشرات و بندپایان سمی از جمله عقربها و مورچه ها و زنبورهای نیش زن انجام گرفته است، مطالعه حاضر در ادامه بررسی ­های قبلی و تکمیل شناسایی سایر بندپایان سمی مانند عنکبوت ها، رطیل و صدپایان سمی در جزایر سه­گانه و قشم انجام گرفت. روش ها: این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی در طول سال 1393 در جزایر سه­گانه تنب­های بزرگ و کوچک، بوموسی و قشم به انجام رسید. برای صید بندپایان سمی شامل صدپایان از روش جستجوی مستقیم در زیستگاه های طبیعی آنها و روش صید دستی (Hand catching) و همچنین تله گذاری با روش تله­های چاله­ای (Pitfall trap) استفاده شد. برای صید عنکبوتهای سمی هم روش جستجو و صید مستقیم آنها در محل های تاریک و مرطوب مانند انبارها، سقف اماکن و غیره و همچنین روش صید انبوه (Total catch) بکار رفت. صید شبه­ عنکبوتها نیز با جستجوی آنها در هنگام شب در اطراف اماکن انجام شد. نمونه ­های صید شده در داخل الکل 70% قرار گرفت و تشخیص سیستماتیکی آنها با استفاده از کلیدهای تشخیص معتبر انجام گرفت. یافته ها: در این مطالعه تعداد 38 عدد از صدپای بسیار سمی اسکولوپندرا ولیدا (Scolopendra valid) صید و تعیین هویت شد و 70 نمونه دیگر تا حد جنس اسکولوپندرا (Scolopendra spp) تشخیص داده شد. همچنین تعداد 158 عدد عنکبوت صید گردید. در این بین 3 نمونه از عنکبوت بسیار خطرناک و سمی بیوه سیاه پشت قرمز (Latrodectus hasselti ) از روستای مسن و منطقه سوزا و شهر قشم در جزیره قشم صید شد. همچنین تعداد 28 عدد از شبه­عنکبوت­ها از گروه عنکبوت شتری در محیط­های نظامی روستای مسن در جزیره قشم صید گردید. عنکبوت­های شتری غول پیکر از خانواده گالئودیده (Galeodidae) شناسایی شدند. نتیجه گیری: در این مطالعه گونه های بیشتری از بندپایان سمی از جزایر سه­گانه و قشم گزارش گردید و اطلاعات بیشتری از فون بندپایان سمی در جزایر بدست آمد. این یافته در زمینه آگاهی از وضعیت انتشار گونه ها و کنترل این بندپایان سمی می تواند مفید واقع شود و علاوه بر این در مطالعات زیست شناسی می تواند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Background and Aim: The Persian Gulf region has a warm and humid climate with suitable conditions for the reproduction, biodiversity and spread of poisonous insects and arachnids. Previous studies have reported some stinging insects and arachnids including scorpions, bees, wasps and ants on Persian Gulf islands. This study was performed to report more species than other stinging arthropods. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during 2014 in the Triple Iranian Islands, Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, Bu-Muosa and Qeshm in the Persian Gulf. In this study, direct hunting, hand catching, pitfall trap and total catch methods were used for hunting of insects and arachnids. Direct poaching in their natural habitats and hand catching as well as pitfall trap trapping were used for the poisonous arthropods, including centipedes. For the capture of poisonous spiders, the method of searching and catching them in dark and damp places such as warehouses, roofs, etc., as well as the total catch method was used. The spider-like species were also hunted around the places by night searches. Samples were conserved in 70% alcohol and moved to Health Research Center laboratory. Systematic identification was done by used of valid diagnostic keys. Results: In this study, 38 highly toxic centipedes (Scolopendra valid) were captured and identified and 70 more were identified as Scolopendra spp. A total of 158 spiders were also captured. This total includes three specimens of the extremely dangerous and poisonous red-backed black widow (Latrodectus hasselti) from the old village and Souza area and Qeshm city on Qeshm Island. In addition, 28 spider-like species were captured from camel spider group in the military environment of the old village on Qeshm Island. Giant camel spiders were identified from the Galeodidae family. Conclusion: In this survey, more species of stinging/biting arachnids were reported from Triple Iranian Islands and Qeshm and therefore more information was obtained from poisoning arthropod fauna in the islands. The findings from these studies, in addition to awareness of species distribution, can be useful in the management and control of these arachnids and may help in future biological studies. 156 162 2023/12/202019/09/242019/09/242019/12/282020/01/152020/01/26 1398/11/6 2019/11/12019/11/202019/11/202020/01/92020/01/222020/02/2 1398/11/13 مهدی خوبدل Mehdi Khoobdel مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت نظامی، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله (عج)، تهران، ایران khoobdel@yahoo.com مهدی سالاری msalari@gmail.com حسین جعفری Hossein Jafari مرکز تحقیقات ژنتیک پزشکی، بیمارستان صاحب الزمان، بندرعباس، ایران محمدمهدی بهمنی Mohammad Mehdi Bahmani واحد بهداشت محیط، بهداری منطقه یکم دریایی، بندرعباس، ایران Arachnids Poisonous Arthropods Iranian Islands Persian Gulf. بندپایان سمی عنکبوتیان جزیره ایران خلیج فارس. 1. Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnston NF. An introduction to the study of insects. 6th ed. Saunders College Publishing: Philadelphia; 1989. p. 11-23, 122-148.##2. Service M.W. Medical Entomology for Students, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdome; 2008. p. 2-15.##3. Bowles LC, Swaby CJ. Field guide to venomous and medically important invertebrates affecting military operations: identification, biology, symptoms, treatment. Version. 2006; 2(31):2008.##4. Vetter RS, Visscher KP. Bites and stings of medically important venomous arthropods. 1998; 37: 481-496.##5. Veraldi S, Çuka E, Gaiani F. Scolopendra bites: a report of two cases and review of the literature. International journal of dermatology. 2014; 53(7): 869-72.##6. Bush SP, King BO, Norris RL, Stockwell SA. Centipede envenomation. Wilderness & environmental medicine. 2001; 12(2):93-9.##7. Bano R, Roy S. First record of Galeodes indicus Pocock, 1900 (Arachnida: Solifugae: Galeodidae) from Rajasthan, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2016 Mar 26; 8(3):8623-5.##8. Harvey MS. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders?. The Journal of Arachnology. 2002; 30(2):357-73.##9. Gelbart D, Donoughe JS. Spider bites. JAAPA: official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 2019; 32(3):49-50.##10. Khoobdel M, Tavassoli M, Salari M, Firozi F. The stinging Apidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) in Iranian islands, Qeshm, Abu- Musa, Great Tunb and Lesser Tunb on the Persian Gulf. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4 (suppl1): 258-262.##11. Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K, Jafari H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Izadi M, Mosavo Jazayeri A, et al. Ant sting in military forces on three Persian islands of Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Lesser Tonb. J Mil Med. 2012; 14(2): 155-162.##12. Andrzej G, Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K. The first Palaearctic record of bird parasite Passeromyia heterochaeta (Villenueve, 1915) (Diptera: Muscidae) from the Iranian Persian Gulf islands. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2014; 8(2): 224-227.##13. Khoobdel M. Pachycondyla sennaarensis, sting ants on Persian Gulf Islands. Iranian J Mil Med 2014; 15(4): 233-234.##14. Zargan J, Tirgari S, Tahernejad K, Lotfi H, Farahmandzad A. Study of scorpion fauna in Abomosa, Great & Small Tonbs and Hengam Islands of the Persian Gulf. Iran South Med J. 2003;6(1):20-24.##15. Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K, Jafari H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Mousavi Jazayari A, Rafienejad J et al. Ant sting in military forces on three Persian islands of Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Lesser Tonb. J Mil Med. 2012; 14(2): 155-162.## 16. Karegar A. Ownership of tree Island. 1th ed. Published by Sepah Navy; 2003: 1-22.##17. Tuf IH, Ivinskis P, Rimšaitė JO. A check-list of the centipedes (Chilopoda) of Lithuania. Zootaxa. 2015; 4052(3):394-400.##18. Tran BT, Le SX, Nguyen AD. An annotated checklist of centipedes (Chilopoda) of Vietnam. Zootaxa. 2013; 3722(2):219-44.##19. Paquin P, Buckle DJ, Duperre N, Dondale CD. Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of Canada and Alaska. Zootaxa. 2010; 2461(1):1-70.##20. Zamani A, Nikmagham Z, Allahdadi M, Ghassemzadeh F, Mirshamsi O. New data on the spider fauna of Iran (Arachnida: Araneae). Zoology in the Middle East. 2014; 60(4):362-7.##21. Mirshamsi O. Faunistic study of spiders in Khorasan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Araneae). Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics. 2005; 1(1).##22. Zarei A, Rafinejad J Shemshad K, Khaghani R. Faunistic study and biodiversity of scorpions in Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf). Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2009; 3(1): 46–52.##23. Shahi M, Hosseini A, Shemshad K, Rafinejad JA. The occurrence of red-back spider Latrodectus hasselti (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Bandar Abbas, southern Part of Iran. Iranian journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 2011; 5(1):63.##24. Rafijenad J, Tirgari S, Biglarian F, Shemshad K. Systematics, bioecology and medical importance of Widow Spiders (Lathrodectus spp.) in Khorasan Province, Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 2007:52-7.##25. Afshari R, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Balali-Mood M. Spider bite (latrodectism) in Mashhad, Iran. Human & experimental toxicology. 2009; 28(11):697-702.##26. Kang S, Liu Y, Zeng X, Deng H, Luo Y, Chen K, Chen S. Taxonomy and identification of the genus Scolopendra in China using integrated methods of external morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Scientific reports. 2017; 7(1):16032.##27. Oeyen JP, Funke S, Böhme W, Wesener T. The evolutionary history of the rediscovered Austrian population of the giant centipede Scolopendra cingulata Latreille 1829 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). PloS one. 2014; 9(9):e108650.##1. Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnston NF. An introduction to the study of insects. 6th ed. Saunders College Publishing: Philadelphia; 1989. p. 11-23, 122-148.##2. Service M.W. Medical Entomology for Students, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdome; 2008. p. 2-15.##3. Bowles LC, Swaby CJ. Field guide to venomous and medically important invertebrates affecting military operations: identification, biology, symptoms, treatment. Version. 2006; 2(31):2008.##4. Vetter RS, Visscher KP. Bites and stings of medically important venomous arthropods. 1998; 37: 481-496.##5. Veraldi S, Çuka E, Gaiani F. Scolopendra bites: a report of two cases and review of the literature. International journal of dermatology. 2014; 53(7): 869-72.##6. Bush SP, King BO, Norris RL, Stockwell SA. Centipede envenomation. Wilderness & environmental medicine. 2001; 12(2):93-9.##7. Bano R, Roy S. First record of Galeodes indicus Pocock, 1900 (Arachnida: Solifugae: Galeodidae) from Rajasthan, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2016 Mar 26; 8(3):8623-5.##8. Harvey MS. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders?. The Journal of Arachnology. 2002; 30(2):357-73.##9. Gelbart D, Donoughe JS. Spider bites. JAAPA: official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 2019; 32(3):49-50.##10. Khoobdel M, Tavassoli M, Salari M, Firozi F. The stinging Apidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) in Iranian islands, Qeshm, Abu- Musa, Great Tunb and Lesser Tunb on the Persian Gulf. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4 (suppl1): 258-262.##11. Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K, Jafari H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Izadi M, Mosavo Jazayeri A, et al. Ant sting in military forces on three Persian islands of Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Lesser Tonb. J Mil Med. 2012; 14(2): 155-162.##12. Andrzej G, Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K. The first Palaearctic record of bird parasite Passeromyia heterochaeta (Villenueve, 1915) (Diptera: Muscidae) from the Iranian Persian Gulf islands. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2014; 8(2): 224-227.##13. Khoobdel M. Pachycondyla sennaarensis, sting ants on Persian Gulf Islands. Iranian J Mil Med 2014; 15(4): 233-234.##14. Zargan J, Tirgari S, Tahernejad K, Lotfi H, Farahmandzad A. Study of scorpion fauna in Abomosa, Great & Small Tonbs and Hengam Islands of the Persian Gulf. Iran South Med J. 2003;6(1):20-24.##15. Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K, Jafari H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Mousavi Jazayari A, Rafienejad J et al. Ant sting in military forces on three Persian islands of Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Lesser Tonb. J Mil Med. 2012; 14(2): 155-162.## 16. Karegar A. Ownership of tree Island. 1th ed. Published by Sepah Navy; 2003: 1-22.##17. Tuf IH, Ivinskis P, Rimšaitė JO. A check-list of the centipedes (Chilopoda) of Lithuania. Zootaxa. 2015; 4052(3):394-400.##18. Tran BT, Le SX, Nguyen AD. An annotated checklist of centipedes (Chilopoda) of Vietnam. Zootaxa. 2013; 3722(2):219-44.##19. Paquin P, Buckle DJ, Duperre N, Dondale CD. Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of Canada and Alaska. Zootaxa. 2010; 2461(1):1-70.##20. Zamani A, Nikmagham Z, Allahdadi M, Ghassemzadeh F, Mirshamsi O. New data on the spider fauna of Iran (Arachnida: Araneae). Zoology in the Middle East. 2014; 60(4):362-7.## 21. Mirshamsi O. Faunistic study of spiders in Khorasan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Araneae). Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics. 2005; 1(1).##22. Zarei A, Rafinejad J Shemshad K, Khaghani R. Faunistic study and biodiversity of scorpions in Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf). Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2009; 3(1): 46–52.##23. Shahi M, Hosseini A, Shemshad K, Rafinejad JA. The occurrence of red-back spider Latrodectus hasselti (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Bandar Abbas, southern Part of Iran. Iranian journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 2011; 5(1):63.##24. Rafijenad J, Tirgari S, Biglarian F, Shemshad K. Systematics, bioecology and medical importance of Widow Spiders (Lathrodectus spp.) in Khorasan Province, Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 2007:52-7.##25. Afshari R, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Balali-Mood M. Spider bite (latrodectism) in Mashhad, Iran. Human & experimental toxicology. 2009; 28(11):697-702.##26. Kang S, Liu Y, Zeng X, Deng H, Luo Y, Chen K, Chen S. Taxonomy and identification of the genus Scolopendra in China using integrated methods of external morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Scientific reports. 2017; 7(1):16032.##27. Oeyen JP, Funke S, Böhme W, Wesener T. The evolutionary history of the rediscovered Austrian population of the giant centipede Scolopendra cingulata Latreille 1829 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). PloS one. 2014; 9(9):e108650. ##

بررسی ارگونومی قایق‌های پرنده متناسب با شرایط جسمی و فیزیولوژیک خلبانان- مطالعه پایلوت Ergonomic Evaluation of Flying Boats Suitable for Pilots' Physical and Physiological Conditions - A Pilot Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: قایق‌های پرنده شناورهای دریایی آیرودینامیک هستند که در ارتفاع کم نسبت به سطح آب پرواز می‌کنند. آسیب های جسمی حاصل از انجام ماموریت های دریایی در شرایط متفاوت اقلیمی و در وضعیت های نرمال یا عملیاتی با این قایق های پرنده، می‌تواند سبب صدمات مکانیکی و ارتعاشی ناشی از تکان های پروازی باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی ارگونومی قایق‌های پرنده (یکی از کلاس‌های نسل اول) متناسب با شرایط جسمی و فیزیولوژیک خلبانان در ایران انجام شد. روش‌ها: در مطالعه‌ای پایلوت، تعداد 6 نفر از خلبانان شاغل در قایق‌های پرنده (یکی از کلاس‌های نسل اول) در ایران در سال 1392 به صورت در دسترس بررسی شدند. مشکلات جسمی (عضلانی-اسکلتی، شنوایی، بینایی، پوستی) و روانی (استرس و اضطراب) مرتبط با کار در قایق‌های پرنده توسط پزشک متخصص ثبت شد. بازدید میدانی از جنبه های ارگونومیک اجزای مختلف قایق‌های پرنده و انجام مصاحبه نیمه ساختارمند با خلبانان در این زمینه انجام شد.    یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی 6 خلبان قایق های پرنده 6/2±24/8 سال بود. همه خلبانان دچار صدمات اسکلتی عضلانی، عارضه مفصلی و ستون فقرات و کمردرد، ناراحتی شنوایی بودند. همه خلبانان از نظر روحی در حین پرواز یا فرود دچار اضطراب و هراس شده بودند. تکانها و ارتعاشات ضربه ای ناشی از صعود و فرود، صدای آزار دهنده موتور قایق پرنده در بالای سر خلبان، عدم وجود سیستم خنک کننده و عدم طراحی لباس مناسب پروازی، عدم رعایت کامل اصول ارگونومی در طراحی صندلی و فضای داخل کابین، ناکافی بودن آموزش خلبانان در بازدید میدانی و مصاحبه خلبانان ثبت شد. نتیجه‌گیری: خلبانان شاغل در قایق‌های پرنده بدلیل عوامل ارگونومی نامناسب این قایق ها و همچنین صندلی نامناسب و دریافت ناکافی آموزش، در معرض خطر آسیب و صدمات جسمی و روانی هستند. طوری که در مطالعه حاضر همه خلبانان قایق پرنده دچار این آسیب‌ها بودند. با درنظر گرفتن این موارد در بازطراحی این قایق پرنده و آموزش بیشتر به خلبانان، ضمن حفظ سلامت ایشان، سطح عملکرد را نیز می‌توان ارتقا داد. 2 Background and Aim: Flying boats are aerodynamic marine vessels that fly at low altitude. Physical damage from maritime missions in variable climatic conditions and in normal or operational conditions can cause mechanical and vibrational damage due to flight shocks. The aim of this study was to investigate the ergonomics of flying boats in accordance with the physical and physiological conditions of pilots in south of Iran. Methods: In a pilot study, 6 pilots employed in flying boats in Bandar Abbas were surveyed. Physical (musculoskeletal, auditory, visual, skin) and mental (fear and anxiety) problems associated with working in a flying boat were documented by a specialist physician. A field visit was conducted on the ergonomic aspects of the various components of the flying boat and a semi-structured interview was carried out with the pilots. Results: The mean age of 6 flying boat pilots was 24.8±6.2 years. All pilots suffered from musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, back pain and hearing loss. All the pilots were in a state of anxiety during the flight or landing. Shocks and vibrations due to ups and downs, annoying sound of the flying boat engine over the pilot's head, lack of cooling system and lack of proper clothing, lack of ergonomic principles in seat and cabin design, inadequate training of the pilots were recorded during field visits and pilot interviews. Conclusion: Pilots employed in flying boats are at risk of physical and psychological injury due to inadequate ergonomic factors of these boats as well as unsuitable seat and inadequate training. All of the pilots in this study suffered from these injuries. By taking these into account in the redesign of this flying boat and adequate training of the pilots to maintain their health, performance levels can also be improved. 163 169 2023/12/202019/09/242019/09/242019/12/282020/01/152020/01/262020/01/30 1398/11/10 2019/11/12019/11/202019/11/202020/01/92020/01/222020/02/22020/01/30 1398/11/10 جعفر بایرامی Jafar Bayrami دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران bayrami_jafar@gmail.com محسن صدیقی Mohsen Sedighi مهدی صفاتیان Mehdi Safatian Flying Boat Ergonomic Musculoskeletal Disorders Navy. قایق پرنده ارگونومی اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی صدمات شغلی نیروی دریایی. 1. Mackworth PH. Flying Boats in War. Royal United Services Institution. Journal. 1951;96(582):234-46.##2. Zhu Y, Fan G, Yi J. Modeling for flying boats in regular wave. InProceedings of the 10th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation 2012 Jul 6 (pp. 3019-3024). IEEE.##3. Descatha MH, inventor; Descatha, Michel Henri, assignee. Ground-effect flying boats also applicable to aircraft, drones, and spacecraft. United States patent US 6,164,591. 2000 Dec 26.##4. Jianjun SU, Dongli MA. Resistance evaluation for flying boats sliding at medium and high speed in calm water. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2015;41(5):925.##5. Silberg E, Silberg E, Haas D, Haas D. Developing the navy's NC flying boats: transforming aeronautical engineering for the first transatlantic flight. In AIAA Centennial of Naval Aviation Forum" 100 Years of Achievement and Progress" 2011 Dec (p. 6944).##6. Krakovic D. Flying Boats, Aircrafts that Bridged Two Eras: the romantic age of commercial aviation. History. 2014;491:05.##7. Zighaimat F, Malakouti M, Ebadi A, Jafari H, Asgari A, Nobakht M. Frequency of musculoskeletal complaints of motorboats staffs and its relationship with demographic characteristics. Journal Mil Med. 2011;13(3):141-5.##8. Burnett AF, Wee WK, Xie W, Oh PW, Lim JJ, Tan KW. Levels of muscle activation in strength and conditioning exercises and dynamometer hiking in junior sailors. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012;26(4):1066-75. ##9. Zigheimat F, Ebadi A, Najarkolaei FR, Malakoti M, Tootkaleh FK. Mental Health Levels and Incidence of Musculoskeletal Complaints among Speed Boat Crew Members. Trauma monthly. 2013;17(4):373.##10. Hasanzadeh MA, Azizabadi E, Alipour NA. Health services system for seafarers and fishermen in Iran. International maritime health. 2005;56(1-4): 173-84.## ##11. Sedghi M, Kaviani K, Ahmadzadeh H, Jafari H. Prevalence of musculoskeletal injury and its related factors in Iranian Navy vessels - A cross-sectional study. J Mar Med. 2019; 1 (2) :67-74##12. Balcom TA, Moore JL. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal and soft tissue injuries aboard a US Navy ship. Military medicine. 2000;165(12):921-4.##13. Qiu SG, Wu DL, Fan XM, Hu Y. Ship ergonomics evaluation based on virtual human real-time driven modeling technology. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University. 2012;9.##14. Choi CH, Jang PS, Seo MS. Digital Design Process of Marine Leisure Boat Using Human Sensibility Evaluation. Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea. 2010;29(4):693-9.##15. Cominelli S, Devillers R, Yurk H, MacGillivray A, McWhinnie L, Canessa R. Noise exposure from commercial shipping for the southern resident killer whale population. Marine pollution bulletin. 2018; 136: 177-200.##1. Mackworth PH. Flying Boats in War. Royal United Services Institution. Journal. 1951;96(582):234-46.##2. Zhu Y, Fan G, Yi J. Modeling for flying boats in regular wave. InProceedings of the 10th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation 2012 Jul 6 (pp. 3019-3024). IEEE.##3. Descatha MH, inventor; Descatha, Michel Henri, assignee. Ground-effect flying boats also applicable to aircraft, drones, and spacecraft. United States patent US 6,164,591. 2000 Dec 26.##4. Jianjun SU, Dongli MA. Resistance evaluation for flying boats sliding at medium and high speed in calm water. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2015;41(5):925.##5. Silberg E, Silberg E, Haas D, Haas D. Developing the navy's NC flying boats: transforming aeronautical engineering for the first transatlantic flight. In AIAA Centennial of Naval Aviation Forum" 100 Years of Achievement and Progress" 2011 Dec (p. 6944).##6. Krakovic D. Flying Boats, Aircrafts that Bridged Two Eras: the romantic age of commercial aviation. History. 2014;491:05.##7. Zighaimat F, Malakouti M, Ebadi A, Jafari H, Asgari A, Nobakht M. Frequency of musculoskeletal complaints of motorboats staffs and its relationship with demographic characteristics. Journal Mil Med. 2011;13(3):141-5.##8. Burnett AF, Wee WK, Xie W, Oh PW, Lim JJ, Tan KW. Levels of muscle activation in strength and conditioning exercises and dynamometer hiking in junior sailors. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012;26(4):1066-75. ##9. Zigheimat F, Ebadi A, Najarkolaei FR, Malakoti M, Tootkaleh FK. Mental Health Levels and Incidence of Musculoskeletal Complaints among Speed Boat Crew Members. Trauma monthly. 2013;17(4):373.##10. Hasanzadeh MA, Azizabadi E, Alipour NA. Health services system for seafarers and fishermen in Iran. International maritime health. 2005;56(1-4): 173-84.## ##11. Sedghi M, Kaviani K, Ahmadzadeh H, Jafari H. Prevalence of musculoskeletal injury and its related factors in Iranian Navy vessels - A cross-sectional study. J Mar Med. 2019; 1 (2) :67-74##12. Balcom TA, Moore JL. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal and soft tissue injuries aboard a US Navy ship. Military medicine. 2000;165(12):921-4.##13. Qiu SG, Wu DL, Fan XM, Hu Y. Ship ergonomics evaluation based on virtual human real-time driven modeling technology. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University. 2012;9.##14. Choi CH, Jang PS, Seo MS. Digital Design Process of Marine Leisure Boat Using Human Sensibility Evaluation. Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea. 2010;29(4):693-9.##15. Cominelli S, Devillers R, Yurk H, MacGillivray A, McWhinnie L, Canessa R. Noise exposure from commercial shipping for the southern resident killer whale population. Marine pollution bulletin. 2018; 136: 177-200. ##

بررسی رضایتمندی بیماران از خدمات ارائه شده در یکی از بیمارستان‌های نیروی دریایی در سال 1398: یک مطالعه مقطعی Survey of the Patients' Satisfaction with Services provided in an Iranian Naval Hospital in 2019: A Cross-sectional Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در برنامه ­ریزی و ارزشیابی خدمات بیمارستانی، رضایت­مندی بیماران شاخص مهم کیفیت مراقبت سلامت است که به طور مکرر مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین میزان رضایت بیماران بستری شده از خدمات ارائه شده در یکی از بیمارستان‌های نیروی دریایی می باشد. روش ها: پژوهش مقطعی حاضر بر روی 234 نفر از بیماران در حال ترخیص از یکی از بیمارستان­های نیروی دریایی در سال 1398 انجام شد. ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات، پرسشنامه ارزشیابی رضایتمندی بیماران بود که توسط عامریون طراحی و روایی و پایایی آن تایید شده بود. این پرسشنامه رضایت بیماران را در دو قسمت درمانی با ابعاد خدمات پزشکی، پرستاری و بهداشت و نظافت و غیردرمانی شامل وضعیت تغذیه، امکانات رفاهی، خدمات پذیرش، برخورد کارکنان، ترخیص و رعایت شئونات مذهبی مورد ارزشیابی قرار داد. داده­ها با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS  نسخه 20 تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته­ ها: میانگین سن بیماران 12/2±45/4 سال، 2/72 درصد نمونه ­های پژوهش مرد و 78/6 درصد متاهل بودند. میانگین و انحراف معیار نمره کلی رضایت بیماران از بخش­های درمانی 10/7±96/3 و در بخش غیردرمانی 16/8±121/50 بود. در بخش درمانی رضایتمندی از پزشکان و پرستاران بالاتر از رضایت از خدمات بهداشت و نظافت و در بخش غیردرمانی خدمات پذیرش بالاترین میزان رضایتمندی و خدمات رفاهی کمترین میزان رضایتمندی را دارا بودند. نوع بخش با رضایتمندی بیماران ارتباط معنادار آماری داشت (P<0.05). سایر متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی مانند سن، جنس، وضعیت تاهل، دفعات بستری و نوع بیمه ارتباط آماری معنی­ داری با رضایتمندی نداشتند. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به بالاتر بودن رضایت بیماران از خدمات درمانی بیشتر از خدمات غیردرمانی، بازنگری در شیوه مدیریت بیمارستان جهت ارتقای رضایتمندی بیماران در این بخش­ها ضروری است. 2 Background and Aim: In the planning and evaluation of hospital services, patient satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of health care that is repeatedly used. The purpose of the current study was to determine the level of hospitalized patients' satisfaction with the services provided in a Navy hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 234 patients who were discharged from one of the Navy hospitals in Tehran, Iran in 2019. The data gathering tool was a patient satisfaction questionnaire designed and validated by experts’ panel. The questionnaire assessed patient satisfaction in two parts: medical care services; physicians and nurses, health and hygiene services, and non-medical services including nutritional status, amenities, admission services, staff ethics, discharge, and religious observance. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Results: The mean age of patients were 45.4±12.2 years, 72.2% were male and 78.6% were married. The mean of the total score of patient satisfaction in medical care and non-medical services was 96.3±10.7 and 121.5±16.8, respectively. In the medical care services, the satisfaction from physicians and nurses was higher than satisfaction from hygiene services, and in the non-medical services, the highest level of satisfaction was observed in the reception and also welfare services had the lowest satisfaction level. The type of ward had a significant relationship with patient satisfaction (P<0.05). Other demographic data such as age, gender, marital status, hospitalization, and type of insurance were not significantly correlated with satisfaction level. Conclusion: Given the higher satisfaction of patients with medical care services than non-medical services, a reconsidering of hospital management practices is needed to improve patient satisfaction in these services. 170 179 2023/12/202019/09/242019/09/242019/12/282020/01/152020/01/262020/01/302020/01/30 1398/11/10 2019/11/12019/11/202019/11/202020/01/92020/01/222020/02/22020/01/302020/01/30 1398/11/10 محسن عباسی فرج زاده Mohsen Abbasi Farajzadeh امیر واحدیان عظیمی Amir Vahedian-Azimi سیداحمد میرجوادی Seyed Ahmad MirJavadi حمید عنایتی Hamid Enayati لیلا کریمی Leila Karimi مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، انستیتو سبک زندگی، دانشکده پرستاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران leilakarimi1487@gmail.com Patient Satisfaction Care Services Hospital Navy. خدمات درمانی رضایت بیمار بیمارستان نیروی دریایی. 1. Ahmad I, ud Din S. Patients satisfaction from the health care services. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;8(1).##2. Howard M, Goertzen J, Hutchison B, Kaczorowski J, Morris K. Patient satisfaction with care for urgent health problems: a survey of family practice patients. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2007;5(5):419-24.##3. Bredart A, Coens C, Aaronson N, Chie W-C, Efficace F, Conroy T, et al. Determinants of patient satisfaction in oncology settings from European and Asian countries: preliminary results based on the EORTC IN-PATSAT32 questionnaire. European journal of cancer. 2007;43(2):323-30.##4. Grogan S, Conner M, Willits D, Norman P. Development of a questionnaire to measure patients' satisfaction with general practitioners' services. Br J Gen Pract. 1995;45(399):525-9.##5. Qureshi W, Nazir A, Ajaz A. A case study on patient satisfaction in SMHS hospital, SRINGAR. J Hosp Today. 2005;12(3):154-55.##6. Farahbakhsh M, Nikniaz A, Mardi A, Hasan Zade A, Entezar S. The utilizing of control chart in cusmonitoring in a hospitaltomer satisfaction score. Journal of Hospital. 2013;12(1):9-18.##7. Bahrampour A, Zolala F. Patient satisfaction and related factors in Kerman hospitals. 2005.##8. Sadjadian A, Kaviani A, YOUNESIAN M, Fateh A. Satisfaction with breast clinical care. 2002.##9. Lee DS, Tu JV, Chong A, Alter DA. Patient satisfaction and its relationship with quality and outcomes of care after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1938-45.##10. Ware JE. What information do consumers want and how will they use it? Medical care. 1995;33(1): JS25-JS30.##11. Sarchami R, Sheykhi M. Patients satisfaction of medical services in Qazvin educational hospitals. Jouranl of Qazvin university of medical sciences. 2001;18.##12. Joolaee S, Hajibabaee F, Jalal EJ, Bahrani N. Assessment of Patient Satisfaction from Nursing Care in Hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Hayat. 2011;17(1).##13. Amerion A, Ebrahimnia M, Azizaadi -f, mehdi,, Khodami-vishteh H, Mehrabitavana A, Heidari S. The Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Patients' Satisfaction with Hospital Services in Military Hospitals. Police Management Quarterly. 2011;5(2):215-27.##14. Syfe-Rabiee M-A, Shahidzade- Mahani A. Patient Satisfaction in Public Hospitals Affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and its Affecting Factors. Payesh. 2007;5(4):271-9.##15. Abdel-Moneim A, Semmler M, Abdel-Reheim ES, Zanaty MI, Addaleel W. Association of glycemic status and interferon-γ production with leukocytes and platelet indices alterations in type2 diabetes. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews. 2019;13(3):1963-9.##16. Ziaei H, Katibeh M, Eskandari A, Mirzadeh M, Rabbanikhah Z, Javadi MA. Determinants of patient satisfaction with ophthalmic services. BMC research notes. 2011;4(1):7.##17. Tasso K, Behar-Horenstein LS, Aumiller A, Gamble K, Grimaudo N, Guin P, et al. Assessing patient satisfaction and quality of care through observation and interview. Hospital topics. 2002;80 (3):4-10.##18. Hajian K. Satisfaction of hospitalized patients of health care services in Shahid Beheshti and Yahyanezhad hospitals of Babol. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2007;9(2):51-60.##19. Quintana JM, González N, Bilbao A, Aizpuru F, Escobar A, Esteban C, et al. Predictors of patient satisfaction with hospital health care. BMC Health Services Research. 2006;6(102).##20. Gholjeh M, Ghaljaee F, Mazloom A. Correlation between nurses’ practice ability and patient satisfaction of nursing care. Pub Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing and Midwifery. 2008;18(63):12-9.##21. Jenkinson C, Coulter A, Bruster S, Richards N, Chandola T. Patients’ experiences and satisfaction with health care: results of a questionnaire study of specific aspects of care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2009;11(4).##22. Azizi F, Hanifi N, Siahkali SR, Haghani S. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Triple Dimensions of Patients’ Satisfaction of Those referred to the Emergency Department in-Zanjan, Iran in 2017. Journal of Military Medicine. 2018;20 (5): 538-45.##23. Zafarghandi MR. Evaluation of patient satisfaction rate of admission processing in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Hakim Research Journal. 2005;8(3):31-7.##24. Açikgöz N, Ermiş N, Yaǧmur J, Cansel M, Ataş H, Pekdemir H, et al. RE: Mean platelet volume in patients with idiopathic and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi. 2013; 13 (6): 610.##25. Roudbari M, Sanjarani F, Hosseini SS. The patients' satisfaction of the function of Khatam-Al-Anbia emergency department at Zahedan. Zahedan journal of research in medical sciences. 2010;12(4).##26. Chan JNH, Chau J. Patient satisfaction with triage nursing care in Hong Kong. Journal of advanced nursing. 2005;50(5):498-507.##27. Hall MF, Press I. Keys to patient satisfaction in the emergency department: results of a multiple facility study. Journal of Healthcare Management. 1996;41(4):515.##28. Miseviciene I, Milasauskiene Z. Patient satisfaction with the work of the hospital medical personnel. Medicina. 2002;38(5):559##29. Al Doghaither A. Inpatient satisfaction with physician services at king khalid university hospital, riyadh, saudi arabia. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2004;10 (3), 358-364.##30. Khamseh M, Aghili SR, Baradaran H, Arabi A. Patients satisfaction of medical care delivered in outpatient clinics of endocrinology and metabolism in Tehran, Iran. 2007.##31. González-Valentín A, Padín-López S, de Ramón-Garrido E. Patient satisfaction with nursing care in a regional university hospital in southern Spain. Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 2005;20(1):63-72.##32. Goudarzian AH, Sharif Nia H, Jafari H, Jamali S, Badiee M, Sayemi Z, et al. Inpatient satisfaction with health system transformation project in mazandaran ##educational hospitals, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;26(136):190-5.##33. Salehian T, Pirak A. Patients’ Satisfaction from Medical and Nursing Services in Khatam Alanbia Hospital in Iranshahr. Jgbfnm. 2010;7(2):33-41.##1. Ahmad I, ud Din S. Patients satisfaction from the health care services. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;8(1).##2. Howard M, Goertzen J, Hutchison B, Kaczorowski J, Morris K. Patient satisfaction with care for urgent health problems: a survey of family practice patients. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2007;5(5):419-24.##3. Bredart A, Coens C, Aaronson N, Chie W-C, Efficace F, Conroy T, et al. Determinants of patient satisfaction in oncology settings from European and Asian countries: preliminary results based on the EORTC IN-PATSAT32 questionnaire. European journal of cancer. 2007;43(2):323-30.##4. Grogan S, Conner M, Willits D, Norman P. Development of a questionnaire to measure patients' satisfaction with general practitioners' services. Br J Gen Pract. 1995;45(399):525-9.##5. Qureshi W, Nazir A, Ajaz A. A case study on patient satisfaction in SMHS hospital, SRINGAR. J Hosp Today. 2005;12(3):154-55.##6. Farahbakhsh M, Nikniaz A, Mardi A, Hasan Zade A, Entezar S. The utilizing of control chart in cusmonitoring in a hospitaltomer satisfaction score. Journal of Hospital. 2013;12(1):9-18.##7. Bahrampour A, Zolala F. Patient satisfaction and related factors in Kerman hospitals. 2005.##8. Sadjadian A, Kaviani A, YOUNESIAN M, Fateh A. Satisfaction with breast clinical care. 2002.##9. Lee DS, Tu JV, Chong A, Alter DA. Patient satisfaction and its relationship with quality and outcomes of care after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1938-45.##10. Ware JE. What information do consumers want and how will they use it? Medical care. 1995;33(1): JS25-JS30.##11. Sarchami R, Sheykhi M. Patients satisfaction of medical services in Qazvin educational hospitals. Jouranl of Qazvin university of medical sciences. 2001;18.##12. Joolaee S, Hajibabaee F, Jalal EJ, Bahrani N. Assessment of Patient Satisfaction from Nursing Care in Hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Hayat. 2011;17(1).##13. Amerion A, Ebrahimnia M, Azizaadi -f, mehdi,, Khodami-vishteh H, Mehrabitavana A, Heidari S. The Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Patients' Satisfaction with Hospital Services in Military Hospitals. Police Management Quarterly. 2011;5(2):215-27.##14. Syfe-Rabiee M-A, Shahidzade- Mahani A. Patient Satisfaction in Public Hospitals Affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and its Affecting Factors. Payesh. 2007;5(4):271-9.##15. Abdel-Moneim A, Semmler M, Abdel-Reheim ES, Zanaty MI, Addaleel W. Association of glycemic status and interferon-γ production with leukocytes and platelet indices alterations in type2 diabetes. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews. 2019;13(3):1963-9.##16. Ziaei H, Katibeh M, Eskandari A, Mirzadeh M, Rabbanikhah Z, Javadi MA. Determinants of patient satisfaction with ophthalmic services. BMC research notes. 2011;4(1):7.##17. Tasso K, Behar-Horenstein LS, Aumiller A, Gamble K, Grimaudo N, Guin P, et al. Assessing patient satisfaction and quality of care through observation and interview. Hospital topics. 2002;80 (3):4-10.##18. Hajian K. Satisfaction of hospitalized patients of health care services in Shahid Beheshti and Yahyanezhad hospitals of Babol. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2007;9(2):51-60.##19. Quintana JM, González N, Bilbao A, Aizpuru F, Escobar A, Esteban C, et al. Predictors of patient satisfaction with hospital health care. BMC Health Services Research. 2006;6(102).##20. Gholjeh M, Ghaljaee F, Mazloom A. Correlation between nurses’ practice ability and patient satisfaction of nursing care. Pub Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing and Midwifery. 2008;18(63):12-9.##21. Jenkinson C, Coulter A, Bruster S, Richards N, Chandola T. Patients’ experiences and satisfaction with health care: results of a questionnaire study of specific aspects of care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2009;11(4).##22. Azizi F, Hanifi N, Siahkali SR, Haghani S. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Triple Dimensions of Patients’ Satisfaction of Those referred to the Emergency Department in-Zanjan, Iran in 2017. Journal of Military Medicine. 2018;20 (5): 538-45.##23. Zafarghandi MR. Evaluation of patient satisfaction rate of admission processing in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Hakim Research Journal. 2005;8(3):31-7.##24. Açikgöz N, Ermiş N, Yaǧmur J, Cansel M, Ataş H, Pekdemir H, et al. RE: Mean platelet volume in patients with idiopathic and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi. 2013; 13 (6): 610.##25. Roudbari M, Sanjarani F, Hosseini SS. The patients' satisfaction of the function of Khatam-Al-Anbia emergency department at Zahedan. Zahedan journal of research in medical sciences. 2010;12(4).##26. Chan JNH, Chau J. Patient satisfaction with triage nursing care in Hong Kong. Journal of advanced nursing. 2005;50(5):498-507.##27. Hall MF, Press I. Keys to patient satisfaction in the emergency department: results of a multiple facility study. Journal of Healthcare Management. 1996;41(4):515.##28. Miseviciene I, Milasauskiene Z. Patient satisfaction with the work of the hospital medical personnel. Medicina. 2002;38(5):559##29. Al Doghaither A. Inpatient satisfaction with physician services at king khalid university hospital, riyadh, saudi arabia. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2004;10 (3), 358-364.##30. Khamseh M, Aghili SR, Baradaran H, Arabi A. Patients satisfaction of medical care delivered in outpatient clinics of endocrinology and metabolism in Tehran, Iran. 2007.##31. González-Valentín A, Padín-López S, de Ramón-Garrido E. Patient satisfaction with nursing care in a regional university hospital in southern Spain. Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 2005;20(1):63-72.##32. Goudarzian AH, Sharif Nia H, Jafari H, Jamali S, Badiee M, Sayemi Z, et al. Inpatient satisfaction with health system transformation project in mazandaran ##educational hospitals, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;26(136):190-5.##33. Salehian T, Pirak A. Patients’ Satisfaction from Medical and Nursing Services in Khatam Alanbia Hospital in Iranshahr. Jgbfnm. 2010;7(2):33-41. ##