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تبیین سیاست‌های کلی نظام در حوزه سلامت و حفاظت از محیط دریایی: چالش‌ها و فرصت‌ها Explanation of the general policies of the system in the field of health and protection of the marine environment: challenges and opportunities 1 1 دریا، این موهبت الهی، همواره برای انسان منبع الهام و آرامش بوده است. اما آیا تاکنون به این فکر کرده‌ایم که دریا چه تأثیری بر سلامت ما دارد؟ از آنجا که طبق گزارش معاونت مطالعات زیربنایی مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی، ایران با داشتن بیش از ۵۸۰۰ کیلومتر نوار ساحلی جنوبی و شمالی (۴۰ ٪ مرزهای کشور)، کشوری دریایی محسوب می‌شود در نتیجه این پرسش از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است (1). سیاست‌های کلی توسعه دریامحور ایران، مجموعه‌ای از دستورالعمل‌ها و چشم‌اندازهایی است که با هدف بهره‌برداری بهینه از ظرفیت‌های دریایی کشور، توسعه اقتصادی، و ارتقای جایگاه بین‌المللی ایران تدوین شده است. این سیاست‌ها که به ابتکار مقام معظم رهبری ابلاغ شده‌اند، بر اهمیت دریا به عنوان یک محور توسعه‌ای و اقتصادی تاکید فراوان دارند. لذا با توجه به جایگاه ویژه‌ دریای ایران و منابع تعمیق آن در تأمین نیازهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور، بررسی رابطه سیاست‌های کلی دریای ایران با حوزه سلامت عمومی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. سیاست‌های کلی دریای ایران باید نه تنها بر توسعه پایدار تمرکز داشته باشد بلکه به حفظ و ارتقاء سلامت جامعه نیز توجه کند. این سیاست‌ها در جمهوری اسلامی ایران به‌طور خاص از سوی رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامی تعیین می‌شود و به منظور مدیریت و استفاده بهینه از منابع دریایی و حفظ محیط زیست تدوین شده‌اند. این سیاست‌ها عبارتند از: 1. سیاست‌گذاری یکپارچه امور دریایی: ایجاد یک نظام مدیریتی واحد برای امور دریایی 2. توسعه فعالیت‌های اقتصادی دریا محور: افزایش فعالیت‌های اقتصادی در حوزه دریایی مانند کشتیرانی، صیادی، گردشگری دریایی و انرژی‌های دریایی 3. تسهیل و توسعه سرمایه‌گذاری: ایجاد زیرساخت‌های لازم برای جذب سرمایه‌گذاری داخلی و خارجی 4. تدوین طرح جامع: تدوین یک طرح جامع برای توسعه همه جانبه مناطق ساحلی و دریایی 5. بهره‌برداری حداکثری و بهینه از ظرفیت‌ها: بهره‌برداری بهینه از منابع دریایی با حفظ محیط زیست 6. تامین و ارتقاء نیروی انسانی متخصص: تربیت نیروی انسانی متخصص و ماهر در حوزه‌های مختلف دریایی 7. توسعه‌ همکاری ها با کشورهای همسایه و سایر کشورها: حضور موثر در معابر بین المللی و دستیابی به موقعیت قطب‌های منطقه‌ای 8. افزایش سهم کشور در حمل و نقل دریایی: ایجاد و تقویت شبکه حمل و نقل ترکیبی 9. حمایت از سرمایه گذران بومی و محلی: حمایت از فعالان اقتصادی و بنگاه‌های کوچک و متوسط در حوزه‌های مختلف از جمله صیادی، کشاورزی، صنعتی و گردشگری این سیاست‌ها معمولاً در قالب اسناد و برنامه‌های جامع و با هدف توسعه پایدار و تأمین امنیت زیست‌محیطی تهیه و ابلاغ می‌شوند (2). با توجه به اهمیت روزافزون مسائل زیست‌محیطی و تأثیرات گسترده آن بر حوزه سلامت عمومی، بررسی سیاست‌های کلی مربوط به منابع دریایی و محیط زیست دریایی از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. در این راستا، نقش کلیدی سیاست‌های مرتبط با دریا در ارتقاء و حفظ سلامت جامعه بر کسی پوشیده نیست. • آلودگی دریا و تأثیرات آن بر سلامت: بر اساس بررسی کومار در سال 2024 به طور کلی 6 نوع آلاینده دریایی وجود دارد که در اقیانوس ریخته می‌شوند: i. آلودگی صوتی ii. آلودگی شبانه iii. آلودگی مواد مغذی iv. اسیدی شدن اقیانوس v. معدن در اعماق دریا vi. آلودگی پلاستیکی که اثرات مضر جدی بر موجودات زنده ایجاد می‌کنند (3). • فعالیت های انسانی در اکوسیستم های ساحلی: فعالیت های صنعتی و تجاری (از جمله ماهیگیری و آبزی پروری، حمل و نقل دریایی، و تولید و ذخیره انرژی) و فعالیت‌های اوقات فراغت و گردشگری منجر به تغییرات محیطی در بسیاری از مناطق می‌شود و تهدیدات موجود برای سلامت و رفاه را تشدید می‌کند. اجلالی خانقاه در مقاله خود به این مهم اشاره دارند که عوامل استرس‌زا معمولاً با معرفی انواع مختلف آلاینده‌ها، از دست دادن زیستگاه‌ها، بهره برداری بیش از حد ازگونه‌ها، معرفی موجودات مهاجم و تغییرات آب و هوایی مرتبط هستند (4). • تهدیدات زیست محیطی (از جمله تغییرات آب و هوایی): افزایش سطح آب دریاها و سیل و طوفان های مرتبط با تغییرات آب و هوایی، علاوه بر تهدید مستقیم برای سلامتی (به عنوان مثال رویدادهای حاد شدید)، زیرساخت‌های ساخته شده از جمله بنادر، جاده‌ها و خطوط راه آهن را تهدید می‌کند که سلامت و رفاه فردی و اجتماعی به آنها بستگی دارد. محمودی در سال 1393 به این موضوع مهم پرداخته است که تغییر اقلیم با تاثیر بر سیستم‌های آبزی‌پروری و افزایش آسیب‌پذیری ماهی‌های پرورشی و کاهش آنها، باعث کاهش تنوع ژنتیکی و تنوع زیستی می‌شود و به علت مهاجرت ماهی‌ها از یک ناحیه به ناحیه دیگر برای یافتن شرایط مناسب، توزیع منطقه‌ای و فاصله‌‌ای آنها، دستخوش تغییر می‌شود. از دیدگاه میکروبیولوژیکی، اقلیم بر تغییر تشدید انباشت آب (بارگذاری مواد مغذی) و رشد فیتوپالنکتون‌ها موثر است. افزایش جلبکهای مضر، به ویژه از گونه‌های سمی و تجمع این سموم در نرم‌تنان و مصرف این محصولات، از پیامدهای جدی برای انسان است (5). • تهدیدات اجتماعی- اقتصادی و فرهنگی: تغییرات جمعیتی در منطقه ساحلی، تخریب جوامع سنتی، تغییرات در اقتصادها و صنایع، گردشگری، دورافتادگی جوامع ساحلی منجر به آسیب به انسان می‌گردد (6). اما اجرای این سیاست‌ها در زمینه سلامت به چالش‌هایی برخورد کرده است. بر اساس یافته‌های مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی در سال 1403 (7) برخی از نکات قابل توجه در این زمینه عبارت‌اند از: چالش‌های ساختاری: عدم هماهنگی بین نهادها و سازمان‌ها، فقدان قوانین و مقررات جامع، کمبود برنامه بلندمدت، نبود اختیار کافی برای نهادهای دریایی موانع مالی: کمبود سرمایه‌گذاری‌های دولتی و خصوصی، مشکلات در تخصیص بودجه هزینه‌های بالای زیرساخت: شامل نوسانات اقتصادی و نرخ ارز، محدودیت‌های مالی و بانکی موانع تکنولوژی: نیاز به تحقیقات پیشرفته، فقدان دانش فنی کافی، کمبود فناوری‌های پیشرفته و نوین دریایی، کمبود منابع انرژی پایدار در بندر و سواحل مشکلات زیست محیطی: تخریب محیط زیست دریایی، آلودگی‌های ناشی از صنعت و کشاورزی، تغییرات اقلیمی و افزایش سطح دریا، افزایش غلظت دریا حاصل از آب شیرین‌کن‌ها عوامل اجتماعی و انسانی: کمبود نیروی کار متخصص، ضعف فرهنگ دریایی، عدم همراهی مردم محلی در فرایند توسعه و نبود اعتماد متقابل، ناتوانی در بازاریابی و جذب گردشگر دریایی مسائل ژئوپلیتیکی: تنش‌های منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی، محدودیت‌های تجاری دریایی، مشکلات دسترسی به آب‌های آزاد حمل و نقلی: عدم توسعه حمل‌ و نقل ترکیبی، نقص در زیرساخت‌ها، سن بالای ناوگان دریایی کشور تعدد کارگروه‌ها و نهادهای تصمیم‌ساز: در حوزه دریا و سواحل فرصت‌ها توسعه فناوری‌های نوین: استفاده از فناوری‌های پیشرفته برای پایش و کاهش آلودگی‌های دریایی آموزش و آگاهی‌بخشی: افزایش آگاهی عمومی درباره اهمیت حفاظت از محیط‌زیست دریایی و تأثیر آن بر سلامت همکاری‌های بین‌المللی: تقویت همکاری‌های بین‌المللی برای مقابله با چالش‌های مشترک و بهره‌برداری از فرصت‌های موجود. این آینده‌پژوهی می‌تواند به تدوین سیاست‌های مؤثرتر و پایدارتر در حوزه سلامت و حفاظت از محیط دریایی کمک کند. در مجموع، تلاش‌هایی برای رعایت سیاست‌های کلی دریا و تأثیر آن بر سلامت انجام شده، اما هنوز چالش‌های زیادی وجود دارد که نیاز به توجه و بهبود بیشتری دارد. 2 This article examines the impact of Iran's general maritime development policies on public health and marine environmental protection. Given the importance of the sea and Iran's geographical position in meeting the country's economic and social needs, Iran's general maritime policies should focus on sustainable development and maintaining community health. These policies include establishing a unified management system for maritime affairs, developing maritime economic activities, facilitating and developing investment, drafting a comprehensive plan for the development of coastal and marine areas, optimal utilization of marine resources, providing and enhancing specialized human resources, developing international cooperation, and increasing the country's share in maritime transport. This article examines the challenges of implementing these policies in the field of public health and marine environmental protection. These challenges include structural problems, high infrastructure costs, financial barriers, technological barriers, environmental problems, social and human factors, geopolitical issues, and transportation problems. Additionally, opportunities for developing new technologies, education and awareness-raising, and strengthening international cooperation have been examined. The results of this study show that despite efforts to comply with general maritime policies and their impact on health, there are still many challenges that need more attention and improvement. 1 2 2024/12/24 1403/10/4 2025/06/3 1404/3/13 فرشاد احمدی حداد Farshad Ahmadi Haddad مرکز مدیریت سلامت، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی و سلامت معنوی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران farshadhadad@gmail.com General policies Ocean-based development Public health Environmental protection Climate change Marine pollution سیاست‌های کلی توسعه دریا محور سلامت عمومی حفاظت از محیط زیست تغییرات اقلیمی آلودگی دریا 1. Fathi A, Panahi E. 2024. Iran's maritime development needs relying on the maritime capacities of the Makran region in the 14th government, https://civilica.com/doc/2088511##2. Available from: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=54334##3. Kumar PG. Marine Pollution: Causes, Impacts and Its Control##4. Ejlali Khanghah K, Jafari H. Comparison of the presence of carcinogenic polycyclic Aromtic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in five groups of Macrozoobenthic communities in the waters around Bandar Abbas. J Mar Med. 2024;6 (1): 32-43##5. Mahmoudi-maymand M, Mazaheri M. Climate change and food safety.J Biosaf. 2014;7(2):21-32##6. Depledge M, Lovell R, Wheeler B, Morrissey K, White M, Fleming L. Future of the sea: health and wellbeing of coastal communities. 2017##7. Center ICR. [Available from: https://maslahat.ir/0001Uo.##1. Fathi A, Panahi E. 2024. Iran's maritime development needs relying on the maritime capacities of the Makran region in the 14th government, https://civilica.com/doc/2088511##2. Available from: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=54334##3. Kumar PG. Marine Pollution: Causes, Impacts and Its Control##4. Ejlali Khanghah K, Jafari H. Comparison of the presence of carcinogenic polycyclic Aromtic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in five groups of Macrozoobenthic communities in the waters around Bandar Abbas. J Mar Med. 2024;6 (1): 32-43##5. Mahmoudi-maymand M, Mazaheri M. Climate change and food safety.J Biosaf. 2014;7(2):21-32##6. Depledge M, Lovell R, Wheeler B, Morrissey K, White M, Fleming L. Future of the sea: health and wellbeing of coastal communities. 2017##7. Center ICR. [Available from: https://maslahat.ir/0001Uo. ##

همبستگی بین انس با قرآن و سبک زندگی سلامت محور در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر The Correlation Between Quranic Engagement and Health-Oriented Lifestyle Among Students at Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology 1 1 زمینه و هدف: رفتارهای حفاظت از سلامتی (کاهش خطر و پیشگیری) و رفتارهای ارتقاء سلامت دو جزء مکمل سبک زندگی سالم هستند. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین همبستگی بین انس با قرآن و سبک زندگی سلامت محور در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر انجام گرفت. روش‌ها: این مطالعه به صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی در سال 1402 انجام شد. حجم نمونه 358 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر به طور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات شامل چک لیست اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، پرسشنامه انس با قرآن محقق ساخته و سبک زندگی سلامت محور محقق ساخته بود. یافته‌ها: میانگین نمره انس با قرآن و سبک زندگی سلامت محور در دانشجویان به ترتیب 07/3±14/84 و 01/4±22/73 بود. میانگین نمره انس با قرآن با جنس تفاوت معنی‌داری داشت. میانگین نمره سبک زندگی سلامت محور با جنس و وضعیت اقتصادی تفاوت معنی‌داری داشت. ماتریس همبستگی نشان داد بین همه ابعاد انس با قران و سبک زندگی سلامت محور به جز آموختن قران و استمرار در قرائت قران با مصرف دخانیات و الکل و مواد مخدر همبستگی معنی داری دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به ارتباط انس با قرآن و فعالیت های مذهبی با سبک زندگ سلامت محور، توجه بیشتر به بعد معنوی وجود انسان و برنامه‌ریزی جهت ارتقاء آن اهمیت دارد و می توان با اجرای برنامه های قرآنی زمینه انس بیشتر دانشجویان با قرآن را فراهم ساخت که خود منجر به ارتقاء سطح سلامت دانشجویان خواهد شد. 2 Background and Aim: Health-protective behaviors (risk reduction and prevention) and health-promoting behaviors represent two complementary components of a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to examine the correlation between Quranic engagement and health-oriented lifestyle among students at Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2023. A random sample of 358 students from Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology was selected. Data collection instruments included a demographic checklist, a researcher-developed Quranic Engagement Questionnaire, and a researcher-developed Health-Oriented Lifestyle Questionnaire. Results: The mean scores for Quranic engagement and health-oriented lifestyle among students were 84.14 ± 3.07 and 73.22 ± 4.01, respectively. Significant differences were observed in Quranic engagement scores based on gender. Similarly, health-oriented lifestyle scores showed significant variations according to gender and economic status. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between all dimensions of Quranic engagement and health-oriented lifestyle, except for "Quranic learning" and "persistence in Quran recitation," which showed no significant correlation with tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. Conclusion: Given the established relationship between Quranic engagement, religious activities, and health-oriented lifestyle, greater emphasis on spiritual development through targeted programming is warranted. Implementing Quranic educational initiatives can foster deeper student engagement with the Quran, thereby contributing to enhanced health outcomes among the student population. 3 9 2024/12/242025/01/1 1403/10/12 2025/06/32025/06/3 1404/3/13 آمنه مرزبان Ameneh Marzban گروه سلامت در بلایا و فوریتها، دانشکده مدیریت و اطلاع رسانی پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران amenemarzban@yahoo.com Quranic engagement Lifestyle Health-oriented Students انس با قران سبک زندگی سلامت محور دانشجویان 1. Akbarnejad Nashli K, Tol A, Majlessi F, Yaseri M, Alizadeh H. Predictors of Health-Oriented Lifestyle among Health Workers of Amol City. Hospital. 2016;15(4):103-14.##2. Kosravizad M. Survey the relation between Life-style related to nutritional behaviour and severity of chronic renal railure in Shiraz MRI Hospital at 2013. Nursing of the Vulnerables. 2015;2(2):49-59##3. Lali M, Abedi A, Kajbaf MB. Construction and validation of the lifestyle questionnaire (LSQ). Psychological Res. 2012;15(1):64-80##4. Fathabadi J, Sadeghi S, Jomhari F, Talaneshan A. The Role of Health-Oriented Lifestyle and Health Locus of Control in Predicting the Risk of Overweight. Iranian J Health Education Health Promotion. 2017;5(4):280-7##5. Dalvandi A, Maddah B, Khankeh HR, Bahrami F, Parvaneh SH, Hesam Zadeh A, et al. The Health-Oriented Lifestyle in Islamic Culture. J Qual Res Health Sci. 2013;4(1):332-43##6. Ramazanzade K, Miri M, Hashemi SM. Familiarity with Quran and its Relationship with Mental Health among University Students. J Religion Health. 2016; 3 (2): 41-8##7. Movahedi M. The strategies and strategies of the media of the Anas with the Koran in the conditions of the soft war. Quran Hadith Stud. 2010;1(5):29-64##8. Elkalmi RM, Dyab E, Mohd Suhaimi A, Blebil AQ, Elnaem MH, Jamshed S, et al. Attitude, familiarity and religious beliefs about vaccination among health science and non-health science students in a malaysian public university. European J investigation health, psychology education. 2021;11(4):1462-73##9. Iesazadeh n, barzegaran m, rahmanian v, delavari s, marzban a. Relationship between Religious Attitude and Nutritional Behavior in in High School Students. J Med Cultivation. 2018;27(Humanities Health):23-33##10. Aghajani M, Mirbagher N. The relationship between familiarity with the Quran and mental health in nursing students. Islam Health J. 2015;1(4):7-13##11. Marzban a. Prevalence of High Risk Behaviors in High School Students of Qom, 2016. Pars of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. 2018;16(3):44-51##12. Foji Samira, samadi poor ezat, akrami rahim. Assessment Intimacy with the Quran, the quality of life and Factors related of them. Beyhagh. 2014;2 (30): 1-10##13. Hosseinzadeh M, Rajabi VG, Mousavi SM, Pourshariati F, Javani A. The Relationship Between Quranic Intimacy And Mental Health Of Students Of Tehran University Of Medical Sciences (Allied Medical Sciences). Teb&tazkie. 2016;25(1):29-36##14. Rabani M. The art of creating honey with the Koran. Religious Art Magazine. 2011;1(4):1-8##15. Mirian S, Hasanzadeh R, Hosseini S, Sakhaie S. The relationship between Quranic intimacy and psychological health. Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2013;1(15):66-71##16. Khademi A. The relationship between the amount of honey and Quran and pattern of consumption among employees of governmental organizations in Urmia. 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هوش مصنوعی در سم‌شناسی دریایی: تشخیص خودکار بیوتوکسین‌ها در محصولات دریایی Artificial intelligence (AI) in Marine Toxicology: Automated Detection of Biotoxins in Seafood 1 1 بیوتوکسین‌های دریایی، که از شکوفایی جلبکی مضر به وجود می‌آیند، تهدیدی جدی برای سلامت عمومی و صنعت شیلات ایجاد می‌کنند و نیاز به روش‌های پیشرفته تشخیص را ضروری می‌سازند. روش‌های سنتی مانند سنجش‌های زیستی با موش و کروماتوگرافی، اغلب زمان‌بر، پرهزینه و از نظر اخلاقی چالش‌برانگیز هستند. ادغام هوش مصنوعی با حسگرهای زیستی، رویکردی نوآورانه برای افزایش سرعت، دقت و کارایی در تشخیص این سموم ارائه می‌دهد. این مطالعه مروری وضعیت کنونی حسگرهای زیستی برای شناسایی بیوتوکسین‌های دریایی را بررسی می‌کند و نقش هوش مصنوعی در خودکارسازی و بهینه‌سازی این سیستم‌ها را تحلیل می‌نماید. هوش مصنوعی با استفاده از الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشینی و یادگیری عمیق، تحلیل سریع داده‌ها، شناسایی الگوها و مدل‌سازی پیش‌بینی را ممکن می‌سازد و راه را برای پایش لحظه‌ای و سیستم‌های هشدار زودهنگام هموار می‌کند. با وجود موانعی مانند نیاز به داده‌های استاندارد و تأییدیه‌های قانونی، ترکیب هوش مصنوعی با حسگرهای زیستی پتانسیل بالایی برای تحول در سم‌شناسی دریایی و تضمین ایمنی محصولات دریایی دارد. این مطالعه با تلفیق پیشرفت‌های اخیر در فناوری حسگرهای زیستی و کاربردهای هوش مصنوعی، دیدگاهی جامع درباره تأثیر این فناوری‌ها بر سلامت عمومی و ایمنی غذایی ارائه می‌دهد. 2 Marine biotoxins, produced by harmful algal blooms, pose significant threats to public health and the seafood industry, necessitating advanced detection methods. Traditional approaches, such as mouse bioassays and chromatography, are often slow, costly, and ethically concerning. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with biosensor technology offers a transformative approach to enhance the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of detecting these toxins. This review explores the current state of biosensors for marine biotoxin detection and examines how AI can automate and optimize these systems. By leveraging machine learning and deep learning algorithms, AI enables rapid data analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling, paving the way for real-time monitoring and early warning systems. Despite challenges such as the need for standardized datasets and regulatory approval, the integration of AI with biosensors holds immense promise for revolutionizing marine toxicology and ensuring safer seafood consumption. This article synthesizes recent advancements in biosensor technology and AI applications, providing a comprehensive overview of their potential impact on public health and food safety. 10 16 2024/12/242025/01/12025/04/21 1404/2/1 2025/06/32025/06/32025/06/7 1404/3/17 سلیمه خنامی فلاحتی پور Salimeh Khanamani Falahati-pour گروه مهندسی کامپیوتر، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران Sali.falahati@gmail.com سید رضا حسینی آرا Reza Hosseiniara مرکز تحقیقات بیوشیمی و تغذیه در بیماری های متابولیک، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کاشان، کاشان، ایران hosseiniara7@gmail.com Marine Biotoxins Artificial Intelligence Biosensors Seafood Safety Real-Time Monitoring بیوتوکسین‌های دریایی هوش مصنوعی زیست‌حسگرها ایمنی غذایی محصولات دریایی پایش لحظه‌ای (زمان واقعی) 1. Nicolas J, Hoogenboom R, Hendriksen P, Bodero M, Bovee T, Rietjens I, et al. Marine biotoxins and associated outbreaks following seafood consumption: Prevention and surveillance in the 21st century. Global Food Security. 2017;15:11-21. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.03.002##2. Mafra L, De Souza DA, Menezes M, Schramm M, Hoff R. Marine Biotoxins: latest advances and challenges towards seafood safety, using Brazil as a case study. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101078 ##3. Bodero M, Bovee T, Wang S, Hoogenboom R, Klijnstra M, Portier L, et al. Screening for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples using the neuro-2a bioassay. Food Additives Contaminants: Part A. 2018;35:351-65. doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1368720 PMid:28884655##4. Gerssen A, Klijnstra M. The Determination of Marine Biotoxins in Seafood. 2017:319-62. doi:10.1002/9781118992685.ch11##5. Campàs M, Prieto‐Simón B, Marty J. Biosensors to detect marine toxins: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta. 2007;72 3:884-95. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.12.036 PMid:19071702 ##6. Reverté L, Soliño L, Carnicer O, Diogène J, Campàs M. 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Mafra L, De Souza DA, Menezes M, Schramm M, Hoff R. Marine Biotoxins: latest advances and challenges towards seafood safety, using Brazil as a case study. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101078 ##3. Bodero M, Bovee T, Wang S, Hoogenboom R, Klijnstra M, Portier L, et al. Screening for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples using the neuro-2a bioassay. Food Additives Contaminants: Part A. 2018;35:351-65. doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1368720 PMid:28884655##4. Gerssen A, Klijnstra M. The Determination of Marine Biotoxins in Seafood. 2017:319-62. doi:10.1002/9781118992685.ch11##5. Campàs M, Prieto‐Simón B, Marty J. Biosensors to detect marine toxins: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta. 2007;72 3:884-95. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.12.036 PMid:19071702 ##6. Reverté L, Soliño L, Carnicer O, Diogène J, Campàs M. Alternative Methods for the Detection of Emerging Marine Toxins: Biosensors, Biochemical Assays and Cell-Based Assays. Marine Drugs. 2014;12:5719-63. doi:10.3390/md12125719 PMid:25431968 PMCid:PMC4278199##7. Inês A, Cosme F. Biosensors for Detecting Food Contaminants-An Overview. Processes. 2025;13(2). doi:10.3390/pr13020380 ##8. Wang Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Zeng Q, Han B. Precautions for seafood consumers: An updated review of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and rapid detection methods of marine biotoxins. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2024; 274:116201. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116201 PMid:38489901##9. De La Paz J, Zambrano N, Ortiz F, Llanos-Rivera A. A New Bioassay for the Detection of Paralytic and Amnesic Biotoxins Based on Motor Behavior Impairments of Zebrafish Larvae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24. doi:10.3390/ijms24087466 PMid:37108629 PMCid:PMC10144378##10. Juneja S, Zhang B, Nujhat N, Wang A. Quantitative Sensing of Domoic Acid from Shellfish Using Biological Photonic Crystal Enhanced SERS Substrates. 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A Strategy to Replace the Mouse Bioassay for Detecting and Identifying Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins by Combining the Neuro-2a Bioassay and LC-MS/MS Analysis. Marine Drugs. 2018;16. doi:10.3390/md16120501 PMid:30545061 PMCid:PMC6315780##15. Estévez P, Gago-Martínez A. Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Advances in Risk Characterization of Marine Biotoxins: Towards the Characterization of Metabolites Implied in Human Intoxications. Toxins. 2023;15. doi:10.3390/toxins15020103 PMid:36828418 PMCid:PMC9964301##16. Wu H, Guo M, Tan Z, Cheng H, Li Z, Zhai Y. Liquid chromatography quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry for multiclass screening and identification of lipophilic marine biotoxins in bivalve mollusks. Journal of chromatography A. 2014;1358:172-80. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.105 PMid:25086754##17. Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius H. 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اهمیت سواد سلامت و راهکارهای ارتقاء آن در دریانوردان: مطالعه مروری دامنه‌ای The Importance of Health Literacy and Strategies for Its Promotion Among Seafarers: A Scoping Review 1 1 زمینه و هدف: دریانوردان به دلیل شرایط خاص کاری و زندگی در دریا، با چالش‌های بهداشتی و ایمنی متعددی مواجه هستند. سواد سلامت به عنوان توانایی درک و استفاده از اطلاعات بهداشتی، نقش حیاتی در بهبود کیفیت زندگی و کاهش خطرات بهداشتی این گروه دارد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اهمیت سواد سلامت و راهکارهای ارتقاء آن در دریانوردان انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه دامنه‌ای می‌باشد که از طریق جستجو در پایگاههای داده معتبر علمی فارسی و انگلیسی در پایگاههای داده ای Science Direct, Scopus ,ISI ، Pub Med ، Google Scholar ، SID, MagIran  با استفاده از کلیدواژه‌های سواد سلامت، دریانوردان و راهکارها، آخرین مطالعات بازیابی شد. یافته‌ها: ناکافی بودن سواد سلامت در دریانوردان می‌تواند به افزایش بیماری‌ها و عفونت‌ها، عدم توانایی در مدیریت شرایط اضطراری، کاهش کیفیت زندگی و افزایش هزینه‌های درمانی منجر شود. در نهایت، این مشکلات می‌توانند به افزایش خطر حوادث دریایی و نقص‌های ایمنی منجر گردد، که تأثیرات منفی گسترده‌ای بر سلامت فردی و ایمنی کلی عملیات دریایی دارد و کارایی و بهره‌وری دریانوردان را کاهش می‌دهد. راهکارهای مختلفی از جمله برگزاری دوره‌های آموزشی و کارگاه‌های عملی در زمینه بهداشت و سلامت، پیشگیری از بیماری‌ها، مدیریت شرایط اضطراری، استفاده از رسانه‌های مختلف برای آموزش سواد سلامت، توانمندسازی دریانوردان برای جستجوی اطلاعات سلامتی و ارزیابی آن، مشارکت فعال دریانوردان در برنامه های ارتقای سواد سلامت می‌تواند سواد سلامت دریانوردان را ارتقاء دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: ارتقاء سواد سلامت در دریانوردان نه تنها به بهبود کیفیت زندگی و کاهش بیماری‌ها کمک می‌کند، بلکه ایمنی و کارایی عملیات دریایی را نیز افزایش می‌دهد. با ایجاد برنامه‌های آموزشی و فرهنگ سلامت، می‌توان به بهبود شرایط کاری و زندگی این افراد کمک کرد. 2 Background and Aim: Due to the unique working and living conditions at sea, seafarers face numerous health and safety challenges. Health literacy -defined as the ability to understand and utilize health information- plays a vital role in improving their quality of life and mitigating health risks. This study aimed to examine the importance of health literacy and strategies for its promotion among seafarers. Methods: This scoping review was conducted by searching reputable English and Persian scientific databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, ISI, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and MagIran, using keywords such as health literacy, seafarers, and strategies to retrieve the most recent relevant studies. Results: Inadequate health literacy among seafarers can lead to increased disease and infection rates, inability to manage emergencies, reduced quality of life, and higher healthcare costs. Ultimately, these issues may contribute to elevated risks of maritime accidents and safety deficiencies, which have far-reaching negative impacts on individual health and overall maritime operational safety, reducing seafarers' efficiency and productivity. Various strategies -such as conducting training courses and practical workshops on health and hygiene, disease prevention, emergency management, utilizing diverse media for health literacy education, empowering seafarers to seek and evaluate health information, and actively involving them in health literacy promotion programs- can enhance seafarers' health literacy. Conclusion: Improving health literacy among seafarers not only enhances their quality of life and reduces disease burden but also increases the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. By implementing targeted educational programs and fostering a culture of health awareness, significant improvements can be made in their working and living conditions. 17 27 2024/12/242025/01/12025/04/212024/09/30 1403/7/9 2025/06/32025/06/32025/06/72025/01/29 1403/11/10 مجتبی فتاحی اردکانی Mojtaba Fattahi Ardakani دکترای آموزش بهداشت و ارتقاء سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد، یزد، ایران mjfattahi57@gmail.com سمیه خضرلو Somayeh Khezerloo استادیار، گروه پرستاری، دانشکده علوم پزشکی خوی ، خوی ، ایران khezerloos@yahoo.com مرادعلی زارعی پور Morad Ali Zareipuor گروه بهداشت عمومی ، دانشکده علوم پزشکی خوی ، خوی ، ایران z.morad@yahoo.com Health literacy Seafarers Health behaviors Scoping review سواد سلامت دریانوردان رفتارهای سلامت مرور دامنه‌ای 1. Zareipour M, Jadgal M-S, Khazir Z, Moradi Z, Amirzehni J. Study of Lifestyle and Its Relationship Between Health Literacy in Health Ambassadors in Urmia. Journal of Health Literacy. 2021;6(2):33-40.##2. Zareipour M, Sadaghianifar A, Moradi Z, Jafari N, Esmzadeh M. Health literacy and its relationship with self-efficacy in health ambassadors. 2020;4(4):56-63.##3. Movahed E, Zareipour M, Jadgal MS, Rezaee Moradali M, Baljani E. Investigating health literacy and its Relationship with the Social Influences of COVID-19 in Police force employees. J Health Literacy. 2024;8(4):43-52.##4. Zareipour MA, Ahmadi N, Rostampor F, Sadaghianifar A, Nemati Z, Saadati M. Investigating the health literacy of Covid-19 and its relation to self-care in health ambassadors of Urmia. 2024;46(3): 320-8.##5. Carotenuto A, Molino I, Fasanaro AM, Amenta F. Psychological stress in seafarers: a review. 2012;63 (4): 188-94##6. Grappasonni I, Marconi D, Mazzucchi F, Petrelli F, Scuri S, Amenta F. Survey on food hygiene knowledge on board ships. 2013;64(3):160-7##7. Lefkowitz RY, Slade MD, Redlich C. Injury, illness, and work restriction in merchant seafarers. 2015;58(6):688-96##8. MacLachlan M, Kavanagh B, Kay A. Maritime health: a review with suggestions for research. 2012; 63(1):1-6##9. Carter T, Jepsen J. Exposures and health effects at sea: report on the NIVA course: maritime occupational medicine, exposures and health effects at Sea Elsinore, Denmark, May 2014. 2014;65(3): 114-21##10. Zareipour M, Fattahi Ardakani M, Zamaniahari S, Sotoudeh A. Prevention of common health problems in seafarers with self-care training. 2021;2(4):205-9##11. Omari Shekaftik S, Zareipour M. Self-care: An Important Step in Preventing Ergonomic Problems in Seafarers. 2022;4(1):1-2##12. Anwar WA, Mostafa NS, Hakim SA, Sos DG, Abozaid DA, Osborne RH. Health literacy strengths and limitations among rural fishing communities in Egypt using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). PLOS ONE. 2020;15(7):e0235550##13. Anwar WA, Mostafa NS, Hakim SA, Sos DG, Cheng C, Osborne RH. Health Literacy Co-Design in a Low Resource Setting: Harnessing Local Wisdom to Inform Interventions across Fishing Villages in Egypt to Improve Health and Equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(9):4518##14. Padehban V, Barasteh S, Rahimi A, Chobin M. The relationship between spiritual health with general health and health literacy in Iranian naval personnel in 2016. J Mar Med##15. Arslan LC, Dengler D, Belz L, Neumann FA, Zyriax B-C, Harth V, et al. Exploration of Seafarers’ Mobile Proficiency as a Prerequisite for Possible Health App-based Health Promotion on Board. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2023;60: 00469580231206264##16. Ture DA, Demirci H, Sengoren Dikis O. The relationship between health literacy and disease specific costs in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aging male. 2020##17. Al-Qerem W, Jarab A, Hammad A, Eberhardt J, Alasmari F, Alkaee SM, et al. The association between health literacy and quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Plos one. 2024;19(10):e0312833##18. Richard HO, Shandell E, Melanie H, Christina CC, Roy WB, Sónia D, et al. Health literacy development is central to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(12):e010362##19. Niu Z, Qin Z, Hu P, Wang T. Health beliefs, trust in media sources, health literacy, and preventive behaviors among high-risk Chinese for COVID-19. Health Communication. 2022;37(8):1004-12##20. Lee HY, Jin SW, Henning-Smith C, Lee J, Lee J. Role of Health Literacy in Health-Related Information-Seeking Behavior Online: Cross-sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1): e14088##21. Fattahi Ardakani M, Sotoudeh A. Inadequate Health Literacy and the Role of Cyberspace in the Tendency to Use Alcohol in the Prevention of Coronavirus. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2021; 10 (1): e103366##22. 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Int maritime health. 2019;70(3):180-6##1. Zareipour M, Jadgal M-S, Khazir Z, Moradi Z, Amirzehni J. Study of Lifestyle and Its Relationship Between Health Literacy in Health Ambassadors in Urmia. Journal of Health Literacy. 2021;6(2):33-40.##2. Zareipour M, Sadaghianifar A, Moradi Z, Jafari N, Esmzadeh M. Health literacy and its relationship with self-efficacy in health ambassadors. 2020;4(4):56-63.##3. Movahed E, Zareipour M, Jadgal MS, Rezaee Moradali M, Baljani E. Investigating health literacy and its Relationship with the Social Influences of COVID-19 in Police force employees. J Health Literacy. 2024;8(4):43-52.##4. Zareipour MA, Ahmadi N, Rostampor F, Sadaghianifar A, Nemati Z, Saadati M. Investigating the health literacy of Covid-19 and its relation to self-care in health ambassadors of Urmia. 2024;46(3): 320-8.##5. Carotenuto A, Molino I, Fasanaro AM, Amenta F. Psychological stress in seafarers: a review. 2012;63 (4): 188-94##6. Grappasonni I, Marconi D, Mazzucchi F, Petrelli F, Scuri S, Amenta F. Survey on food hygiene knowledge on board ships. 2013;64(3):160-7##7. Lefkowitz RY, Slade MD, Redlich C. Injury, illness, and work restriction in merchant seafarers. 2015;58(6):688-96##8. MacLachlan M, Kavanagh B, Kay A. Maritime health: a review with suggestions for research. 2012; 63(1):1-6##9. Carter T, Jepsen J. Exposures and health effects at sea: report on the NIVA course: maritime occupational medicine, exposures and health effects at Sea Elsinore, Denmark, May 2014. 2014;65(3): 114-21##10. Zareipour M, Fattahi Ardakani M, Zamaniahari S, Sotoudeh A. Prevention of common health problems in seafarers with self-care training. 2021;2(4):205-9##11. Omari Shekaftik S, Zareipour M. Self-care: An Important Step in Preventing Ergonomic Problems in Seafarers. 2022;4(1):1-2##12. Anwar WA, Mostafa NS, Hakim SA, Sos DG, Abozaid DA, Osborne RH. Health literacy strengths and limitations among rural fishing communities in Egypt using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). PLOS ONE. 2020;15(7):e0235550##13. Anwar WA, Mostafa NS, Hakim SA, Sos DG, Cheng C, Osborne RH. Health Literacy Co-Design in a Low Resource Setting: Harnessing Local Wisdom to Inform Interventions across Fishing Villages in Egypt to Improve Health and Equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(9):4518##14. Padehban V, Barasteh S, Rahimi A, Chobin M. The relationship between spiritual health with general health and health literacy in Iranian naval personnel in 2016. J Mar Med##15. Arslan LC, Dengler D, Belz L, Neumann FA, Zyriax B-C, Harth V, et al. Exploration of Seafarers’ Mobile Proficiency as a Prerequisite for Possible Health App-based Health Promotion on Board. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2023;60: 00469580231206264##16. Ture DA, Demirci H, Sengoren Dikis O. The relationship between health literacy and disease specific costs in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aging male. 2020##17. Al-Qerem W, Jarab A, Hammad A, Eberhardt J, Alasmari F, Alkaee SM, et al. The association between health literacy and quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Plos one. 2024;19(10):e0312833##18. Richard HO, Shandell E, Melanie H, Christina CC, Roy WB, Sónia D, et al. Health literacy development is central to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(12):e010362##19. Niu Z, Qin Z, Hu P, Wang T. Health beliefs, trust in media sources, health literacy, and preventive behaviors among high-risk Chinese for COVID-19. Health Communication. 2022;37(8):1004-12##20. Lee HY, Jin SW, Henning-Smith C, Lee J, Lee J. Role of Health Literacy in Health-Related Information-Seeking Behavior Online: Cross-sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1): e14088##21. Fattahi Ardakani M, Sotoudeh A. Inadequate Health Literacy and the Role of Cyberspace in the Tendency to Use Alcohol in the Prevention of Coronavirus. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2021; 10 (1): e103366##22. Zheng Q, Kuai L, Jiang W, Qiang Y, Wei L, Chen S, et al. Clinical Feature, Lifestyle Behavior and Non-Communicable Diseases Comorbidities Among Psoriasis Patients in Shanghai: Gender Disparity Analysis Based on a Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2022;15(null):2751-62##23. Asadian A, Fattahi Ardakani M, Sotoudeh A, Zareipour M, Movahed E. Determinants of Sailors’ Protective Behaviors in Fishing Spots against the Risks of Sunlight and Skin Cancer: A Qualitative Study in Iran. J Skin Cancer. 2021;2021(1):9954946##24. Sotoudeh A, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Fattahi Ardakani M, Zareipour M, Ebrahimi H. Knowledge and Practice of Skin Cancer Prevention in Sailors in Southern Iran in 2019. J Mar Med. 2021;2 (4): 237-43##25. Luo H, Chen Z, Bell R, Rafferty AP, Gaskins Little NR, Winterbauer N. Health Literacy and Health Behaviors Among Adults with Prediabetes, 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Public Health Reports. 2020; 135 (4): 492-500##26. Morimoto A, Koh C, Yasumoto R, Furuki H, Watanabe K, Tsuzuki C, et al. Relationship between communicative and critical health literacy, health information sources, and participation in health checkups among middle-aged Japanese community residents. Preventive Medicine. 2022;161:107112##27. Fattahi Ardakani M, Salahshouri A, Sotoudeh A, Fard MR, Dashti S, Ahmadi Chenari H, et al. A Study of the Use of Medicinal Plants by Persons with Type 2 Diabetes in Iran. Nursing Science Quarterly. 2024;37(2):168-72##28. Jafari A, Nejatian M, Momeniyan V, Barsalani FR, Tehrani H. Mental health literacy and quality of life in Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):499##29. Harnett S. Health Literacy, Social Media and Pandemic Planning. J Consumer Health on the Internet. 2020;24(2):157-62##30. Wolf MS, Feinglass J, Thompson J, Baker DW. In search of ‘low health literacy’: Threshold vs. gradient effect of literacy on health status and mortality. Social Sci Med. 2010;70(9):1335-41##31. Sharifabad MAM, Fard MR, Ardakani MF, Ahmadabad AD, Sotudeh A. Determinants of effective nurse-patient communication based on the health action process approach in Yazd hospitals. Hormone Mol Biol Clin Investigat. 2019;40(3##32. Zareipour M, Fattahi Ardakani M, Jadgal MS, Tasouji Azari M. The Role of Health Literacy in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy. Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery. 2021;18(2):60##33. MacLachlan M, Kavanagh B, Kay A. Maritime health: a review with suggestions for research. International Maritime Health. 2012;63(1):1-6##34. Qian X, Chen Z, He T. Health literacy and its effect on chronic disease prevention: evidences from China's national health literacy surveillance data. 2019##35. 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ارتباط گازهای شریانی و اسید- باز با پیامد بیماران ‌مبتلا به کووید-19‌ بستری شده در بخش مراقبت های ویژه The Relationship Between Arterial Blood Gases and Acid-Base Status with Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit 1 1 زمینه و هدف: نظارت بر تعادل پایه اسید و باز توسط ABG یک بررسی ضروری در بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 است. هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی گازهای خون شریانی و وضعیت اسید و باز و ارتباط آنها با پیامد بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری در ICU بود. روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه گذشته‌نگر تحلیلی از پرونده‌های بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری در بخش مراقبت های ویژه در شهرستان جهرم در سال‌های 1399 و 1400 بود. آنالیز گازهای شریانی بیماران طی 10 روز اقامت در ICU جمع‌آوری و بر اساس ویژگی‌های دموگرافیک با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس با اندازه‌های مکرر تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: 296 نفر از بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری در ICU با میانگین سنی 4/17±4/64 سال بررسی شدند. 267 نفر (2/90%)، از آنها فوت کرده بودند و تنها 29 نفر (8/9%) از بیمارستان ترخیص شده بودند. میزان pH در بیماران فوت شده، پایین تر از بیماران ترخیص شده بود و به طور کلی روند آن در طول زمان افزایشی بود. میزان PCO2 در بیماران فوت شده، بالاتر از بیماران ترخیص شده بود و به طور کلی روند آنها در طول زمان کاهشی بود. میزان LDH در بیماران فوت شده، بالاتر از بیماران ترخیص شده بود و به طور کلی روند آنها در طول زمان افزایش یافته بود. با تعدیل اثر سن، جنسیت و مدت زمان بستری، مشخص شد که اثر گازهای شریانی و اسید- باز در زمان و اثر زمان در گروه تفاوت معنی داری ندارد و بر پیامد بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری شده در ICU تاثیری نداشته است.   نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاضر نشان داد میزان سطح pH بیماران فوت شده کمتر از بیماران بازمانده و سطح LDH و  PCO2بالاتر بود اما تاثیری بر مرگ و میر بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری شده در ICU نداشت. برای درک کامل رابطه بین سطوح pH و پیامدهای کووید-19 به تحقیقات بیشتری نیاز است. 2 Background and Aim: Monitoring acid-base balance through arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is essential in COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to evaluate arterial blood gases and acid-base status and their association with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Methods: This retrospective analytical study reviewed medical records of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in Jahrom county during 2020-2021. Arterial blood gas values were collected over the first 10 days of ICU admission and analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, adjusting for demographic characteristics. Results: The study analyzed 296 COVID-19 ICU patients (mean age 64.4±17.4 years), revealing a 90.2% mortality rate (n=267) with only 9.8% (n=29) surviving to discharge. Deceased patients exhibited significantly lower pH levels (showing an increasing trend over time), higher PCO₂ levels (with a decreasing trend), and elevated LDH levels (demonstrating an increasing trend) compared to survivors. However, after adjusting for age, sex, and hospitalization duration, repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant time-dependent effects, group × time interactions, or independent associations between these ABG/acid-base parameters and COVID-19 mortality in the ICU setting. Conclusion: While deceased COVID-19 patients demonstrated lower pH and higher PCO₂/LDH levels compared to survivors, these parameters did not independently predict mortality in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the relationship between acid-base balance and COVID-19 outcomes. 28 34 2024/12/242025/01/12025/04/212024/09/302024/05/15 1403/2/26 2025/06/32025/06/32025/06/72025/01/292024/12/4 1403/9/14 فاطمه رحمانیان Fatemeh Rahmaanian دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم، جهرم، ایران rahmanian.fatemeh@jums.ac.ir نوید کلانی Navid Kalani دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم، جهرم، ایران navidkalani@ymail.com ژیلا رحمانیان Zhila Rahmanian گروه داخلی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم، جهرم، ایران dr.j.rahmanian@gmail.com COVID-19 Arterial blood gases Acid-base balance PCO₂ Intensive care unit کووید-19 گازهای شریانی خون اسید و باز PCO2 ICU 1. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical medicine & international health. 2020;25 (3):278.##2. Ghanaatpishe A, Sohrabpour M, Sadegh M, Jahromi S, Habibzadeh SR, Shahi B, et al. Worldwide One-Year Dynamics Of COVID-19‎ Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-‎ Analysis. Updates in Emergency Medicine. 2021##3. Litmanovich DE, Chung M, Kirkbride RR, Kicska G, Kanne JP. Review of chest radiograph findings of COVID-19 pneumonia and suggested reporting language. Journal of thoracic imaging. 2020; 35 (6): 354-60.##4. Galanopoulos M, Gkeros F, Doukatas A, Karianakis G, Pontas C, Tsoukalas N, Viazis N, Liatsos C, Mantzaris GJ. COVID-19 pandemic: Pathophysiology and manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract. World journal of gastroenterology. 2020;26(31):4579.##5. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not?. Critical care. 2020;24 (1):1-3.##6. Pijls BG, Jolani S, Atherley A, Derckx RT, Dijkstra JI, Franssen GH, et al. Demographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, ICU admission and death: a meta-analysis of 59 studies. BMJ open. 2021; 11 (1): e044640.##7. Ahlström B, Frithiof R, Hultström M, Larsson IM, Strandberg G, Lipcsey M. The swedish covid‐19 intensive care cohort: Risk factors of ICU admission and ICU mortality. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2021;65(4): 525-33.##8. Dalan R, Bornstein SR, El-Armouche A, Rodionov RN, Markov A, Wielockx B, Beuschlein F, Boehm BO. The ACE-2 in COVID-19: foe or friend?. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2020;52(05):257-63.##9. Alfano G, Fontana F, Mori G, Giaroni F, Ferrari A, Giovanella S, et al. Acid base disorders in patients with COVID-19. International urology and nephrology. 2022;54 (2): 405-10.##10. Prediletto I, D'Antoni L, Carbonara P, Daniele F, Dongilli R, Flore R, et al. Standardizing PaO2 for PaCO2 in P/F ratio predicts in-hospital mortality in acute respiratory failure due to Covid-19: A pilot prospective study. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021; 92:48-54.##11. Feketea GM, Vlacha V. The diagnostic significance of usual biochemical parameters in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): albumin to globulin ratio and CRP to albumin ratio. Frontiers in Medicine. 2020;7:566591.##12. Ali N. Elevated level of C‐reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology. 2020.##13. Zhang ZL, Hou YL, Li DT, Li FZ. Laboratory findings of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. 2020; 80(6):441-7.##14. Lakhani J, Kapadia S, Pandya H, Gill R, Chordiya R, Muley A. Arterial blood gas analysis of critically ill corona virus disease 2019 patients. Asian J Res Infect Dis. 2021; 6(3): 51-63.##15. Saruhan E, ÖZDEMİR A, Ethem AC. Base excess, bicarbonate, and lactate levels predict 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. Anatolian Current Medical Journal. 2021;4(3): 238-43.##16. Chauhan NK, Shadrach BJ, Garg MK, Bhatia P, Bhardwaj P, Gupta MK, Dutt N, Jalandra RN, Garg P, Nag VL, Sharma P. Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Adult COVID-19 Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: an analytical cross-sectional study. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2021;92(3).##17. Abdelaziz FM, ELDESOKY GA. Role of Serum Lactate and CRP as Prognostic Markers in COVID-19. The Medical Journal of Cairo University. 2021; 89: 2463-8.##18. Zangrillo A, Beretta L, Scandroglio AM, Monti G, Fominskiy E, Colombo S, Morselli F, Belletti A, Silvani P, Crivellari M, Monaco F. Characteristics, treatment, outcomes and cause of death of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS in Milan, Italy. Critical Care and Resuscitation. 2020;22(3): 200-11.##1. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical medicine & international health. 2020;25 (3):278.##2. Ghanaatpishe A, Sohrabpour M, Sadegh M, Jahromi S, Habibzadeh SR, Shahi B, et al. Worldwide One-Year Dynamics Of COVID-19‎ Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-‎ Analysis. Updates in Emergency Medicine. 2021##3. Litmanovich DE, Chung M, Kirkbride RR, Kicska G, Kanne JP. Review of chest radiograph findings of COVID-19 pneumonia and suggested reporting language. Journal of thoracic imaging. 2020; 35 (6): 354-60.##4. Galanopoulos M, Gkeros F, Doukatas A, Karianakis G, Pontas C, Tsoukalas N, Viazis N, Liatsos C, Mantzaris GJ. COVID-19 pandemic: Pathophysiology and manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract. World journal of gastroenterology. 2020;26(31):4579.##5. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not?. Critical care. 2020;24 (1):1-3.##6. Pijls BG, Jolani S, Atherley A, Derckx RT, Dijkstra JI, Franssen GH, et al. Demographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, ICU admission and death: a meta-analysis of 59 studies. BMJ open. 2021; 11 (1): e044640.##7. Ahlström B, Frithiof R, Hultström M, Larsson IM, Strandberg G, Lipcsey M. The swedish covid‐19 intensive care cohort: Risk factors of ICU admission and ICU mortality. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2021;65(4): 525-33.##8. Dalan R, Bornstein SR, El-Armouche A, Rodionov RN, Markov A, Wielockx B, Beuschlein F, Boehm BO. The ACE-2 in COVID-19: foe or friend?. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2020;52(05):257-63.##9. Alfano G, Fontana F, Mori G, Giaroni F, Ferrari A, Giovanella S, et al. Acid base disorders in patients with COVID-19. International urology and nephrology. 2022;54 (2): 405-10.##10. Prediletto I, D'Antoni L, Carbonara P, Daniele F, Dongilli R, Flore R, et al. Standardizing PaO2 for PaCO2 in P/F ratio predicts in-hospital mortality in acute respiratory failure due to Covid-19: A pilot prospective study. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021; 92:48-54.##11. Feketea GM, Vlacha V. The diagnostic significance of usual biochemical parameters in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): albumin to globulin ratio and CRP to albumin ratio. Frontiers in Medicine. 2020;7:566591.##12. Ali N. Elevated level of C‐reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology. 2020.##13. Zhang ZL, Hou YL, Li DT, Li FZ. Laboratory findings of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. 2020; 80(6):441-7.##14. Lakhani J, Kapadia S, Pandya H, Gill R, Chordiya R, Muley A. Arterial blood gas analysis of critically ill corona virus disease 2019 patients. Asian J Res Infect Dis. 2021; 6(3): 51-63.##15. Saruhan E, ÖZDEMİR A, Ethem AC. Base excess, bicarbonate, and lactate levels predict 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. Anatolian Current Medical Journal. 2021;4(3): 238-43.##16. Chauhan NK, Shadrach BJ, Garg MK, Bhatia P, Bhardwaj P, Gupta MK, Dutt N, Jalandra RN, Garg P, Nag VL, Sharma P. Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Adult COVID-19 Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: an analytical cross-sectional study. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2021;92(3).##17. Abdelaziz FM, ELDESOKY GA. Role of Serum Lactate and CRP as Prognostic Markers in COVID-19. The Medical Journal of Cairo University. 2021; 89: 2463-8.##18. Zangrillo A, Beretta L, Scandroglio AM, Monti G, Fominskiy E, Colombo S, Morselli F, Belletti A, Silvani P, Crivellari M, Monaco F. Characteristics, treatment, outcomes and cause of death of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS in Milan, Italy. Critical Care and Resuscitation. 2020;22(3): 200-11. ##

تاثیر به‌کارگیری لباس اتمسفریک غواصی در عملیات‌های زیرآبی The Impact of Atmospheric Diving Suits on Underwater Operations 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت استفاده از تجهیزات پیشرفته در عملیات غواصی، به‌ویژه در محیط‌های پیچیده و عمیق، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر لباس اتمسفریک غواصی بر بهبود ایمنی و کارایی عملیات زیرآبی انجام شده است. روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر از نوع کاربردی و با رویکرد آمیخته (کیفی-کمی) بوده و با روش توصیفی اکتشافی-علی به تحلیل موضوع پرداخته است در مرحله کیفی، با استفاده از مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و نمونه‌گیری هدفمند قضاوتی، داده‌ها از ۸ خبره حوزه غواصی نظامی و صنعتی تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری جمع‌آوری شد. در مرحله کمی، یک پرسشنامه ۲۹ سؤالی میان ۴۰ نفر از سرپرستان و مجریان عملیات غواصی به روش سرشماری کامل توزیع گردید. پایایی پرسشنامه با آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد و داده‌های کیفی پس از کدگذاری، دسته‌بندی و تحلیل محتوا، و داده‌های کمی با استفاده از آمار توصیفی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که استفاده از لباس اتمسفریک غواصی در شش بُعد اصلی تأثیرگذار است: 1) بُعد فنی و عملیاتی با 6 مؤلفه و میانگین 4.84 به عنوان مؤثرترین عامل، 2) بُعد اقتصادی با 4 مؤلفه و میانگین 4.82، 3) بُعد نظامی و امنیتی با 4 مؤلفه و میانگین 4.67، 4) بُعد ایمنی و محافظت در محیط عملیاتی با 7 مؤلفه و میانگین 4.33، 5) بُعد تحقیقات علمی با 5 مؤلفه و میانگین 4.18، و 6) بُعد زیست‌محیطی با 4 مؤلفه و میانگین 4.12. این یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که لباس اتمسفریک غواصی به‌عنوان یک فناوری نوین، می‌تواند به‌طور معناداری ایمنی، کارایی و اثربخشی عملیات زیرآبی را در محیط‌های پیچیده و عمیق بهبود بخشد. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از لباس اتمسفریک غواصی به‌عنوان یک فناوری نوین، نقش مؤثری در ارتقای ایمنی، کارایی و اثربخشی عملیات زیرآبی دارد. این تجهیزات نه‌تنها از جنبه فنی و عملیاتی، بلکه از نظر اقتصادی، امنیتی و زیست‌محیطی نیز دارای مزایای قابل‌توجهی هستند. بنابراین، به‌کارگیری آن در عملیات غواصی، به‌ویژه در محیط‌های چالش‌برانگیز، توصیه می‌شود. 2 Background and Aim: Given the critical importance of advanced equipment in diving operations, particularly in complex and deep environments, this study examines the effects of atmospheric diving suits (ADS) on improving safety and operational efficiency in underwater missions. Methods: This applied research employed a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach with an exploratory-descriptive design. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 8 military and industrial diving experts, selected through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. The quantitative phase distributed a 29-item questionnaire via complete census sampling to 40 diving supervisors and operators. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. Qualitative data were analyzed through coding and content analysis, while quantitative data were examined using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed that atmospheric diving suits (ADS) significantly impact underwater operations across six key dimensions: 1) technical-operational aspects (6 components, mean=4.84) emerged as the most influential factor, followed by 2) economic considerations (4 components, mean=4.82), 3) military-security applications (4 components, mean=4.67), 4) operational safety and protection (7 components, mean=4.33), 5) scientific research capabilities (5 components, mean=4.18), and 6) environmental factors (4 components, mean=4.12), demonstrating ADS technology's comprehensive potential to enhance safety, efficiency, and operational effectiveness in challenging underwater environments while offering notable economic and security benefits. Conclusion: As an innovative technology, atmospheric diving suits play a vital role in improving underwater operation safety and performance. The systems offer significant advantages not only technically and operationally, but also economically, environmentally, and in security applications. Their deployment is particularly recommended for challenging underwater environments.   35 46 2024/12/242025/01/12025/04/212024/09/302024/05/152025/01/12 1403/10/23 2025/06/32025/06/32025/06/72025/01/292024/12/42025/06/3 1404/3/13 مازیار جهانبخش Mazyar Jahanbakhsh گروه مطالعات علم و فناوری، دانشگاه فرماندهی و ستاد آجا، تهران، ایران m.jahanbakhsh@casu.ac.ir علی محمدی Ali Mohammadi mohammadi.a4682@gmail.com عباس خزایی Abbas Khazaei a.khazaei59@gmail.com Atmospheric diving suit Diving performance Underwater operations لباس اتمسفریک غواصی عملکرد غواصی عملیات زیرآبی 1. Mashhouri M, Gharghani F. Diving Guide, Volume One [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Publications; 2007.##2. Masoumi R. Subsurface and Diving Medicine [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Research and Studies Center; 2007.##3. Taghvi MR. Diving Hyperbaric Chamber Standards, 2nd Edition [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Publications; 2019.##4. Rostami M. Dictionary of Military Terms, 1st Edition [in Persian]. Tehran: Islamic Republic of Iran Army Publications; 1999.##5. Ghorishi SY. Professional Diving Knowledge [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Publications; 2013.##6. Li S, Hu B, Zhou W, Zhao L. Experimental study for feature extraction of diver with atmospheric diving suit. In: OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington. IEEE; 2015:1-5.##7. Morrison JS. A History of Atmospheric Diving Suits and the Development of a Highly Mobile Rotary Joint (No. 891687). SAE Technical Paper; 1989.##8. Curley MD, Bachrach AJ. Tactile Sensitivity in the One-Atmosphere Diving System JIM. Hum Factors. 1981; 23(3):291-297.##9. Thornton MA. A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits [Doctoral dissertation]. 2000.##10. Hughes G. The development of the Atmospheric Diving Suit—A technology in transition. In: Aerospace Design Conference. 1993:961.##11. Ingraham DM. Engineering a Human Factors Analysis of a Novel One-Atmosphere Diving Suit (ADS) Elbow Joint [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2018.##12. Thornton MA. A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits [Doctoral dissertation]. 2000.##13. Morrison JS. A History of Atmospheric Diving Suits and the Development of a Rotary Joint (No. 891687). SAE Technical Paper; 2002.##14. Li S, Hu B, Zhou W, Zhao L. Experimental study for feature extraction of diver with atmospheric diving suit. In: OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington. IEEE; 2015:1-5.##15. Colgary J. An Experimental Study of the One-Atmosphere Diving Suit (ADS) and Data Analysis of Military Diving [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2016.##16. Niazi et al. Research Methodology with a Military Approach, Volume One [in Persian]. Tehran: DAFAOS AJA Publications; 2023.##17. Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques [in Persian]. Translated by Biouk Mohammadi. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies; 2011.##18. Sarmad Z, Bazargaan A, Hejazi E. Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences [in Persian]. Tehran: Agah Publications; 1997.##19. Hafeznia MR. An Introduction to Research Methodology in Humanities, 8th Edition [in Persian]. Tehran: SAMT Publications; 2001.##1. Mashhouri M, Gharghani F. Diving Guide, Volume One [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Publications; 2007.##2. Masoumi R. Subsurface and Diving Medicine [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Research and Studies Center; 2007.##3. Taghvi MR. Diving Hyperbaric Chamber Standards, 2nd Edition [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Publications; 2019.##4. Rostami M. Dictionary of Military Terms, 1st Edition [in Persian]. Tehran: Islamic Republic of Iran Army Publications; 1999.##5. Ghorishi SY. Professional Diving Knowledge [in Persian]. Tehran: NEDAJA Publications; 2013.##6. Li S, Hu B, Zhou W, Zhao L. Experimental study for feature extraction of diver with atmospheric diving suit. In: OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington. IEEE; 2015:1-5.##7. Morrison JS. A History of Atmospheric Diving Suits and the Development of a Highly Mobile Rotary Joint (No. 891687). SAE Technical Paper; 1989.##8. Curley MD, Bachrach AJ. Tactile Sensitivity in the One-Atmosphere Diving System JIM. Hum Factors. 1981; 23(3):291-297.##9. Thornton MA. A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits [Doctoral dissertation]. 2000.##10. Hughes G. The development of the Atmospheric Diving Suit—A technology in transition. In: Aerospace Design Conference. 1993:961.##11. Ingraham DM. Engineering a Human Factors Analysis of a Novel One-Atmosphere Diving Suit (ADS) Elbow Joint [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2018.##12. Thornton MA. A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits [Doctoral dissertation]. 2000.##13. Morrison JS. A History of Atmospheric Diving Suits and the Development of a Rotary Joint (No. 891687). SAE Technical Paper; 2002.##14. Li S, Hu B, Zhou W, Zhao L. Experimental study for feature extraction of diver with atmospheric diving suit. In: OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington. IEEE; 2015:1-5.##15. Colgary J. An Experimental Study of the One-Atmosphere Diving Suit (ADS) and Data Analysis of Military Diving [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2016.##16. Niazi et al. Research Methodology with a Military Approach, Volume One [in Persian]. Tehran: DAFAOS AJA Publications; 2023.##17. Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques [in Persian]. Translated by Biouk Mohammadi. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies; 2011.##18. Sarmad Z, Bazargaan A, Hejazi E. Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences [in Persian]. Tehran: Agah Publications; 1997.##19. Hafeznia MR. An Introduction to Research Methodology in Humanities, 8th Edition [in Persian]. Tehran: SAMT Publications; 2001. ##

تأثیر روزه‌داری متناوب بر عملکرد سیستم ایمنی و سلامتی خدمه کشتی در ماموریت‌های طولانی‌مدت در دریا The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Immune System Function and Health of Ship Crews During Long-Duration Sea Missions 1 1 روزه‌داری در اسلام و به ویژه روزه‌داری متناوب، تاثیرات مثبت زیادی بر متابولیسم، سیستم ایمنی و سلامت جسمی دارد که می‌تواند برای خدمه کشتی در ماموریت‌های دریایی طولانی‌مدت حائز اهمیت باشد. محدودیت کالری و تغییرات در زمان‌بندی غذا خوردن ناشی از روزه‌داری متناوب، باعث تقویت سیستم ایمنی، افزایش طول عمر، کاهش خطر بیماری‌های خودایمنی و جلوگیری از توسعه سرطان‌ها می‌شود. سازمان بهداشت جهانی بر اهمیت معنویت در سلامت تأکید دارد و روزه‌داری متناوب می‌تواند به عنوان یک جنبه معنوی و همچنین یک استراتژی سلامتی در نظر گرفته شود. فرآیند روزه‌داری، با تحریک سیستم ایمنی ذاتی و اکتسابی از طریق اتوفاژی و فعال‌سازی سلول‌های بنیادی، منجر به تولید سلول‌های ایمنی جدید و بهبود پاسخ‌های ایمنی می‌شود. این امر می‌تواند برای خدمه کشتی که در معرض شرایط سخت محیطی و استرس‌های ناشی از ماموریت‌های دریایی هستند، بسیار مهم باشد. با تحریک متابولیسم گلوکز و چربی، اتوفاژی فعال می‌شود که سلول‌های غیرطبیعی را پاکسازی کرده و بازسازی سلول‌های بنیادی و سیستم ایمنی را تقویت می‌کند. مطالعات نشان داده‌اند که روزه‌داری باعث کاهش سایتوکاین‌های پروالتهابی و سرکوب طوفان سایتوکاینی می‌شود، که این اثرات منجر به کاهش التهاب، بهبود وضعیت سلامت ایمنی، بهبود پاسخ‌های ایمنی و کاهش خطر بیماری‌های متابولیکی و قلبی عروقی می‌گردد. این مزایا می‌تواند به حفظ سلامت و عملکرد بهینه خدمه کشتی در طول ماموریت‌های طولانی‌مدت کمک کند. بنابراین، روزه‌داری متناوب به‌عنوان یک استراتژی کم‌هزینه و قابل دسترس، می‌تواند مزایای گسترده‌ای در بهبود سلامتی و پیشگیری از بیماری‌ها برای خدمه کشتی داشته باشد. 2 Intermittent fasting in Islam, particularly periodic fasting, has demonstrated significant positive effects on metabolism, immune function, and physical health that may prove particularly valuable for ship crews undertaking extended maritime missions. The caloric restriction and altered feeding schedules characteristic of intermittent fasting have been shown to enhance immune function, increase longevity, reduce risk of autoimmune disorders, and inhibit cancer development. The World Health Organization recognizes the importance of spirituality in health, and intermittent fasting may serve as both a spiritual practice and health strategy. The fasting process stimulates innate and adaptive immunity through autophagy and stem cell activation, promoting production of new immune cells and improved immune responses. This mechanism holds particular relevance for ship crews exposed to harsh environmental conditions and mission-related stressors. By modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, fasting activates autophagy to clear abnormal cells while enhancing stem cell regeneration and immune system renewal. Studies indicate fasting reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppresses cytokine storms, leading to decreased inflammation, improved immune health, and reduced risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases- benefits that may help maintain crew health and performance during prolonged missions. As a low-cost, accessible intervention, intermittent fasting offers broad potential for health optimization and disease prevention in maritime personnel. 47 55 2024/12/242025/01/12025/04/212024/09/302024/05/152025/01/122025/02/27 1403/12/9 2025/06/32025/06/32025/06/72025/01/292024/12/42025/06/32025/03/30 1404/1/10 شبنم بهرامی Shabnam Bahrami دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج shbahrami68@gmail.com کریم پرستوئی Karim Parastouei دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج parastouei@gmail.com ابراهیم سلیمی صبور Ebrahim Salimi-Sabour دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج e.salimisabour@gmail.com کیارش آقایان Kiarash Aghayan دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج aghayan.kiarash.20@gmail.com هادی اسمعیلی گورچین قلعه Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh مرکز تحقیقات ویروس شناسی کاربردی، پژوهشکده فناوری های زیست پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج، تهران، ایران h.smaili69@yahoo.com Fasting Metabolism Immune System Autophagy Inflammation Maritime Medicine روزه‌داری متابولیسم سیستم ایمنی اتوفاژی التهاب طب دریا. 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Health: An Islamic Perspective. Geneva: WHO; 1997.##2. World Health Organization (WHO). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Health Synthesis – A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Geneva: WHO; 2005.##3. Sh Y, Larijani B, Bastanhagh M, Pajouhi M, Zahedi F, Zendehdel K, et al. Metabolic and clinical effects of Ramadan fasting in patients with type II diabetes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003;13(6):329-32.##4. Ibrahim WH, Habib HM, Jarrar AH, Al Baz SA. Effect of Ramadan fasting on markers of oxidative stress and serum biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;53(3-4):175-81.##5. Zainullah A, Putra ST, Kuntoro K. Psychoneuroimmunological response change in Ramadan fasting individuals: A case study in Pesantren Hidayatullah Surabaya using psychoneuroimmunological approach. [Abstract Dissertation]. 2005.##6. Azizi F. Research in Islamic fasting and health. Ann Saudi Med. 2002;22(3-4):186-91.##7. Mostafazadeh A, Khorasani HR. Holy Quran and Hadith perspective on fasting and immune system. Islam Health J. 2014;1(3):61-8.##8. Ramezani M, MyrAhmadyan M, Mtyyan M. Effect of Ramadan fasting on human cellular and humoral immune system. J Endocrinol Metab. 2001;3.##9. Latifynia A, Vojgani M, Gharagozlou MJ, Sharifian R. Neutrophil function (innate immunity) during Ramadan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(4):111-5.##10. Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2014;19 (2): 181-92.##11. Yoshida K, Inoue T, Nojima K, Hirabayashi Y, Sado T. Calorie restriction reduces the incidence of myeloid leukemia induced by a single whole-body radiation in C3H/He mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(6):2615-9.##12. Alonso-Fernández P, De la Fuente M. Role of the immune system in aging and longevity. Curr Aging Sci. 2011; 4(2):78-100.##13. Masters KS, Spielmans GI. Prayer and health: Review, meta-analysis, and research agenda. J Behav Med. 2007;30: 329-38.##14. Esch T, Stefano GB. The neurobiology of stress management. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2010;31(1):19-39.##15. Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:259-84.##16. Moghadam Nia M, Maghsoudi S. A survey of effects of fasting in Ramadan on the level of stress. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2004;13(49):54-60.##17. Javanbakht M. Effect of Ramadan fasting on self-esteem and mental health of students. J Fundam Ment Health. 2009;11(44):73-266.##18. Soltani N, Marandi SM, Kazemi M, Esmaeil N. The exercise training modulatory effects on the obesity-induced immunometabolic dysfunctions. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:785-810.##19. Adawi M, Watad A, Brown S, Aazza K, Aazza H, Zouhir M, et al. Ramadan fasting exerts immunomodulatory effects: Insights from a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1144.##20. Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Altered sleep–wake cycles and food intake: The Ramadan model. Physiol Behav. 2007;90 (2-3): 219-28.##21. Cheng C-W, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, et al. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(6):810-23.##22. Adawi M, Damiani G, Bragazzi NL, Bridgewood C, Pacifico A, Conic RR, et al. The impact of intermittent fasting (Ramadan fasting) on psoriatic arthritis disease activity, enthesitis, and dactylitis: A multicentre study. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):601.##23. Aragon A, Zielonka R. An objective look at intermittent fasting, part 2. Compare. 2008;888:854-8806.##24. Monireh G, Amrollah M, Hamidreza K. Fasting and the Immune System from the Perspective of the Holy Quran and Hadith [in Persian]. 2014.##25. Feyzi P, Mousavi JSM, Oroojalian F, Amani A. The effect of Ramadan fasting on the immune system function. 2023.##26. Farideh Z, Azam B. Islamic Fasting and the Role of Beta-Endorphin [in Persian]. 2001.##27. Sedigheh H, Nahid B. Examining the Effects of Fasting from the Perspective of Students at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Chamran University During Ramadan 1421 AH [in Persian]. 2001.##28. Arefi MI. The Importance of Laylat al-Qadr and the Secret of Its Concealment [in Persian]. Payam-e Zan. 2012;245.##29. Ramalho R, Rao M, Zhang C, Agrati C, Ippolito G, Wang F-S, et al. Immunometabolism: New insights and lessons from antigen-directed cellular immune responses. Semin Immunopathol. 2020;42(5):517-34.##30. Bideyan L, Nagari R, Tontonoz P. Hepatic transcriptional responses to fasting and feeding. Genes Dev. 2021; 35(9-10):635-57.##31. Attinà A, Leggeri C, Paroni R, Pivari F, Dei Cas M, Mingione A, et al. Fasting: How to guide. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1570.##32. De Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381 (26):2541-51.##33. Visioli F, Mucignat-Caretta C, Anile F, Panaite S-A. Traditional and medical applications of fasting. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):433.##34. Jarc E, Petan T. Focus: Organelles: Lipid droplets and the management of cellular stress. Yale J Biol Med. 2019;92(3):435.##35. Mansell P, Fellows I, Macdonald I. Enhanced thermogenic response to epinephrine after 48-h starvation in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1990;258(1):R87-R93.##36. Stockman M-C, Thomas D, Burke J, Apovian CM. Intermittent fasting: Is the wait worth the weight? Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7:172-85.##37. Collier R. Intermittent fasting: The next big weight loss fad. CMAJ. 2013;185(8):E321-2.##38. Dhillon K, Gupta S. Biochemistry, Ketogenesis. StatPearls. 2022.##39. Nakamura S, Yoshimori T. Autophagy and longevity. Mol Cells. 2018;41(1):65-72.##40. Deretic V. Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism. Immunity. 2021;54(3):437-53.##41. Jiang G-M, Tan Y, Wang H, Peng L, Chen H-T, Meng X-J, et al. The relationship between autophagy and the immune system and its applications for tumor immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2019;18:1-22.##42. Gnoni M, Beas R, Vásquez-Garagatti R. Is there any role of intermittent fasting in the prevention and improving clinical outcomes of COVID-19? Intersection between inflammation, mTOR pathway, autophagy and calorie restriction. VirusDis. 2021;32(4):625-34.##43. Reggiori F, Komatsu M, Finley K, Simonsen A. Autophagy: More than a nonselective pathway. Int J Cell Biol. 2012;2012.##44. Wang A, Luan HH, Medzhitov R. An evolutionary perspective on immunometabolism. Science. 2019;363 (6423): eaar3932.##45. Xu K, Liu P, Wei W. mTOR signaling in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2014; 1846 (2): 638-54.##46. Liśkiewicz D, Liśkiewicz A, Nowacka-Chmielewska MM, Grabowski M, Pondel N, Grabowska K, et al. Differential response of hippocampal and cerebrocortical autophagy and ketone body metabolism to the ketogenic diet. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:733607.##47. Escobar KA, Cole NH, Mermier CM, VanDusseldorp TA. Autophagy and aging: Maintaining the proteome through exercise and caloric restriction. Aging Cell. 2019; 18 (1): e12876.##48. Bhatti SI, Mindikoglu AL. The impact of dawn to sunset fasting on immune system and its clinical significance in COVID-19 pandemic. Metab Open. 2022;13:100162.##49. Buono R, Longo VD. When fasting gets tough, the tough immune cells get going-or die. Cell. 2019; 178(5): 1038-40.##50. Mohamed AI, Abdi AM, Abdilahi MM. Ramadan intermittent fasting and its beneficial effects on health: A review article. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2020;6(288).##51. Nami S, Aghebati-Maleki A, Babaloo Z, Aghebati-Maleki L. Effects of fasting on the immune system function and its positive effects on the chemotherapy of various types of cancer. 2020.##52. Jentho E, Weis S. DAMPs and innate immune training. Front Immunol. 2021;12:699563.##53. Yao C, Narumiya S. Prostaglandin-cytokine crosstalk in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2019;176(3):337-54.##54. Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Shreef FM. Inflammatory cytokines and immune system modulation by aerobic versus resisted exercise training for elderly. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18(1):120-31.##55. Berardi JM, Scott-Dixon K, Green N. Experiments with Intermittent Fasting. Toronto: Precision Nutrition; 2011.##1. World Health Organization (WHO). Health: An Islamic Perspective. Geneva: WHO; 1997.##2. World Health Organization (WHO). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Health Synthesis – A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Geneva: WHO; 2005.##3. Sh Y, Larijani B, Bastanhagh M, Pajouhi M, Zahedi F, Zendehdel K, et al. Metabolic and clinical effects of Ramadan fasting in patients with type II diabetes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003;13(6):329-32.##4. Ibrahim WH, Habib HM, Jarrar AH, Al Baz SA. Effect of Ramadan fasting on markers of oxidative stress and serum biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;53(3-4):175-81.##5. Zainullah A, Putra ST, Kuntoro K. Psychoneuroimmunological response change in Ramadan fasting individuals: A case study in Pesantren Hidayatullah Surabaya using psychoneuroimmunological approach. [Abstract Dissertation]. 2005.##6. Azizi F. Research in Islamic fasting and health. Ann Saudi Med. 2002;22(3-4):186-91.##7. Mostafazadeh A, Khorasani HR. Holy Quran and Hadith perspective on fasting and immune system. Islam Health J. 2014;1(3):61-8.##8. Ramezani M, MyrAhmadyan M, Mtyyan M. Effect of Ramadan fasting on human cellular and humoral immune system. J Endocrinol Metab. 2001;3.##9. Latifynia A, Vojgani M, Gharagozlou MJ, Sharifian R. Neutrophil function (innate immunity) during Ramadan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(4):111-5.##10. Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2014;19 (2): 181-92.##11. Yoshida K, Inoue T, Nojima K, Hirabayashi Y, Sado T. Calorie restriction reduces the incidence of myeloid leukemia induced by a single whole-body radiation in C3H/He mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(6):2615-9.##12. Alonso-Fernández P, De la Fuente M. Role of the immune system in aging and longevity. Curr Aging Sci. 2011; 4(2):78-100.##13. Masters KS, Spielmans GI. Prayer and health: Review, meta-analysis, and research agenda. J Behav Med. 2007;30: 329-38.##14. Esch T, Stefano GB. The neurobiology of stress management. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2010;31(1):19-39.##15. Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:259-84.##16. Moghadam Nia M, Maghsoudi S. A survey of effects of fasting in Ramadan on the level of stress. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2004;13(49):54-60.##17. Javanbakht M. Effect of Ramadan fasting on self-esteem and mental health of students. J Fundam Ment Health. 2009;11(44):73-266.##18. Soltani N, Marandi SM, Kazemi M, Esmaeil N. The exercise training modulatory effects on the obesity-induced immunometabolic dysfunctions. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:785-810.##19. Adawi M, Watad A, Brown S, Aazza K, Aazza H, Zouhir M, et al. Ramadan fasting exerts immunomodulatory effects: Insights from a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1144.##20. Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Altered sleep–wake cycles and food intake: The Ramadan model. Physiol Behav. 2007;90 (2-3): 219-28.##21. Cheng C-W, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, et al. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(6):810-23.##22. Adawi M, Damiani G, Bragazzi NL, Bridgewood C, Pacifico A, Conic RR, et al. The impact of intermittent fasting (Ramadan fasting) on psoriatic arthritis disease activity, enthesitis, and dactylitis: A multicentre study. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):601.##23. Aragon A, Zielonka R. An objective look at intermittent fasting, part 2. Compare. 2008;888:854-8806.##24. Monireh G, Amrollah M, Hamidreza K. Fasting and the Immune System from the Perspective of the Holy Quran and Hadith [in Persian]. 2014.##25. Feyzi P, Mousavi JSM, Oroojalian F, Amani A. The effect of Ramadan fasting on the immune system function. 2023.##26. Farideh Z, Azam B. Islamic Fasting and the Role of Beta-Endorphin [in Persian]. 2001.##27. Sedigheh H, Nahid B. Examining the Effects of Fasting from the Perspective of Students at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Chamran University During Ramadan 1421 AH [in Persian]. 2001.##28. Arefi MI. The Importance of Laylat al-Qadr and the Secret of Its Concealment [in Persian]. Payam-e Zan. 2012;245.##29. Ramalho R, Rao M, Zhang C, Agrati C, Ippolito G, Wang F-S, et al. Immunometabolism: New insights and lessons from antigen-directed cellular immune responses. Semin Immunopathol. 2020;42(5):517-34.##30. Bideyan L, Nagari R, Tontonoz P. Hepatic transcriptional responses to fasting and feeding. Genes Dev. 2021; 35(9-10):635-57.##31. Attinà A, Leggeri C, Paroni R, Pivari F, Dei Cas M, Mingione A, et al. Fasting: How to guide. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1570.##32. De Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381 (26):2541-51.##33. Visioli F, Mucignat-Caretta C, Anile F, Panaite S-A. Traditional and medical applications of fasting. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):433.##34. Jarc E, Petan T. Focus: Organelles: Lipid droplets and the management of cellular stress. Yale J Biol Med. 2019;92(3):435.##35. Mansell P, Fellows I, Macdonald I. Enhanced thermogenic response to epinephrine after 48-h starvation in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1990;258(1):R87-R93.##36. Stockman M-C, Thomas D, Burke J, Apovian CM. Intermittent fasting: Is the wait worth the weight? Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7:172-85.##37. Collier R. Intermittent fasting: The next big weight loss fad. CMAJ. 2013;185(8):E321-2.##38. Dhillon K, Gupta S. 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تاثیر تمرینات عملکردی شدید بر مقادیر mir143، GLUT4، مقاومت انسولین و ظرفیت ضداکسایشی تام در کارکنان نظامی مرد دارای اضافه وزن Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on mir143, GLUT4 Expression, Insulin Resistance, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Overweight Male Military Personnel 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه چاقی و اضافه وزن یکی از مهمترین عوامل مرگ و میر و ابتلاء به بیماری‌های مزمن و کشنده محسوب می‌شود. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر، تعیین تاثیر تمرینات عملکردی شدید بر مقادیر mir143، GLUT4، مقاومت انسولین و ظرفیت ضداکسایشی تام در مردان نظامی دارای اضافه وزن بود. روش‌ها: 40 کارمند نظامی مرد سالم دارای اضافه وزن به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تمرین عملکردی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. پروتکل تمرین عملکردی شامل 3 جلسه در هفته به مدت 8 هفته بود. قبل و بعد از تمرین، متغیرهای mir143، GLUT4، مقاومت انسولین و ظرفیت ضداکسایشی تام در تمامی آزمودنی‌ها اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها: میزان mir143 و میزان مقاومت انسولین در گروه تمرین عملکردی نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش معنی داری داشت. همچنین میزانGLUT4  و ظرفیت ضداکسایشی تام نیز در گروه تمرین عملکردی نسبت به گروه کنترل افزایش معنی داری را نشان داد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق شواهد قانع‌کننده‌ای برای اثرات مفید تمرین عملکردی با شدت بالا بر سطوح mir143، GLUT4، مقاومت به انسولین و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی تام در مردان دارای اضافه وزن ارائه می‌کند. با این حال، نیاز به مطالعات بیشتر ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. 2 Background and Aim: Obesity and overweight represent major risk factors for mortality and chronic diseases. This study investigated the effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on mir143 expression, GLUT4 levels, insulin resistance, and total antioxidant capacity in overweight military personnel. Methods: Forty healthy overweight male military personnel were randomly assigned to either an 8-week HIFT program (3 sessions/week) or a control group. Fasting blood samples were collected pre- and post-intervention to measure mir143, GLUT4, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results: The levels of mir143 and insulin resistance showed a significant decrease in the functional training group compared to the control group. Additionally, GLUT4 levels and TAC demonstrated a significant increase in the functional training group versus the control group. Conclusion: These results provide compelling evidence for the beneficial effects of high-intensity functional training on mir143, GLUT4, insulin resistance, and TAC in overweight men. However, further studies are deemed necessary. 55 64 2024/12/242025/01/12025/04/212024/09/302024/05/152025/01/122025/02/272024/08/20 1403/5/30 2025/06/32025/06/32025/06/72025/01/292024/12/42025/06/32025/03/302025/06/3 1404/3/13 حمداله هادی Hamdollah Hadi گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، مرکز آموزش علوم پایه افسری انتظامی نصر، دانشگاه علوم انتظامی امین، تهران، ایران amir.hadi1@gmail.com Functional training Overweight mir143 GLUT4 Insulin resistance Total antioxidant capacity تمرین عملکردی اضافه وزن mir143 GLUT4 مقاومت انسولین ظرفیت ضداکسایشی تام 1. Aladel A, Khatoon F, Khan MI, Alsheweir A, Almutairi MG, Almutairi SO, et al. Evaluation of miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 Expression and Their Association with Vitamin-D Status Among Obese and Non-Obese Type-2 Diabetic Patients. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2022:2979-90.##2. Esfahani H, Mirmiran P, Jazayeri S. change in food patterns and its relation to alternation in cantral adiposity in tehranian of district 13 adults. Iranian Journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2008; 15:57-71 ##3. Naumnik B, Myśliwiec M. Renal consequences of obesity. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(8):163-70.##4. Aliabadi M, Kimiagar SM, Ghayour Mobarhan M. Prevalence of malnutrition and factors related to it in the elderly subjects in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, 2006. Journal of Nutrition Sciences. 2007;2(3):45-56.##5. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Virtual reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in obesity: a controlled study. Cyberpsychology & behavior. 2001;4(4):511-26.##6. Groven KS, Engelsrud G. Dilemmas in the process of weight reduction: Exploring how women experience training as a means of losing weight. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being. 2010;5(2).##7. Dalirani M, Gaeini AA, Kordi M. Interaction of Vitamin D and Calcium With High-Intensity Circuit Training on BDNF and Fat Percentage of Overweight Elderly. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2022(Articles in Press).##8. Branco BHM, Mariano IR, De Oliveira LP, Bertolini SMMG, De Oliveira FM, Araújo CGA, et al. Sports and functional training improve a subset of obesity-related health parameters in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;11:589554.##9. Feito Y, Patel P, Sal Redondo A, Heinrich KM. Effects of eight weeks of high intensity functional training on glucose control and body composition among overweight and obese adults. Sports. 2019; 7(2):51.##10. Suntisawee S, Kritpet T, Phongphibool S, Himathongkam T. The effects of functional exercise training on obesity with impaired glucose tolerance. Sport Mont. 2021;19(3):27-34.##11. Lee W. MicroRNA, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Disorders. MDPI; 2022. p. 16215.##12. Suárez‐Quiroz M, Louise BD, Gonzalez‐Rios O, Barel M, Guyot B, Schorr‐Galindo S, et al. The impact of roasting on the ochratoxin A content of coffee. International journal of food science & technology. 2005;40(6):605-11.##13. Ortiz-Dosal A, Rodil-Garcia P, Salazar-Olivo LA. Circulating microRNAs in human obesity: a systematic review. Biomarkers. 2019;24(6):499-509.##14. Hijmans JG, Diehl KJ, Bammert TD, Kavlich PJ, Lincenberg GM, Greiner JJ, et al. Influence of overweight and obesity on circulating inflammation-related microRNA. Microrna. 2018;7(2):148-54.##15. Dowling L, Duseja A, Vilaca T, Walsh JS, Goljanek Whysall K. MicroRNAs in obesity, sarcopenia, and commonalities for sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2022;13(1):68-85##16. Brettfeld C, Maver A, Aumuller E, Peterlin B, Haslberger AG. MicroRNAs responsible for inflammation in obesity. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2017;7(3):77-85.##17. Fernandes T, Hashimoto NY, Magalhães FC, Fernandes FB, Casarini DE, Carmona AK, et al. Aerobic exercise training–induced left ventricular hypertrophy involves regulatory MicroRNAs, decreased angiotensin-converting enzyme-angiotensin II, and synergistic regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-angiotensin (1-7). Hypertension. 2011;58(2):182-9.##18. Banaszek A, Townsend JR, Bender D, Vantrease WC, Marshall AC, Johnson KD. The effects of whey vs. pea protein on physical adaptations following 8-weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT): A pilot study. Sports. 2019;7(1):12.##19. Chen L, Yao H, Wang K, Liu X. Long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 regulates ZEB1 expression by sponging miR‐143‐3p and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression. J Cell Biochem. 2017;118(12): 4836-43.##20. Yang Y-Y, Qi J-J, Jiang S-Y, Ye L. Esculin ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance by improving adipose tissue remodeling and activating the IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2024;319:117251.##21. Meng C, Yucheng T, Shu L, Yu Z. Effects of school-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic markers in adolescent boys with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC pediatrics. 2022;22(1):1-11.##22. Sadeghi jondani, F., Azamiyan Jazi, A., Mohammadi, B. The effect of high intensity functional training on anaerobic power and fatigue of ‎overweight women. journal of motor and behavioral sciences, 2022; 5(2): 153-161.##23. Richter EA, Hargreaves M. Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiological reviews. 2013.##24. Shabkhiz, F., Dalirani, M., Tazeshi, H. The Effect of Intense Functional Interval Training with Sour Tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Consumption on Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Women. Journal of Animal Biology, 2023; 15(2): 247-261.##25. Kohlberg GD, Demmer RT, Lalwani AK. Adolescent obesity is an independent risk factor for sensorineural hearing loss: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2010. Otology & Neurotology. 2018;39(9):1102-8.##26. Keshel TE, Coker RH. Exercise training and insulin resistance: a current review. Journal of obesity & weight loss therapy. 2015;5(0 5).##27. Jee H. Relationship between Oxidative Stress-Induced Effects and Physical Exercise. Heat Shock Proteins and Stress. 2018:97-107.##28. Kim KS, Paik IY, Woo JH, Kang BY. The effect of training type on oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant capacity during three-dimensional space exercise. Medical Principles and Practice. 2010; 19(2):133-41.##1. Aladel A, Khatoon F, Khan MI, Alsheweir A, Almutairi MG, Almutairi SO, et al. Evaluation of miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 Expression and Their Association with Vitamin-D Status Among Obese and Non-Obese Type-2 Diabetic Patients. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2022:2979-90.##2. Esfahani H, Mirmiran P, Jazayeri S. change in food patterns and its relation to alternation in cantral adiposity in tehranian of district 13 adults. Iranian Journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2008; 15:57-71 ##3. Naumnik B, Myśliwiec M. Renal consequences of obesity. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(8):163-70.##4. Aliabadi M, Kimiagar SM, Ghayour Mobarhan M. Prevalence of malnutrition and factors related to it in the elderly subjects in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, 2006. Journal of Nutrition Sciences. 2007;2(3):45-56.##5. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Virtual reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in obesity: a controlled study. Cyberpsychology & behavior. 2001;4(4):511-26.##6. Groven KS, Engelsrud G. Dilemmas in the process of weight reduction: Exploring how women experience training as a means of losing weight. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being. 2010;5(2).##7. Dalirani M, Gaeini AA, Kordi M. Interaction of Vitamin D and Calcium With High-Intensity Circuit Training on BDNF and Fat Percentage of Overweight Elderly. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2022(Articles in Press).##8. Branco BHM, Mariano IR, De Oliveira LP, Bertolini SMMG, De Oliveira FM, Araújo CGA, et al. Sports and functional training improve a subset of obesity-related health parameters in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;11:589554.##9. Feito Y, Patel P, Sal Redondo A, Heinrich KM. Effects of eight weeks of high intensity functional training on glucose control and body composition among overweight and obese adults. Sports. 2019; 7(2):51.##10. Suntisawee S, Kritpet T, Phongphibool S, Himathongkam T. The effects of functional exercise training on obesity with impaired glucose tolerance. Sport Mont. 2021;19(3):27-34.##11. Lee W. MicroRNA, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Disorders. MDPI; 2022. p. 16215.##12. Suárez‐Quiroz M, Louise BD, Gonzalez‐Rios O, Barel M, Guyot B, Schorr‐Galindo S, et al. The impact of roasting on the ochratoxin A content of coffee. International journal of food science & technology. 2005;40(6):605-11.##13. Ortiz-Dosal A, Rodil-Garcia P, Salazar-Olivo LA. Circulating microRNAs in human obesity: a systematic review. Biomarkers. 2019;24(6):499-509.##14. Hijmans JG, Diehl KJ, Bammert TD, Kavlich PJ, Lincenberg GM, Greiner JJ, et al. Influence of overweight and obesity on circulating inflammation-related microRNA. Microrna. 2018;7(2):148-54.##15. Dowling L, Duseja A, Vilaca T, Walsh JS, Goljanek Whysall K. MicroRNAs in obesity, sarcopenia, and commonalities for sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2022;13(1):68-85##16. Brettfeld C, Maver A, Aumuller E, Peterlin B, Haslberger AG. MicroRNAs responsible for inflammation in obesity. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2017;7(3):77-85.##17. Fernandes T, Hashimoto NY, Magalhães FC, Fernandes FB, Casarini DE, Carmona AK, et al. Aerobic exercise training–induced left ventricular hypertrophy involves regulatory MicroRNAs, decreased angiotensin-converting enzyme-angiotensin II, and synergistic regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-angiotensin (1-7). Hypertension. 2011;58(2):182-9.##18. Banaszek A, Townsend JR, Bender D, Vantrease WC, Marshall AC, Johnson KD. The effects of whey vs. pea protein on physical adaptations following 8-weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT): A pilot study. Sports. 2019;7(1):12.##19. Chen L, Yao H, Wang K, Liu X. Long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 regulates ZEB1 expression by sponging miR‐143‐3p and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression. J Cell Biochem. 2017;118(12): 4836-43.##20. Yang Y-Y, Qi J-J, Jiang S-Y, Ye L. Esculin ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance by improving adipose tissue remodeling and activating the IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2024;319:117251.##21. Meng C, Yucheng T, Shu L, Yu Z. Effects of school-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic markers in adolescent boys with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC pediatrics. 2022;22(1):1-11.##22. Sadeghi jondani, F., Azamiyan Jazi, A., Mohammadi, B. The effect of high intensity functional training on anaerobic power and fatigue of ‎overweight women. journal of motor and behavioral sciences, 2022; 5(2): 153-161.##23. Richter EA, Hargreaves M. Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiological reviews. 2013.##24. Shabkhiz, F., Dalirani, M., Tazeshi, H. The Effect of Intense Functional Interval Training with Sour Tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Consumption on Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Women. Journal of Animal Biology, 2023; 15(2): 247-261.##25. Kohlberg GD, Demmer RT, Lalwani AK. Adolescent obesity is an independent risk factor for sensorineural hearing loss: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2010. Otology & Neurotology. 2018;39(9):1102-8.##26. Keshel TE, Coker RH. Exercise training and insulin resistance: a current review. Journal of obesity & weight loss therapy. 2015;5(0 5).##27. Jee H. Relationship between Oxidative Stress-Induced Effects and Physical Exercise. Heat Shock Proteins and Stress. 2018:97-107.##28. Kim KS, Paik IY, Woo JH, Kang BY. The effect of training type on oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant capacity during three-dimensional space exercise. Medical Principles and Practice. 2010; 19(2):133-41. ##