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بیمارستان‌های تاب‌آور در حوادث و بلایا: الگویی برای بیمارستان‌های نظامی کشور Disaster Base Hospitals: A Model for the Military Hospitals 1 1 نامه به سردبیر 2 Letter to the Editor 66 67 2022/07/8 1401/4/17 2023/02/24 1401/12/5 معصومه عباس آبادی عرب Masoumeh Abbasabadi-Arab دکتری سلامت در بلایا و فوریت‌ها، سازمان اورژانس کشور، وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران m.abasabadi85@yahoo.com Hospital Disasters Military hospitals بیمارستان حوادث و بلایا بیمارستان نظامی 1. Homma M. Development of the Japanese national disaster medical system and experiences during the great east Japan earthquake. Yonago acta medica. 2015;58 (2): 53.##2. Ochi S, Kato S, Kobayashi K, Kanatani Y. Disaster vulnerability of hospitals: a nationwide surveillance in Japan. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2015;9(6):614-8 doi:10.1017/dmp.2015.101 ##3. Bazyar J, Pourvakhshoori N, Safarpour H, Farrokhi M, Khankeh HR, Daliri S, et al. Hospital disaster preparedness in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of public health. 2020;49(5):837-850. doi:10.18502/ijph.v49i5.3201##4. Mehrabi F, Ghasemi M, Rezaee M. The Assessment of Readiness Indicators in Military Hospitals against Natural Disasters in Iran. J Mil Med. 2015;17(1):35-40. doi:10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.19751 ##5. Ameriyon A, Tofighi S, Rasekh F, Tavasoli M, Amanat N. Assess the disaster preparedness of the selected military hospitals. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2013;11(4). ##6. Abbasabadi-Arab M, Mosadeghrad AM, Asgari N. Comprehensive Evaluation of Disaster Risk Management Standards in the Iranian Hospitals. Journal Mil Med. 2022; 24 (4):1231-40.##7. Abbasabadi-Arab M, Khankeh HR, Mosadeghrad AM. Disaster risk management in the Iranian hospitals: challenges and solutions. J Mil Med. 2022;24(3):1150-65.## ##

تعیین ویژگی‌های فشار صوت در مواجهه شغلی با ناوچه‌های نظامی: مطالعه توصیفی Determining the Characteristics of Sound Pressure in Occupational Exposure to Military Vessels: A Descriptive Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آزردگی صوتی یک آسیب قابل توجه در کارکنان نظامی محسوب می‌شود و قابلیت تاثیرگذاری بر عملکرد رزمی دارد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، تعیین خصوصیات صدا در مواجهه شغلی کارکنان با ناوچه‌های نظامی است. روش‌ها: مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی حاضر بر روی ناوچه‌های رزمی کلاس N و کلاس T در نزدیکی شهر ماهشهر در سال 1400 انجام شد. اندازه‌گیری صدا و آنالیز اکتاوباند با استفاده از دستگاه صداسنج و کالیبراتور آکوستیکی انجام گرفت. در ناوچه کلاس N و ناوچه کلاس T آنالیز تراز فشار صوتی در وضعیت روشن بی حرکت و در وضعیت روشن حین حرکت با دور موتورهای 1300 و 1700 دور بر دقیقه بررسی گردید. داده‌های جمع آوری شده در نرم افزار Minitab 21 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد تراز فشار صوت در وضعیت روشن بی‌حرکت در فرکانس‌های 2000،1000،500،250، 4000 و 8000 هرتز کمتر از حدود استاندارد است. اما در وضعیت روشن حین حرکت و با دور موتور 1700 دور بر دقیقه در هر دو ناوچه کلاس N و کلاس T، موتور شماره 2 با اختلاف 8/18 و 9/14 دسی‌بل نسبت به حدود استاندارد، بیشترین تراز فشار صوت را نسبت به سایر حالت‌ها داشت. همچنین در فرکانس 250 هرتز از میان سنجش دور موتورهای مختلف، بیشترین اختلاف تراز فشار صوت (6/29- دسی بل) با حدود استاندارد مربوط به موتور راست ناوچه کلاس N است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که تراز فشار صوت در وضعیت روشن بی‌حرکت هیچ آسیبی به شنوایی کارکنان نظامی وارد نمی‌کند، چراکه در تمامی فرکانس‌های اندازه‌گیری شده، تراز فشار صوت کمتر از حدود استاندارد گزارش شد. به کارگیری تجهیزات حفاظت فردی برای کارکنان هنگام انجام عملیات نظامی و یا نصب یک جاذب با کارایی بالا در کابین هر دو ناوچه هنگام مواجهه‌های شغلی برای کاهش اثرات زیان بار سر و صدا توصیه می‌گردد. 2 Background and Aim: Noise annoyance is considered a significant injury in military personnel and has the ability to affect their combat performance. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of sound in the occupational exposure of employees to military vessels. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on N-class and T-class vessels near Mahshahr city in 2022. Sound measurement and octaband analysis were done using sound meter and acoustic calibrator. In N-class and T-class vessels, the analysis of the sound pressure level was analyzed in the stationary state and in the state while moving with engine speed of 1300 and 1700 rpm. The collected data were analyzed in Minitab 21 software. Results: The findings showed that the sound pressure level in the switched on state is less than the standard limits at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. But in the on state during movement and with the engine speed of 1700 rpm in both N-class and T-class vessels, engine number 2 has the highest sound pressure level with a difference of 18.8 and 14.9 dB compared to the standard limits. Also, at the frequency of 250 Hz, among the distance measurement of different engines, the biggest difference in sound pressure level (-29.6 dB) with the standard limits is related to the right engine of the N-class vessel. Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that the sound pressure level in the switched on state does not cause any damage to the hearing of military personnel, because in all the measured frequencies, the sound pressure level was reported to be lower than the standard limits. It is recommended to use personal protective equipment for employees during military operations or to install a high-performance absorber in the cabin of both vessels during occupational exposures to reduce the harmful effects of noise. 68 75 2022/07/82022/10/10 1401/7/18 2023/02/242023/02/22 1401/12/3 مهران ملکی روشتی Mehran Maleki Roveshti مهندسی بهداشت حرفه‌ای، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه‌ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران mehranmaleki383@gmail.com فیروز ولی پور Firouz Valipour گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه‌ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران firouzvalipour@gmail.com Sound Noise Pollution Military Personnel Occupational Health. صدا آزردگی صوتی کارکنان نظامی بهداشت شغلی. 1. Khandan M, Aligol MH, Shamsi M, et al. Occupational health, safety, and ergonomics challenges and opportunities based on the organizational structure analysis: A case study in the selected manufacturing industries in Qom Province, Iran, 2015. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2017;10(3):606..##2. Amir-Heidari P, Maknoon R, Taheri B, et al. A new framework for HSE performance measurement and monitoring. Safety science. 2017;100:157-67. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2016.11.001##3. Erbel M. The politics of outsourcing military support services. The Routledge Research Companion to Security Outsourcing. 2016; 231-40.##4. Collée A, Legrand C, Govaerts B, Van der Veken P, Boodt F, Degrave E. Occupational exposure to noise and the prevalence of hearing loss in a Belgian military population: A cross-sectional study. Noise & health. 2011;13:64-70. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.73997##5. Rahimi-Moghadam S, Khanjani N. Evaluation of hearing loss and changes in blood pressure of welders in a 4 year period. Int J Occup Hygiene. 2015;5(4): 172-6##6. Hamidi R, Fekrizadeh Z, Azadbakht M, Garmaroudi G, Taheri Tanjani P, Fathizadeh S, et al. Validity And Reliability Beck Depression Inventory-II Among The Iranian Elderly Population. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2015;22 (1): 189-98.##7. Mccarthy D. Power, Information Technology, and International Relations Theory: The Institutional Power of The Internet And American Foreign Policy. 2010.##8. Murray CJ, Abraham J, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Et Al. The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. Jama. 2013;310(6):591-606. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805##9. Yong JS-E, Wang D-Y. Impact of Noise on Hearing in The Military. Military Medical Research. 2015;2(1):6. doi:10.1186/s40779-015-0034-5##10. Yankaskas KD, Komrower JM. Military and Industrial Performance: The Critical Role of Noise Controls. International Journal of Audiology. 2019; 58(Sup1):S74-S80. doi:10.1080/14992027.2018.1534013##11. Jafari Z, Malayeri S, Sabour M. The Effects of Noise of Military Environments on Auditory System: A Tinnitus and Hypersensitivity to Sound Study. Journal of Military Medicine. 2008;10(2 (36)##12. Ghasemi M, Saedi B, Mojtahed M, Rezaee Najafabadi M, Afshari M, et al. Hearing Threshold Shift Measured By Pure Tone Audiometry After Gun Shot Exposure In Military Personnel Not Using Hearing Protectors. Journal of Military Medicine. 2012; 13(4 (50)):##13. Clark WW, Bohne BA. Effects of Noise on Hearing. JAMA. 1999;281(17):1658-9. doi:10.1001/jama.281.17.1658##14. Moore BCJ. Diagnosis and Quantification of Military Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2020; 148 (2): 884-94. doi:10.1121/10.0001789##15. Beranek LL. Unsolved Military Noise Problems. The Journal Of The Acoustical Society Of America. 1952; 24(6):769-72. doi:10.1121/1.1906976##16. Golmohammadi R. Noise and vibration engineering. 4thed.Hamadan: Daneshjoo; 2010.##17. Amrein B, Letowski T. Military Noise Limits: How Much Is Too Much? 2012;5:3981-92.##18. Pourtaghi G, Esmaeili R, Mosayebi M, Jabbari M, Saeidnia H. Evaluation Of The Effect Of Different Absorbent Materials On Sound Reduction In Armored Personnel Carriers. Journal of Military Medicine. 2022;23(10):783-91.##19. Pourtaghi Gh, Salem M, Monazam Esmaeilpour Mr, Valipour F. Investigation of Noise Charctristics of Tank Carriers: Titan & Kynus. Journal of Military Medicine. 2002;4(3)##20. Gholampour Mehdi SL. The Effect of Noise Pollution from Military Equipment on Wildlife. The Second Specialized Conference and Exhibition of Environmental Engineering1387.##21. Wenz GM. Review of Underwater Acoustics Research: Noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1972;51(3B):1010-24. doi:10.1121/1.1912921##22. Zare M, Nasiri P, Shahtaheri S, Golbabaei F, Aghamolaei T. Noise Pollution And Hearing Loss In One Of The Oil Industries. Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 11 (2):121-6.##23. Jafari MJ, Karimi A, Haghshenas M. Extrapolation of Experimental Field Study to a National Occupational Noise Exposure Standard. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene. 2010:63-8.##24. Sunde E, Irgens-Hansen K, Moen BE, Gjestland T, Koefoed VF, Oftedal G, et al. Noise and Exposure Of Personnel Aboard Vessels In The Royal Norwegian Navy. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2015;59(2):182-99.##25. Ong M, Choo JT, Low E. A Self-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Use of Active Hearing Defenders in the Engine Rooms of Operational Naval Vessels. Singapore Med J. 2004;45(2):75-8.##26. Yankaskas K, Fast S. CVN Flight Operations: Crossing the Aircraft/Ship Interface. Naval Engineers Journal. 1999;111(3):347-57. doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1999.tb01984.x##27. Smalt CJ, Lacirignola J, Davis SK, Calamia PT, Collins PP. Noise Dosimetry for Tactical Environments. Hearing Research. 2017;349:42-54. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2016.11.008## ##

ارزیابی عوامل جمعیت شناختی مرتبط با پریشانی روانشناختی در نظامیان استان خراسان رضوی Evaluation of Demographic Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Military Personnel of Razavi Khorasan province, Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پریشانی روانشناختی یکی از مشکلات روانی است که با طیف وسیعی از اختلالات روانی مرتبط است. با توجه به نقش کارکنان نظامی در ایجاد امنیت اجتماعی، توجه به سلامت روانی آنان از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. در این مطالعه، میزان شیوع پریشانی روانشناختی در نظامیان استان خراسان رضوی برآورد شد و عوامل جمعیت شناختی مرتبط با آن شناسایی گردید. روش‌­ها: در مطالعه مقطعی حاضر، نظامیان مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی شهر مشهد در نیمه نخست سال 1397 بررسی شدند. اطلاعات موردنیاز در این مطالعه با استفاده از چک لیست اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی و مقیاس استاندارد پریشانی روانشناختی کسلر (K-6) از سامانه سینا مراکز بهداشت استان خراسان رضوی جمع آوری گردید. مجموع نمره 10 و بیشتر از آن در پرسشنامه k6 بعنوان نقطه برش در نظر گرفته شد. پرسشنامه k6 احساسات افراد را در 6 حیطه ناراحتی، بی قراری، عصبی، درماندگی، نومیدی، حس بی ارزشی در ماه گذشته ارزیابی می‌کند. یافته‌ها: از بین 4488 نظامی، 98/7 % مرد، 51/7 % متأهل بودند و 44/5 % تحصیلات دیپلم داشتند. میانگین نمره پریشانی روانشناختی در مجموع 4/45±3/39 از 24 و میزان شیوع پریشانی روانشناختی 12/6 % ارزیابی شد. جنسیت (0/024p=)، سطح تحصیلات (0/001p<) و محل سکونت (0/001p=) با شیوع پریشانی مرتبط بود. میزان شیوع پریشانی روانشناختی در زنان، مجردین، نظامیان دارای تحصیلات کمتر از دیپلم، و ساکنین شهرهای بین 50 تا 500 هزار نفر بیشتر از سایرین بود. نتیجه‌گیری: میزان شیوع پریشانی روانشناختی در قیاس با مطالعات صورت گرفته در بین نظامیان سایر کشورها، متوسط ارزیابی شد. مدیران ارشد نظامی می‌توانند با برنامه‌ریزی مناسب در جهت غربالگری بیماران، از وقوع اختلالات روانی جدی‌تر و همچنین ایجاد مشکلات در سازمان‌های زیرمجموعه خود جلوگیری نمایند. 2 Background and Aim: Psychological distress is one of the psychological problems that is related to a wide range of mental disorders. Considering the role of military personnel in creating social security, paying attention to their mental health has particular importance. In this study, the prevalence of psychological distress in the military personnel of Razavi Khorasan province, Iran was estimated and demographic factors related to it were identified. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, military personnel who referred to the health centers of Mashhad city in the first half of 2019 were examined. Data was collected using the demographic checklist and Kessler's standard scale of psychological distress (K-6) from the SINA system of health centers in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The total score of 10 and more in the K6 questionnaire was considered as the cut-off point. The K6 questionnaire evaluates people's feelings in 6 areas: discomfort, restlessness, nervousness, helplessness, hopelessness, sense of worthlessness in the last month Results: Out of 4488 military personnel, 98.7% were men, 51.7% were married, and 44.5% had a diploma. The mean psychological distress score was 3.39±4.45 out of 24 and the prevalence of psychological distress was 12.6%. Gender (p=0.024), education level (p<0.001) and place of residence (p=0.001) were associated with the prevalence of distress. The prevalence of psychological distress was higher in women, singles, military personnel with less than a diploma, and residents of cities between 50 and 500 thousand people. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological distress was estimated to be moderate in comparison with the studies conducted in other countries. Senior military managers can prevent the occurrence of more serious mental disorders as well as the creation of problems in their subordinate organizations with proper planning in the direction of screening patients. 76 83 2022/07/82022/10/102022/10/31 1401/8/9 2023/02/242023/02/222023/01/4 1401/10/14 هاجر جمالی Hajar Jamali استادیار، دانشگاه انتظامی امین، تهران، ایران. jamali1349s@gmail.com زهرا رحیمی Zahra Rahimi کارشناس ارشد آمارزیستی، گروه آمارزیستی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. Rahimiz951@mums.ac.ir جمشید جمالی Jamshid Jamali گروه آمارزیستی، دانشکده بهداشت، مرکز تحقیقات عوامل موثر بر سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران jamalij@mums.ac.ir Mental health Psychological distress Military personnel Iran سلامت روانی پریشانی روانشناختی پرسنل نظامی ایران 1. Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, et al. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014; 43(2):476-93. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu038##2. Baloochi Anaraki M, Amini M, Azad E, Shirmardi A. The mental health promotion programs and strategies used in US, UK, Russia and Iran's military organizations: systematic review. J Mil Med. 2019;21(3):208-20.##3. Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England). 2019;394 (10194):240-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30934-1##4. Murugan N, Mishra AK, Chauhan RC, Velavan A. Psychological distress among adult urban population of Puducherry. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5(8):5.##doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182984##5. Jamali J, Roustaei N, Ayatollahi SMT, Sadeghi E. Factors Affecting Minor Psychiatric Disorder in Southern Iranian Nurses: A Latent Class Regression Analysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015; 4(2):1-7. doi:10.17795/nmsjournal28017##6. Rahimi Z, Esmaily H, Taghipour A, Mosa FE, Jamali J. Evaluation of the prevalence of psychological distress and its related demographic factors in 18-65 year-old population of Khorasan Razavi: A cross-sectional study. Iran J Epidemiol. 2021; 16 (4): 316-25.##7. Taheri Mirghaed M, Abolghasem Gorji H, Panahi S. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 2020;11:21. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_489_18##8. Vaziri S, Shaydayi Aghdam S, Nobakht L, Khalili M, Vaziri Y, Masumi R, et al. Comparison of physical symptoms in people with low and high psychological distress Patients Disease. J Thought Behav Clin Psychol. 2018;13(49):57-66.##9. McVeigh KH, Galea S, Thorpe LE, Maulsby C, Henning K, Sederer LI. The epidemiology of nonspecific psychological distress in New York City, 2002 and 2003. J Urban Health. 2006; 83 (3): 394-405. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9049-2##10. Alizadeh A, Dowran B, azizi m, Salimi SH. Psychological Distress in Iranian Military Personnel: A Qualitative Study. Research Square; 2020. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-95007/v1##11. Boulos D, Garber B. Does screening shorten delays to care for post-deployment mental disorders in military personnel? A longitudinal retrospective cohort study. BMJ open. 2020; 10 (8): e037853. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037853##12. Alizadeh A, Afkhami SM, Dowran B, Ahmadi Tahoor M, Salimi SH. Psychological Distress in One of the Branches of the Iranian Military: The Role of Virtues and Character Strengths. Iran J War Public Health. 2021;13(1): 23-9. ##13. Plouffe RA, Liu A, Richardson JD, Nazarov A. Validation of the mental health continuum: Short form among Canadian Armed Forces personnel. Health reports. 2022;33(5):3-12.##14. Mieziene B, Emeljanovas A, Cesnaitiene VJ, Vizbaraite D, Zumbakyte-Sermuksniene R. Health Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Conscripts of the Lithuanian Military Service: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study. 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تأثیر تمرینات خودگفتاری بر فاکتورهای آمادگی جسمانی دانشجویان دانشگاه افسری امام علی(ع) The Effect of Self-Talk Exercises on Physical Fitness Factors of Imam Ali Officer University Students 1 1 زمینه و هدف: دفاع از کشور وظیفه نیروهای مسلح آماده و ورزیده است، هدف پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی تأثیر تمرینات خودگفتاری بر فاکتورهای آمادگی جسمانی دانشجویان می‌باشد. روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر از نوع مطالعات نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون است. جامعه‌ آماری این پژوهش دانشجویان دانشگاه افسری امام علی (ع) در سال 1401 بود که 30 نفر از آنها به‌ صورت نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی به 2 گروه مداخله (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) تقسیم شد. در مرحله پیش‌آزمون ابتدا، زمان هر یک از دانشجوها در دوی 70 متر و حمل مجروح اندازه‌گیری شد. سپس در جلسه‌ای به گروه مداخله، خودگفتاری و نحوه تمرینات آن آموزش داده شد و آنها به همراه تمرینات بدنی که روزانه داشتند 10 جلسه تمرینات خودگفتاری انجام دادند؛ و گروه کنترل فقط تمرینات بدنی روزانه داشتند. بعد از اتمام 10 جلسه تمرین، مرحله پس‌آزمون همانند پیش‌آزمون انجام شد. یافته ​ها: در گروه مداخله خودگفتاری پس از 10 جلسه تمرین، میانگین عملکرد در دوی 70 متر از 1±44/9 به 82/0±72/8 کاهش و میانگین حمل مجروح از 73/1±41/9 به 11/1±70/8 ثانیه کاهش‌ یافت که با توجه به سطح معنی ‏داری 05/0 تفاوت معنی‏ دار در عملکرد قابل‌ مشاهده است. میانگین دوی 70 متر در گروه کنترل از 93/0±38/9 به 88/0±36/9 ثانیه کاهش یافت و همچنین، میانگین حمل مجروح شرکت ‏کنندگان در این گروه از 43/1±52/9 به 42/1±49/9 ثانیه کاهش یافت که معنی دار نبود (P<0.05). نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که بعد از خودگفتاری، عملکرد دانشجویان بهبود یافت. لذا، پیشنهاد می‌شود مربیان و فرماندهان نظامی تمرینات خودگفتاری را در کنار برنامه‌های جسمانی خود برای بهبود عملکرد دانشجویان مدنظر قرار دهند. 2 Background and Aim: Defense of the country is the duty of the armed forces, the aim of this study is evaluation of the effect of self-talk exercises on the physical fitness factors in students. Methods: This is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population was the students of Imam Ali Officers University, Tehran, Iran in 2022, 30 of them were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned into 2 intervention (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. In the pre-test, the time of each student in running 70 meters and carrying the injured was measured. Then, in a meeting, the intervention group was taught self-talk and how to practice it, and they did 10 self-talk exercises along with their daily physical exercises. The control group only practiced the physical exercises. After the completion of 10 training sessions, the post-test was performed as the pre-test. Results: In the self-talk intervention group, after 10 training sessions, the mean performance in the 70-meter run significantly decreased from 9.44±1 to 8.72±0.82, and the mean carrying the injured significantly decreased from 9.41±1.73 to 8.70 ±1.11. The mean running time of 70 meters in the control group was decreased from 9.38±0.93 to 9.36±0.88 seconds and also, the mean carrying of injured in this group was decreased from 9.52±1.43 to 9.49±1.42 seconds, which was not significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: In general, these findings showed that after self-talk, the performance of students improved. Therefore, it is suggested that the coaches and commanders of the army consider self-talk exercises along with their physical programs to improve the students' performance. 84 89 2022/07/82022/10/102022/10/312022/11/15 1401/8/24 2023/02/242023/02/222023/01/42023/01/4 1401/10/14 مهدی ملازاده Mahdi Mollazadeh گروه رفتار و روانشناسی ورزشی، دانشکدۀ تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران mahdi.mollazadeh@ut.ac.ir رضا شربت زاده Reza Sharbatzadeh دانشگاه تهران amoghaddamzadeh@ut.ac.ir اسماعیل کرمی Esmaeil Karami دانشگاه تهران Ghazandi110@ut.ac.ir سجاد محمدیاری Sajjad Mohamadyari دانشگاه تهران m.ghyoraji@ut.ac.ir Self-Talk Physical Fitness Factors Carrying the Injured خودگفتاری فاکتورهای آمادگی جسمانی حمل مجروح. 1. Mohammadreza R, Gholamreza M. Examining the status of implementation of physical fitness programs for students of Naja degree education centers.##2. Knapik J, Ang P, Reynolds K, Jones B. Physical fitness, age, and injury incidence in infantry soldiers. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 1993:598-603. doi:10.1097/00043764-199306000-00017##3. Najafi Mehri S, Sadeghian M, Tayyebi A, Karimi Zarchi A, Asgari A. Epidemiology of physical injuries resulted from military training course. Journal Mil Med. 2010;12(2):89-92.## 4. Gruhn J, Leggat P, Müller R. Injuries presenting to Army physiotherapy in north Queensland, Australia. Military medicine. 1999; 164 (2):145-52. doi:10.1093/milmed/164.2.145##5. Hutchinson JW, Greene JP, Hansen SL. Evaluating active duty risk-taking: Military home, education, activity, drugs, sex, suicide, and safety method. Military medicine. 2008; 173 (12):1164-7. doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.12.1164##6. Wijk J. Physical culture, sports, and military preparedness: on the upswing in physical education and public health in Sweden during World War II. Historisk tidskrift (Stockholm, Sweden). 2001(4):655-86.##7. Kermani, Rezazadeh M, Khoshdel. Power measurement and investigation of physiological indicators of physical fitness among the soldiers of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. Ibn Sina. 2013; 15 (1): 28-36.##8. Haskell WL, Kiernan M. Methodologic issues in measuring physical activity and physical fitness when evaluating the role of dietary supplements for physically active people. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2000; 72(2):541S-50S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.541S##9. Kramer D. Predictions of performance by EEG and skin conductance. Indiana undergraduate journal of cognitive science. 2007;2:3-13.##10. Agha N, Naderi F, Heydarei N, Siret N, et al. The effect of neurofeedback exercises on the performance and reaction time of people with sensitive jobs. Ibn Sina. 2014; 15 (4):36-41.##11. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Zourbanos N, Galanis E, Theodorakis Y. Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2011;6(4):348-56.##doi:10.1177/1745691611413136##12. Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist. 2004; 18(1):44-59. doi:10.1123/tsp.18.1.44##13. Afrozeh M, Mohamadzadeh H. Edrisi kolvar M, Afrozeh A. Effect of latent and clear motivational self-talk on pressure understanding and Performance Performance in progressive exercise on exhaustion wrestles. Journal of development and motor learning. 2014;6 (2): 245-57.##14. Zinsser N, Bunker L. Cognitive Techniques for Building Confidence and Enhancing Performance. Dalam William, JM (Ed.), Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance.(hh. 284-311). Mountain View. CA: Mayfield Publishing Company; 2001.##15. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E, Zourbanos N, Theodorakis Y. Self-talk and competitive sport performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2014;26(1):82-95. doi:10.1080/10413200.2013.790095##16. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E. Self-talk effectiveness and attention. Current opinion in psychology. 2017; 16: 138-42. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.014##17. Shakibaee A, Sobhani V, Rajabi H, Saberi M. Combat Readiness Test: Design and Validation in the Iranian Military. Journal of Military Medicine. 2021; 22 (12):1260-72.##18. Mansouri, J, Bagheri, M. Comparison of the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on the performance and learning of handball skills. Movement behavior. 2022;15(1):28-36.##19. Afshari A, Parvinpour S, Adelifar A. The effect of the frequency of motivational self-talk on the performance of volleyball service in adolescent female athlete. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal. 2019;8(6): 123-8.##20. Aghdasi MT, Touba N. The effects of instructional self-talk on girl's performance, retention and transfer of dart throwing in late childhood and adolescence. Journal of physical education and sport. 2012;12(3):391.##21. Aali MB, Shahbazi M. The Effect of Motivational Self-Talk on Bimanual Coordination Performance of University Students. Journal of sports and Motor development and learning. 2021;13(1):1-13.##22. Bakhtpur The effect of self-talk on the attention and performance of Iranian national archery team athletes. Sports psychology. 2015; 6 (1):915-24##23. Rezai, Kamkari, Rezai. Investigating the effects of physical fitness and psychological characteristics (mental health and mental toughness) on the performance of law enforcement officers in Greater Tehran. Education in law enforcement sciences. 21 (4): 39-62 ##24. Hardy J. Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2006;7(1):81-97. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002##25. Rezaei F, Farrokhi A, Bagherzadeh F. The Effect of Motivational Self-Talk on Simple and Complex Motor Skills in Basketball. 2012: 29-44. ##26. Boroujeni ST, Ghaheri B. The effect of motivational self-talk on reaction time. 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بررسی اثر کینماتیک فرود بر بروز آسیب سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا در سربازان در طی دوره آموزش نظامی Investigating the Effect of Landing Kinematics on the Occurrence of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Injuries in Soldiers during Military Training 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت نقش کینماتیک اندام تحتانی در جذب نیروهای وارده به بدن هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر، بررسی اثر کینماتیک اندام تحتانی بر بروز آسیب سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا در سربازان در طی دوره آموزش نظامی می ­باشد. روش­ ها: در پژوهش حاضر، سربازان مرد در طی دوره 6 ماه آموزش نظامی در سال 1401 بررسی شدند که تعداد 116 نفر از آنها انتخاب گردیدند. در ابتدای دوره آموزشی، ضمن بررسی وضعیت شیوع سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا با استفاده از معیار یاتس و داده ­های کینماتیک، فرود آزمودنی­ ها و ولگوس داینامیک زانو، بوسیله دوربین فیلم ­برداری و به کمک نرم افزار کینوا جمع­آوری شد. سپس سربازان به انجام تمرینات مربوط به آموزش نظامی پرداختند و در انتهای دوره 6 ماهه، با استفاده مجدد از معیار یاتس و وایت شیوع احتمالی سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا، ارزیابی شد. یافته ­ها: میزان شیوع سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا در سربازان در انتهای دوره 3/29 % بود. نتایج رگرسیون لجستیک برای بررسی نقش پیش ‏بینی کننده والگوس زانو در لحظه فرود تک پا در بروز آسیب سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا نشان داد، مدل نهایی قادر به تبیین بین 6/57% و 82% واریانس بود. برای والگوس زانو در لحظه فرود دو پا، بین 5/54% و 6/77% واریانس، فلکشن ران انتهای فرود تک پا بین 5/60% و 2/86% واریانس، فلکشن ران انتهای فرود دوپا، بین 65% و 7/92% واریانس، فلکشن زانو انتهای فرود تک پا بین 3/65% و 1/93% واریانس و بلاخره برای فلکشن زانو انتهای فرود دو پا مدل نهایی قادر به تبیین بین 44/44% و 2/63% واریانس بود. نسبت شانس مربوط به والگوس زانو در لحظه فرود تک پا 204/2، در والگوس زانو در لحظه فرود دو پا  773/1، در متغیر فلکشن ران انتهای فرود تک پا 491/2، در فلکشن ران انتهای فرود دو پا 069/2، فلکشن زانو انتهای فرود تک پا 163/2 و در متغیر فلکشن زانو انتهای فرود دو پا 580/1 می باشد. از بین متغیرها، متغیر فلکشن ران انتهای فرود تک پا به لحاظ آماری نسبت به سایر متغیرها قدرت پیش بینی کنندگی بالاتری جهت بروز سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا دارد (491/2). نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج حاصل از مطالعه حاضر نشان داد، کینماتیک فرود بر شیوع آسیب سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا اثرگذار است که این تغییرات می­تواند ناشی از ضعف عضلات عمل ­کننده در مفاصل اندام تحتانی و همچنین افزایش بار بیش از حد ناشی از تمرینات نظامی باشد. 2 Background and Aim: Considering the importance of the kinematic role of the lower limb in absorbing the forces entering the body, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the kinematics of the lower limb on the occurrence of Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) injury in soldiers during the military training period.  Methods: In the present study, male soldiers were examined during the 6 months of military training in 2022, and 116 of them were selected. At the beginning of the training course, while investigating the prevalence of MTSS using the Yates criterion and the kinematic data, subjects' landing and knee valgus dynamics were collected by video camera and Quinoa software. Then the soldiers started to do exercises related to military training, and at the end of the 6-month period, the possible prevalence of MTSS was evaluated again using the Yates and White criteria.  Results: The prevalence of MTSS in military soldiers at the end of the period was 29.3%. The results of logistic regression to investigate the predictive role of knee valgus at the moment of single leg landing in the occurrence of MTSS injury showed that the final model was able to explain between 57.6% and 82.0% of the variance. For knee valgus at the moment of two-leg landing, between 54.5% and 77.6% variance, single-leg landing hip flexion between 60.5% and 86.2% variance, two-leg landing hip flexion between 65% and 92.7% of the variance, the knee flexion at the end of one leg landing between 65.3% and 93.1% of the variance and finally for the knee flexion at the end of two legs landing, the final model was able to explain between 44.44% and 63.2% of the variance. The odds ratio related to knee valgus at the moment of one-leg landing is 2.204, in knee valgus at the moment of two-leg landing, 1.773, in the thigh flexion variable at the end of single-leg landing, 2.491, in thigh flexion at the end of two-leg landing, 2.069, the knee flexion at the end of single leg landing is 2.163 and in the variable knee flexion at the end of two leg landing is 1.580. Among the variables, the thigh flexion variable at the end of single leg landing statistically has a higher predictive power than other variables for the occurrence of MTSS (2.491). Conclusion: The current findings demonstrated that landing kinematics has an effect on the prevalence of MTSS, and these changes can be caused by the weakness of the muscles acting in the joints of the lower limbs, as well as an increase in excessive load caused by military exercises. 90 98 2022/07/82022/10/102022/10/312022/11/152022/12/17 1401/9/26 2023/02/242023/02/222023/01/42023/01/42023/02/20 1401/12/1 احمدرضا یوسف پور دهاقانی Ahmadreza Yousefpour Dehaghani دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع) ar.ahmad9091@yahoo.com طالب فدائی ده چشمه Taleb Fadaei Dehcheshmeh دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع) fadaie.taleb69@yahoo.com صادق پورعلی Sadegh Pourali دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع) taleb.fadaei96@yahoo.com Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) Landing Kinematics Soldier. سندروم فشار داخلی تیبیا کینماتیک اندام تحتانی سرباز. 1. 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Biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics of male athletes: implications for the development of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs. Sports Medicine. 2015 Jun;45:809-22. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0311-1 ##17. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Hoogenboom BJ, Myer GD. Understanding and preventing acl injuries: current biomechanical and epidemiologic considerations-update 2010. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT. 2010; 5(4):234.##18. Yates B, White S. The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits. The American journal of sports medicine. 2004;32(3):772-80. doi:10.1177/0095399703258776##19. Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M, Fukubayashi T. Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint in female athletes during tasks associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. The Knee. 2009; 16(2):153-8. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2008.10.012##20. Powers CM. 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اثرات زیست محیطی مزارع پرورش میگو بر آلودگی سواحل جنوبی کشور و سلامت انسان The Environmental Impact of Shrimp Aquaculture on the Coastal Pollution and the Human Health (Iranian Coast) 1 1 توسعه سریع و مداوم پرورش میگو احتمالاً منجر به یک سری تحولات مضر برای محیط زیست و سلامت انسان شده است. تخریب جنگل­ های حرا، شکوفایی جلبک­ های مضر در آب­های ساحلی و استخرهای پرورش میگو، معرفی گونه­ های غیر­بومی، کاهش ذخایر آبزیان و کاهش کیفیت آب از جمله مهمترین مشکلات زیست محیطی عنوان شده است. استفاده گسترده و نامحدود از آنتی بیوتیک­ها برای جلوگیری از عفونت­های باکتریایی در صنعت پرورش میگو، به ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه، در این امر نقش داشته است. از طرفی استفاده از مقادیر زیادی آنتی‌بیوتیک که باید با غذای میگو مخلوط شود نیز مشکلاتی را برای سلامت انسان ایجاد می­ کند و فرصت حضور آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های باقیمانده در گوشت و فرآورده ­های میگو را افزایش می­ دهد. بنابراین، به نظر می ­رسد که تلاش ­های جهانی برای ترویج استفاده منطقی ­تر از آنتی‌بیوتیک­ های پیشگیرانه در آبزی‌پروری موردنیاز است. زیرا شواهد نشان می ­دهد که این استفاده نامحدود برای ماهی ­ها، حیوانات خشکی، سلامت انسان و محیط زیست مضر است. پیشنهاد می ­شود با توجه به اصول برنامه بهره­ برداری پایدار از محیط زیست برای فعالیت ­های مختلف اقتصادی از جمله احداث مزارع پرورش میگو برنامه‌ریزی شود، همچنین تلاش‌های نظارتی به طور معمول برای پیش‌بینی اثرات احتمالی مورد نیاز است. پایش ­های آب خروجی مزارع آبزی پروری، بخشی از ارزیابی‌های مورد نیاز برای درک اثرات زیست‌محیطی است که ممکن است شامل اندازه‌گیری‌های کیفیت آب، غلظت مواد مغذی، خروجی‌های مواد آلی، مواد شیمیایی و باکتری‌های باقی‌مانده‌ای باشد که بر کیفیت محصول تأثیر می‌گذارند. 2 The rapid and continuous development of shrimp farming has probably led to a series of harmful developments for the environment and human health. The destruction of mangrove forests, the blooming of harmful algae in coastal waters and shrimp breeding ponds, the introduction of non-native species, the depletion of aquatic resources and the reduction of water quality are among the most important environmental problems. The widespread and unlimited use of antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections in the shrimp farming industry, especially in developing countries, has played a role in this regard. On the other hand, the use of large amounts of antibiotics that should be mixed with shrimp food also lead to some problems for human health and increases the chance of remaining antibiotics in meat and shrimp products. Therefore, it seems that global efforts are needed to promote a more rational use of preventive antibiotics in aquaculture. Because the evidence shows that this unlimited use is harmful to fish, animals, human health and the environment. It is suggested to plan according to the principles of sustainable use of the environment for various economic activities, including the construction of shrimp farms, and monitoring efforts are usually needed to predict possible effects. 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مروری بر استفاده از پاراپروبیوتیک‌ها در آبزی پروری A Review of the Use of Paraprubiotics in Aquaculture 1 1 عوارض ناشی از مصرف داروهای شیمیایی نظیر آنتی بیوتیک‌ها در آبزی پروری، ضرورت استفاده از ترکیبات ضدمیکروبی که سازگار با محیط زیست هستند را مطرح می‌کند. پروبیوتیک‌ها باکتری‌های زنده هستند که به دلیل توانایی در کنترل بیماری‌های عفونی تأثیر چشمگیر بر سلامت میزبان دارند. به دلیل وجود انتقال خطرات احتمالی از سویه‌های زنده میکروبی به میزبان، استفاده از همتای غیرزنده میکروبی مطرح شده است. بخش غیرزنده میکروبی (پاراپروبیوتیک) مانند همتای زنده خود به دلیل تاثیرات مفید بر میزبان به عنوان یک جایگزین مناسب به صورت خوراکی یا تزریقی استفاده می‌شود. بنابراین استفاده از ترکیبات پاراپروبیوتیکی با وجود قابلیت بالای آنها در تعدیل جامع میکروبی میزبان هنوز نیاز به ارزیابی دقیق‌تر دارند. در این مطالعه مروری، مفهوم پاراپروبیوتیک‌ها، آماده‌سازی پاراپروبیوتیک‌ها و ارزیابی شاخص‌های سلامت پاراپروبیوتیک ها به منظور تعدیل واکنش‌های زیستی شرح داده شده است. 2 Complications caused by the use of chemical drugs such as antibiotics in aquaculture raise the necessity of using antimicrobial compounds that are compatible with the environment. Probiotics are live bacteria that have a significant impact on host health due to their ability to control infectious diseases. Due to the possible transmission of risks from live microbial strains to the host, the use of non-living microbial counterparts has been suggested. The non-living microbial part (paraprobiotic) like its living counterpart is used as a suitable substitute orally or by injection due to its beneficial effects on the host. Therefore, the use of paraprobiotic compounds, despite their high ability in comprehensive host microbial modulation, still needs to be evaluated more carefully. In this review study, the concept of paraprobiotics, the preparation of paraprobiotics and the evaluation of health indicators of paraprobiotics in order to modulate biological reactions are described. 109 118 2022/07/82022/10/102022/10/312022/11/152022/12/172022/08/212022/08/14 1401/5/23 2023/02/242023/02/222023/01/42023/01/42023/02/202023/02/212022/12/31 1401/10/10 یونس عبدالله زاده Younes Abdollahzadeh دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان. گرگان، ایران. abdollahzadeh1@ut.ac.ir سجاد پورمظفر Sajjad Pourmozaffar ایستگاه تحقیقات نرمتنان خلیج فارس، پژوهشکده اکولوژی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان، موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندرلنگه، ایران Sajjad5550@gmail.com Paraprobiotic Heat-killed probiotics Immune system Resistance to pathogens پاراپروبیوتیک پروبیوتیک‌های غیرفعال شده با حرارت سیستم ایمنی مقاومت در برابر پاتوژن‌ها 1. Mustapha UF, Alhassan AW, Jiang DN, Li GL. 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خطرات سلامت عمومی ناشی از تترودوتوکسین و آنالوگ‌های آن در صدف‌های دوکفه‌ای و شکم‌پایان خوراکی Public Health Risks of Tetrodotoxin and its Analogues in Marine Bivalves and Edible Gastropods 1 1 تترادوتوکسین یک سم قوی و مهلک است که باعث مسمومیت و مرگ انسان‌های بی‌شماری شده است. توزیع تترادوتوکسین و آنالوگ‌های آن بسیار گسترده می‌باشد و این توکسین در ارگانیسم‌های بسیاری شناسایی شده است. افزایش تشخیص آن در گونه‌های دریایی مثل صدف‌های دوکفه‌ای و شکم‌پایان توجهات علمی و قانونی را به این توکسین جلب کرده است. در حالی‌که تترادوتوکسین به لحاظ ساختاری کاملاً با ساکسی‌توکسین، دیگر توکسین دریایی، متفاوت است، ولی مکانیسم بلاک کنندگی کانال‌های سدیمی آنها یکسان است و نشان داده شده که قدرت این دو با یکدیگر قابل تجمیع است. پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی Google Scholar، Scopus و PubMed برای انتخاب مرتبط‌ترین مقالات با کلیدواژه‌های «تترادوتوکسین»، «مسمومیت»، «مکانیسم اثر»، «دو کفه‌ای»، «گاستروپودهای خوراکی» و «منشأ تترادوتوکسین» استفاده شد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه مروری ارزیابی خطرات سلامت عمومی بود که به دلیل مصرف تترودوتوکسین و آنالوگ‌های آن در صدف‌های دو کفه‌ای و شکم‌پایان جان انسان‌های بسیاری را به خطر انداخته است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که این توکسین بسیار مقاوم به حرارت بوده و همچنین روش‌های جدید و دقیق‌تری برای تشخیص آن وجود دارد. همچنین اینکه مسمومیت با این توکسین می‌تواند هم به صورت حاد و هم به صورت مزمن باشد و هر دوی این موارد می‌تواند منجر به مرگ فرد مصرف کننده شود. 2 Tetradotoxin is a powerful and deadly poison that has poisoned and killed countless people. The distribution of Tetradotoxin and its analogs is very wide and this toxin has been identified in many organisms. Increasing its detection in marine species such as bivalves and gastropods has drawn scientific and legal attention to this toxin. While Tetradotoxin is structurally completely different from saxitoxin, another marine toxin, their sodium channel blocking mechanism is the same and it has been shown that the potency of both can be combined. Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed databases were applied for selecting the most relevant papers with the keywords "tetradotoxin", "poisoning", "mechanism of action", "bivalves", "edible gastropods" and "origin of tetradotoxin". The purpose of this review was to evaluate the public health risks that have endangered the lives of many people due to the consumption of tetrodotoxin and its analogs in bivalves and gastropods. The results of this study showed that this toxin is very resistant to heat and there are new and more accurate methods for its detection. Also, poisoning with this toxin can be both acute and chronic, and both of these cases can lead to the death of the consumer. 119 128 2022/07/82022/10/102022/10/312022/11/152022/12/172022/08/212022/08/142022/04/7 1401/1/18 2023/02/242023/02/222023/01/42023/01/42023/02/202023/02/212022/12/312023/01/20 1401/10/30 علی کشاورز للکامی Ali Keshavarz Lelekami دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران Keshavarza1396@gmail.com محمد نوبخت Mohammad Nobakht دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران mono343@yahoo.com امیر همایون کیهان Amir Homayoun Keihan دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران ah_keyhan@hotmail.com حمیده محمود زاده حسینی Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران hosseini361@yahoo.com تیمور طبری Teimour Tabari دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران teimour.turkmen@gmail.com سید علی میرحسینی Seyed Ali Mirhosseini مرکز تحقیقات میکروبیولوژی کاربردی، مؤسسه زیست‌شناسی سیستم‌ها و مسمومیت‌ها، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله، تهران، ایران ali.mirh@gmail.com Tetrodotoxin Bivalves Edible gastropods Poisoning Seafood تترادوتوکسین صدف دوکفه‌ای شکم‌پایان خوراکی مسمومیت غذاهای دریایی. 1. 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