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زنجیره امداد و انتقال دریایی و جایگاه شناور سارآمبولانس در آن The Maritime search and rescue chain and SAR ambulance (SARA) role 1 1 سرمقاله 2 Editorial  54 56 2019/07/27 1398/5/5 2019/09/11 1398/6/20 سید علی موسوی جزایری Seyed Ali Mousavi Jazayeri مرکز تحقیقات طب دریا، تهران، ایران Ali.m.jazayeri@gmail.com Maritime search and rescue chain SAR ambulance (SARA) Iran زنجیره امداد و انتقال دریایی شناور سارآمبولانس ایران 1. Sayareh J, Haghi R. Prioritize the factors affecting the maritime search and rescue operations using hierarchical techniques. Journal of Marine Science Education, 2016; 3 (6): 1-10.##2. Breivik Ø, Allen AA, Maisondieu C, Olagnon M. Advances in Search and Rescue at Sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2013; 63 (1):83-88.##3. Ferreira J, Hignett S. Reviewing ambulance design for clinical efficiency and paramedic safety. Applied ergonomics. 2005;36(1):97-105.##4. Allen AA, Maisondieu C, Olagnon M. Advances in search and rescue at sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2013;63(1):83-8.##1. Sayareh J, Haghi R. Prioritize the factors affecting the maritime search and rescue operations using hierarchical techniques. Journal of Marine Science Education, 2016; 3 (6): 1-10.##2. Breivik Ø, Allen AA, Maisondieu C, Olagnon M. Advances in Search and Rescue at Sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2013; 63 (1):83-88.##3. Ferreira J, Hignett S. Reviewing ambulance design for clinical efficiency and paramedic safety. Applied ergonomics. 2005;36(1):97-105.##4. Allen AA, Maisondieu C, Olagnon M. Advances in search and rescue at sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2013;63(1):83-8. ##

مسمومیتهای ناشی از غذاهای دریایی در خلیج فارس: مروری روایتی Seafood poisoning in the Persian Gulf: narrative review 1 1  مسمومیت غذایی ناشی از خوردن غذاهای دریایی به ‌عنوان یک خطر مهم و بالقوه برای سلامتی انسان محسوب شده و به طور مستقیم و غیرمستقیم سلامتی و زندگی افراد را تهدید می‌کند. این موضوع زمانی اهمیت بیشتری می­یابد که بدانیم حدود 48% جمعیت جهان در فاصله 15 کیلومتری سواحل زندگی کرده و بیش از 79% مردم جهان به نوعی از غذاهای دریایی (تازه تا کنسرو شده) استفاده نموده و ماهی و سایر خوراکهای دریایی در سبد غذایی آنها قرار دارند. جدای از مسمومیت‌هایی که از غذاهای کنسرو شده ممکن است برای افراد دردسر ساز شوند، خود ماهی‌ها و یا سایر خوراکهای دریایی مانند صدف و میگو و خرچنگ نیز می­توانند بالقوه منبع سمومی باشند که جداً سلامتی و حیات فرد را تهدید نمایند. از این رو برای پزشکانی که به نوعی با پزشکی دریایی مرتبط بوده یا در نزدیکی دریا به طبابت مشغولند، شناخت گونه‌های سمی، راه‌های تشخیص مسمومیت‌های ناشی از غذاهای دریایی و آشنایی با راهکارهای امداد و درمان مصدومین ضروری است. خلیج فارس به عنوان منطقه ای دریایی گرمابی، محل زندگی گونه‌های متنوعی از ماهی‌ها تا سخت‌پوستان خوراکی و البته غیرخوراکی است که گاهی بازشناسی آنها از همدیگر حتی برای بومیان محلی ساکن سواحل خلیج‌فارس هم سخت می‌نماید. چه بسیار مسافران و گردشگرانی که به این سواحل آماده و به ماهیگیری می‌پردازند و عموماً بدون شناخت از سمی بودن یا نبودن ماهی صید شده، اقدام به مصرف آن می‌نمایند که گاهی منجر به صدمات گوارشی حاد تا حتی اغما و مرگ شده است. این مطالعه مروری کوشیده بر اساس معرفی گونه‌های سمی خلیج فارس که به لحاظ ریخت‌شناسی نزدیک به گونه‌های خوراکی هستند این پیش‌اگهی و آموزش را ارائه دهد. 2 Food poisoning caused by eating seafood is considered as an important and potential danger to human health and directly and indirectly threats the health and life of individuals. This becomes even more important when we know that about 48% of the world's population lives within 15 kilometers of the beaches, and more than 79% of the world uses seafood (fresh to canned) and fish and other seafood in their food basket. Apart from poisonings from canned foods, fish or other seafood such as clams, shrimp and crabs can be potentially toxic sources that could seriously threat one's health and life. Therefore, for physicians who are related to marine medicine or are practicing near the sea, identifying toxic species, ways to diagnose seafood poisoning, and familiarity with relief and treatment strategies are essential. The Persian Gulf, as a hydrothermal marine region, is home to a variety of fish species, including edible and non-edible crustaceans. Sometimes this variety is difficult to recognize even for the native inhabitants of the Persian Gulf. How many travelers and tourists come to these beaches and generally catch and eat the fish without knowing the toxicity or non-toxicity that may result in severe gastrointestinal injury, even coma and death. This study provides a prognosis and training based on the introduction of toxic Gulf species that are morphologically close to the edible species. 57 66 2019/07/272019/07/10 1398/4/19 2019/09/112019/09/1 1398/6/10 بهنام حسینی آهنگر Behnam Hosseini Ahangar رامین معصومی Ramin Masoumi سیدعلی میرحسینی Seyed Ali Mir Hosseini یدالله عسگریان Yadollah Asgarian محمد نوبخت Mohammad Nobakht مرکز تحقیقات طب دریا، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله(عج)، تهران، ایران marinemedicine@gmail.com Toxic fish Persian Gulf dangerous organisms Sea poisoning seafood. ماهی‌های سمی خلیج‌فارس مسمومیت‌های دریایی غذاهای دریایی. 1. Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;214:15-23. ##2. Ignatiades L, Gotsis-Skretas O. A review on toxic and harmful algae in Greek coastal waters (E. Mediterranean Sea). Toxins. 2010;2(5):1019-37##3. Ashraf W. Levels of selected heavy metals in tuna fish. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2006 ; 31(1A):89.##4. Shahsavani A, Fakhri Y, Ferrante M, Keramati H, Zandsalimi Y, Bay A, et al. Risk assessment of heavy metals bioaccumulation: fished shrimps from the Persian Gulf. Toxin reviews. 2017;36(4):322-30.##5. Bosch AC, O'Neill B, Sigge GO, Kerwath SE, Hoffman LC. Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2016 ;96(1):32-48.##6. Ignatiades L, Gotsis-Skretas O. A review on toxic and harmful algae in Greek coastal waters (E. Mediterranean Sea). Toxins. 2010;2(5):1019-37.##7. Agah H, Leermakers M, Elskens M, Fatemi SM, Baeyens W. Total mercury and methyl mercury concentrations in fish from the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2007;181(1-4):95-105.##8. Watkins SM, Reich A, Fleming LE, Hammond R. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Marine drugs. 2008;6(3):431-55.##9. Hallegraeff GM. Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. Manual on harmful marine microalgae. 2003;33:1-22.##10. Backer LC, McGillicuddy Jr DJ. Harmful algal blooms: at the interface between coastal oceanography and human health. Oceanography (Washington, DC). 2006;19(2):94.##11. Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, et al. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 2016;96(1):61-91.##12. Friedman MA, Fleming LE, Fernandez M, Bienfang P, Schrank K, Dickey R, et al. Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management. Marine drugs. 2008;6(3):456-79.##13. Perez-Arellano JL, Luzardo OP, Brito AP, Cabrera MH, Zumbado M, Carranza C, et al. Ciguatera fish poisoning, Canary Islands. Emerging infectious diseases. 2005;11(12):1981.##14. Schnorf H, Taurarii M, Cundy T. Ciguatera fish poisoning: a double-blind randomized trial of mannitol therapy. Neurology. 2002;58(6):873-80.##15. Skinner MP, Brewer TD, Johnstone R, Fleming LE, Lewis RJ. Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific Islands (1998 to 2008). PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2011;5(12):e1416.##16. Hamilton B, Hurbungs M, Jones A, Lewis RJ. Multiple ciguatoxins present in Indian Ocean reef fish. Toxicon. 2002;40(9):1347-53.##17. Oshiro N, Yogi K, Asato S, Sasaki T, Tamanaha K, Hirama M, et al. Ciguatera incidence and fish toxicity in Okinawa, Japan. Toxicon. 2010;56(5):656-61.##18. Caillaud A, De la Iglesia P, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Aligizaki K, Fraga S, et al. Update o methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe. Marine Drugs. 2010;8(6):1838-907.##19. Feng C, Teuber S, Gershwin ME. Histamine (scombroid) fish poisoning: a comprehensive review. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2016;50(1):64-9.##20. Tsai YH, Kung HF, Lee TM, Lin GT, Hwang DF. Histamine-related hygienic qualities and bacteria found in popular commercial scombroid fish fillets in Taiwan. Journal of Food Protection. 2004;67(2):407-12.##21. Hungerford JM. Scombroid poisoning: a review. Toxicon. 2010 Aug 15;56(2):231-43.##22. Öndes F, Ünal V, Özbilgin Y, Deval C, Turan C. By-catch and monetary loss of pufferfish in Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean. Su Ürünleri Dergisi. 2018;35(4):361-72.##23. Béarez P, Gay P, Lunniss R. Sea fishing at Salango (Manabí province, Ecuador) during the middle formative Machalilla phase. Latin American Antiquity. 2012;23(2):195-214.##24. Negri A, Stirling D, Quilliam M, Blackburn S, Bolch C, Burton I, et al. Three novel hydroxybenzoate saxitoxin analogues isolated from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2003;16(8):1029-33.##25. Regan JM, Peng P. Neurophysiology of cancer pain. Cancer Control. 2000;7(2):111-9.##26. Vijayavel K, Balasubramanian MP. Fluctuations of biochemical constituents and marker enzymes as a consequence of naphthalene toxicity in the edible estuarine crab Scylla serrata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2006 ;63(1):141-7.##27. Hosseini M, Bastami AA, Khoei JK, Esmailian M, Songhori EJ, Najafzadeh M. Concentrations of heavy metals in selected tissues of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) and sediments from Persian Gulf. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2012;19(10):1398-405.##28. Tillmann U, Jaén D, Fernández L, Gottschling M, Witt M, Blanco J, et al. Amphidoma languida (Amphidomatacea, Dinophyceae) with a novel azaspiracid toxin profile identified as the cause of molluscan contamination at the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Harmful Algae. 2017 ;62:113-26.##29. Angus-Whiteoak AM. From Ecological Epitome to Medical Model: An investigation into Applications for the use of Daphnia in Heart Science (Doctoral dissertation, Liverpool John Moores University).##30. Penna A, Garcés E, Vila M, Giacobbe MG, Fraga S, Lugliè A, et al. Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae), a toxic ribotype expanding in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology. 2005;148(1):13-23.##31. Bravo I, Vila M, Masó M, Figueroa RI, Ramilo I. Alexandrium catenella and Alexandrium minutum blooms in the Mediterranean Sea: toward the identification of ecological niches. Harmful algae. 2008; 7(4):515-22.##32. Masseret E, Grzebyk D, Nagai S, Genovesi B, Lasserre B, Laabir M, et al. Unexpected genetic diversity among and within populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella as revealed by nuclear microsatellite markers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(7):2037-45.##33. Vila M, Garcés E, Masó M, Camp J. Is the distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella expanding along the NW Mediterranean coast?. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;222: 73-83.##34. Laabir M, Collos Y, Masseret E, Grzebyk D, Abadie E, Savar V, et al. Influence of environmental factors on the paralytic shellfish toxin content and profile of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) isolated from the Mediterranean Sea. Marine drugs. 2013; 11(5):1583-601.##35. Tatters AO, Flewelling LJ, Fu F, Granholm AA, Hutchins DA. High CO2 promotes the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by Alexandrium catenella from Southern California waters. Harmful Algae. 2013;30:37-43.##36. Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;214:15-23.##37. Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;214:15-23.##38. Watts J. Tokyo Mercury poisoning victims could increase by 20 000. The Lancet. 2001;358 (9290): 1349.##39. Ekino S, Susa M, Ninomiya T, Imamura K, Kitamura T. Minamata disease revisited: an update on the acute and chronic manifestations of methyl mercury poisoning. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2007;262(1-2):131-44.##1. Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;214:15-23. ##2. Ignatiades L, Gotsis-Skretas O. A review on toxic and harmful algae in Greek coastal waters (E. Mediterranean Sea). Toxins. 2010;2(5):1019-37##3. Ashraf W. Levels of selected heavy metals in tuna fish. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2006 ; 31(1A):89.##4. Shahsavani A, Fakhri Y, Ferrante M, Keramati H, Zandsalimi Y, Bay A, et al. Risk assessment of heavy metals bioaccumulation: fished shrimps from the Persian Gulf. Toxin reviews. 2017;36(4):322-30.##5. Bosch AC, O'Neill B, Sigge GO, Kerwath SE, Hoffman LC. Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2016 ;96(1):32-48.##6. Ignatiades L, Gotsis-Skretas O. A review on toxic and harmful algae in Greek coastal waters (E. Mediterranean Sea). Toxins. 2010;2(5):1019-37.##7. Agah H, Leermakers M, Elskens M, Fatemi SM, Baeyens W. Total mercury and methyl mercury concentrations in fish from the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2007;181(1-4):95-105.##8. Watkins SM, Reich A, Fleming LE, Hammond R. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Marine drugs. 2008;6(3):431-55.##9. Hallegraeff GM. Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. Manual on harmful marine microalgae. 2003;33:1-22.##10. Backer LC, McGillicuddy Jr DJ. Harmful algal blooms: at the interface between coastal oceanography and human health. Oceanography (Washington, DC). 2006;19(2):94.##11. Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, et al. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 2016;96(1):61-91.##12. Friedman MA, Fleming LE, Fernandez M, Bienfang P, Schrank K, Dickey R, et al. Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management. Marine drugs. 2008;6(3):456-79.##13. Perez-Arellano JL, Luzardo OP, Brito AP, Cabrera MH, Zumbado M, Carranza C, et al. Ciguatera fish poisoning, Canary Islands. Emerging infectious diseases. 2005;11(12):1981.##14. Schnorf H, Taurarii M, Cundy T. Ciguatera fish poisoning: a double-blind randomized trial of mannitol therapy. Neurology. 2002;58(6):873-80.##15. Skinner MP, Brewer TD, Johnstone R, Fleming LE, Lewis RJ. Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific Islands (1998 to 2008). PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2011;5(12):e1416.##16. Hamilton B, Hurbungs M, Jones A, Lewis RJ. Multiple ciguatoxins present in Indian Ocean reef fish. Toxicon. 2002;40(9):1347-53.##17. Oshiro N, Yogi K, Asato S, Sasaki T, Tamanaha K, Hirama M, et al. Ciguatera incidence and fish toxicity in Okinawa, Japan. Toxicon. 2010;56(5):656-61.##18. Caillaud A, De la Iglesia P, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Aligizaki K, Fraga S, et al. Update o methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe. Marine Drugs. 2010;8(6):1838-907.##19. Feng C, Teuber S, Gershwin ME. Histamine (scombroid) fish poisoning: a comprehensive review. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2016;50(1):64-9.##20. Tsai YH, Kung HF, Lee TM, Lin GT, Hwang DF. Histamine-related hygienic qualities and bacteria found in popular commercial scombroid fish fillets in Taiwan. Journal of Food Protection. 2004;67(2):407-12.##21. Hungerford JM. Scombroid poisoning: a review. Toxicon. 2010 Aug 15;56(2):231-43.##22. Öndes F, Ünal V, Özbilgin Y, Deval C, Turan C. By-catch and monetary loss of pufferfish in Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean. Su Ürünleri Dergisi. 2018;35(4):361-72.##23. Béarez P, Gay P, Lunniss R. Sea fishing at Salango (Manabí province, Ecuador) during the middle formative Machalilla phase. Latin American Antiquity. 2012;23(2):195-214.##24. Negri A, Stirling D, Quilliam M, Blackburn S, Bolch C, Burton I, et al. Three novel hydroxybenzoate saxitoxin analogues isolated from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2003;16(8):1029-33.##25. Regan JM, Peng P. Neurophysiology of cancer pain. Cancer Control. 2000;7(2):111-9.##26. Vijayavel K, Balasubramanian MP. Fluctuations of biochemical constituents and marker enzymes as a consequence of naphthalene toxicity in the edible estuarine crab Scylla serrata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2006 ;63(1):141-7.##27. Hosseini M, Bastami AA, Khoei JK, Esmailian M, Songhori EJ, Najafzadeh M. Concentrations of heavy metals in selected tissues of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) and sediments from Persian Gulf. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2012;19(10):1398-405.##28. Tillmann U, Jaén D, Fernández L, Gottschling M, Witt M, Blanco J, et al. Amphidoma languida (Amphidomatacea, Dinophyceae) with a novel azaspiracid toxin profile identified as the cause of molluscan contamination at the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Harmful Algae. 2017 ;62:113-26.##29. Angus-Whiteoak AM. From Ecological Epitome to Medical Model: An investigation into Applications for the use of Daphnia in Heart Science (Doctoral dissertation, Liverpool John Moores University).##30. Penna A, Garcés E, Vila M, Giacobbe MG, Fraga S, Lugliè A, et al. Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae), a toxic ribotype expanding in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology. 2005;148(1):13-23.##31. Bravo I, Vila M, Masó M, Figueroa RI, Ramilo I. Alexandrium catenella and Alexandrium minutum blooms in the Mediterranean Sea: toward the identification of ecological niches. Harmful algae. 2008; 7(4):515-22.##32. Masseret E, Grzebyk D, Nagai S, Genovesi B, Lasserre B, Laabir M, et al. Unexpected genetic diversity among and within populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella as revealed by nuclear microsatellite markers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(7):2037-45.##33. Vila M, Garcés E, Masó M, Camp J. Is the distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella expanding along the NW Mediterranean coast?. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;222: 73-83.##34. Laabir M, Collos Y, Masseret E, Grzebyk D, Abadie E, Savar V, et al. Influence of environmental factors on the paralytic shellfish toxin content and profile of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) isolated from the Mediterranean Sea. Marine drugs. 2013; 11(5):1583-601.##35. Tatters AO, Flewelling LJ, Fu F, Granholm AA, Hutchins DA. High CO2 promotes the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by Alexandrium catenella from Southern California waters. Harmful Algae. 2013;30:37-43.##36. Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;214:15-23.##37. Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;214:15-23.##38. Watts J. Tokyo Mercury poisoning victims could increase by 20 000. The Lancet. 2001;358 (9290): 1349.##39. Ekino S, Susa M, Ninomiya T, Imamura K, Kitamura T. Minamata disease revisited: an update on the acute and chronic manifestations of methyl mercury poisoning. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2007;262(1-2):131-44. ##

بررسی شیوع ضایعات اسکلتی-عضلانی و فاکتورهای مربوط به آن در کارکنان شناورهای تندرو- مطالعه مقطعی Prevalence of musculoskeletal injury and its related factors in Iranian Navy vessels - A cross-sectional study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ضربات مداوم و مکرر شناورهای تندرو به سرنشینان می­تواند بر سیستم اسکلتی عضلانی تاثیر منفی گذاشته و در نهایت باعث ایجاد ضایعات مزمن و حاد بشود. در مطالعه حاضر شیوع اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی و فاکتورهای مرتبط با آن در کارکنان شناورهای تندرو بررسی شد. روش‌ها: در مطالعه مقطعی حاضر، جامعه آماری شامل 100 نفر از کارکنان شاغل در شناورهای تندرو بود. برای این افراد پرسشنامه استاندارد نوردیک تهیه و تکمیل گردید. همه شرکت کنندگان در طرح از نظر وضعیت اسکلتی-عضلانی تحت معاینه اولیه قرار گرفتند. برای افرادی که نیاز به معاینات تشخیصی تکمیلی بود با روشهای تصویربرداری (رادیولوژی، سی تی اسکن، MRI) و نوار عصب مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: میانگین سن کارکنان شاغل در شناورهای تندرو 4/5±31/4 سال، BMI برابر 25، مدت زمان ورزش در هفته برابر 5 ساعت، مدت زمان اشتغال به کار در شناور برابر 8/5 سال و مدت زمان ابتلا به مشکلات اسکلتی- عضلانی برابر 2 سال بود. شیوع اختلالات اسکلتی و عضلانی در ناحیه کمر 57%، زانو 47%، پشت 34 %، گردن 30%، شانه 30%، ران و باسن 28 %، دست و مچ 18 %، قوزک و مچ پا 16%، آرنج 7% بود. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده رابطه معناداری بین نوع شناور و مدت زمان کار روی شناور و سن افراد با اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی در ناحیه گردن، و ناحیه پشت، ناحیه کمر و ناحیه زانو بدست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به بالابودن میزان شیوع اختلالات اسکلتی- عضلانی در کارکنان شناورهای تندرو و ارتباط آن با مدت زمان کار روی شناور؛ اصلاح نوع صندلی‌های شناورها، اصلاح وضعیت قرارگیری افراد در شناور، ورزش به منظور پیشگیری از ایجاد ضایعات و راهکارهای درمانی پیشنهاد می­ شود. 2 Background and Aim: Frequent and repeated hits from fast vessels to passengers can adversely affect the musculoskeletal system and eventually cause acute and chronic lesions. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its related factors in the staff of navy fast vessels. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population consisted of 100 employees working on high speed vessels. Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaires were completed for all of them and all were examined by a physician for musculoskeletal status. For those who needed additional diagnostic examinations, they were evaluated by imaging techniques (radiology, CT scans, MRIs) and nerve graphs. Results: The mean age of 100 employees in navy fast vessels was 31.4±4.5 years, BMI: 25, duration of exercise per week: 40 hours, duration of employment in vessels: 8 years and duration of skeletal problems: 2 years. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar region was 57%, knee 47%, back 34%, neck 30%, shoulder 30%, thigh and hip 28%, hand and wrist 18%, ankle 16%, elbow 7%. There was a direct and significant relationship between the type of vessel and duration of work on the vessel and the age of staff with musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, back, waist, and knee. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the staff of navy fast vessels and its relation to the type and duration of work on the vessel, it is suggested to modify the type of seats, modify the position of staff in the vessels, and regular exercise to prevent the development of musculoskeletal disorders. 67 74 2019/07/272019/07/102019/06/15 1398/3/25 2019/09/112019/09/12019/08/20 1398/5/29 محسن صدقی Mohsen Sedghi کامران کاویانی Kamran Kaviani حسین احمدزاده Hossein Ahmadzadeh حمید عنایتی Hamid Enayati حسین جعفری Hossein Jafari بیمارستان صاحب الزمان، بندرعباس، ایران jafari.hossein@gmail.com Musculoskeletal Disorders Low Back Pain Fast Vessels Ergonomics. اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی کمردرد شناورهای تندرو ارگونومی. 1. Soltani A, Abedi M. The Effect of Psychological Stress of Independent Auditors on the Quality of Audit Reports. Journal of Financial Management and Accounting. 2011; 6:83-94.##2. Samadi H, Samadi H, Samadi S. The explanation of casual model for employees' job burnout in a 1. Balcom TA, Moore JL. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal and soft tissue injuries aboard a US Navy ship. Military medicine. 2000;165(12):921-4.##2. Shattuck NL, Matsangas P, Moore J, Wegemann L. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, and fatigue in the crewmembers of a US Navy ship. Military medicine. 2016;181(7): 655-62.##3. Choobineh AR, Daneshmandi HA, Aghabeigi M, Haghayegh A. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among employees of Iranian petrochemical industries: October 2009 to December 2012. Int J Occup Environ Med (The IJOEM). 2013; 4:253-195.##4. Leggat PA, Smith DR. Military training and musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2007;15(2):25-32. ##5. Morken T, Magerøy N, Moen BE. Physical activity is associated with a low prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Royal Norwegian Navy: a cross sectional study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2007;8(1):56.##6. Havenetidis K, Kardaris D, Paxinos T. Profiles of musculoskeletal injuries among Greek Army officer cadets during basic combat training. Military medicine. 2011;176(3):297-303.##7. Qi RR, Wang JQ, Pan LL, Zhou W, Liu JL, Ju JT, Cai YL. Descriptive epidemiology of deployment-related medical conditions and shipboard training-related injuries in a Chinese Navy population. Public health. 2016;141:170-7.##8. Stack T. Ergonomic Interventions for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders. In Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders 2017. IntechOpen.##9. Choobineh A, Tabatabaee SH, Behzadi M. Musculoskeletal problems among workers of an Iranian sugar-producing factory. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics. 2009;15(4): 419-24.##10. Riddle MS, Sherman SS, Kilbane EM, Putnam SD. A multivariate analysis of factors associated with differential disease and nonbattle injury and morbidity aboard ships of the US Naval 5th Fleet during peacetime deployment. Military medicine. 2004; 169 (10):787-94.##11. Shaffer RA, Brodine SK, Ito SI, Le AT. Epidemiology of illness and injury among US Navy and Marine Corps female training populations. Military Medicine. 1999;164(1):17-21.##12. Lipscomb HJ, Loomis D, McDonald MA, Kucera K, Marshall S, Li L. Musculoskeletal symptoms among commercial fishers in North Carolina. Applied ergonomics. 2004;35(5):417-26.##13. Yates B, White S. The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits. The American journal of sports medicine. 2004;32(3):772-80.##14. Haukka E, Leino-Arjas P, Viikari-Juntura E, Takala EP, Malmivaara A, Hopsu L, et al. A randomised controlled trial on whether a participatory ergonomics intervention could prevent musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational and environmental medicine. 2008;65(12):849-56.##15. Dempsey PG. Effectiveness of ergonomics interventions to prevent musculoskeletal disorders: Beware of what you ask. International journal of industrial ergonomics. 2007;37(2):169-73.##16. Buckle P. Ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders: overview. Occupational medicine. 2005;55 (3): 164-7.##17. Mohan SB. Identifying and Controlling Ergonomic Risk Factors in Construction. J Ergonomics. 2018;8(235):2.##18. Haskell SG, Ning Y, Krebs E, Goulet J, Mattocks K, Kerns R, Brandt C. Prevalence of painful musculoskeletal conditions in female and male veterans in 7 years after return from deployment in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Clinical journal of pain. 2012; 28(2):163-7.##19. Kaufman KR, Brodine S, Shaffer R. Military training-related injuries: surveillance, research, and prevention. American journal of preventive medicine. 2000;18(3):54-63.##1. Soltani A, Abedi M. The Effect of Psychological Stress of Independent Auditors on the Quality of Audit Reports. Journal of Financial Management and Accounting. 2011; 6:83-94.##2. Samadi H, Samadi H, Samadi S. The explanation of casual model for employees' job burnout in a 1. Balcom TA, Moore JL. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal and soft tissue injuries aboard a US Navy ship. Military medicine. 2000;165(12):921-4.##2. Shattuck NL, Matsangas P, Moore J, Wegemann L. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, and fatigue in the crewmembers of a US Navy ship. Military medicine. 2016;181(7): 655-62.##3. Choobineh AR, Daneshmandi HA, Aghabeigi M, Haghayegh A. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among employees of Iranian petrochemical industries: October 2009 to December 2012. Int J Occup Environ Med (The IJOEM). 2013; 4:253-195.##4. Leggat PA, Smith DR. Military training and musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2007;15(2):25-32. ##5. Morken T, Magerøy N, Moen BE. Physical activity is associated with a low prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Royal Norwegian Navy: a cross sectional study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2007;8(1):56.##6. Havenetidis K, Kardaris D, Paxinos T. Profiles of musculoskeletal injuries among Greek Army officer cadets during basic combat training. Military medicine. 2011;176(3):297-303.##7. Qi RR, Wang JQ, Pan LL, Zhou W, Liu JL, Ju JT, Cai YL. Descriptive epidemiology of deployment-related medical conditions and shipboard training-related injuries in a Chinese Navy population. Public health. 2016;141:170-7.##8. Stack T. Ergonomic Interventions for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders. In Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders 2017. IntechOpen.##9. Choobineh A, Tabatabaee SH, Behzadi M. Musculoskeletal problems among workers of an Iranian sugar-producing factory. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics. 2009;15(4): 419-24.##10. Riddle MS, Sherman SS, Kilbane EM, Putnam SD. A multivariate analysis of factors associated with differential disease and nonbattle injury and morbidity aboard ships of the US Naval 5th Fleet during peacetime deployment. Military medicine. 2004; 169 (10):787-94.##11. Shaffer RA, Brodine SK, Ito SI, Le AT. Epidemiology of illness and injury among US Navy and Marine Corps female training populations. Military Medicine. 1999;164(1):17-21.##12. Lipscomb HJ, Loomis D, McDonald MA, Kucera K, Marshall S, Li L. Musculoskeletal symptoms among commercial fishers in North Carolina. Applied ergonomics. 2004;35(5):417-26.##13. Yates B, White S. The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits. The American journal of sports medicine. 2004;32(3):772-80.##14. Haukka E, Leino-Arjas P, Viikari-Juntura E, Takala EP, Malmivaara A, Hopsu L, et al. A randomised controlled trial on whether a participatory ergonomics intervention could prevent musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational and environmental medicine. 2008;65(12):849-56.##15. Dempsey PG. Effectiveness of ergonomics interventions to prevent musculoskeletal disorders: Beware of what you ask. International journal of industrial ergonomics. 2007;37(2):169-73.##16. Buckle P. Ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders: overview. Occupational medicine. 2005;55 (3): 164-7.##17. Mohan SB. Identifying and Controlling Ergonomic Risk Factors in Construction. J Ergonomics. 2018;8(235):2.##18. Haskell SG, Ning Y, Krebs E, Goulet J, Mattocks K, Kerns R, Brandt C. Prevalence of painful musculoskeletal conditions in female and male veterans in 7 years after return from deployment in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Clinical journal of pain. 2012; 28(2):163-7.##19. Kaufman KR, Brodine S, Shaffer R. Military training-related injuries: surveillance, research, and prevention. American journal of preventive medicine. 2000;18(3):54-63. ##

ارتباط فعالیت غواصی با تغییرات عملکرد ریوی در غواصان حرفه ای Relationship of diving activity with pulmonary function changes in Iranian professional divers 1 1 زمینه و هدف: شواهدی از اثرات نامطلوب غواصی های عمیق و طولانی مدت بر از دست رفتن عملکرد ریه و بیماری های دستگاه تنفسی، گزارش شده است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین ارتباط فعالیت غواصی با تغییرات عملکرد ریوی در غواصان حرفه ای انجام شد.   روش‌ها: مطالعه تحلیلی حاضر در سال 1396 در سواحل جنوب و شمال ایران انجام شد. با توجه به معیارهای ورود و خروج همه غواصان به صورت سرشماری وارد مطالعه شدند. اطلاعات دموگرفیک و بالینی ایشان ثبت شد. سابقه غواصی بر اساس سال، میانگین ساعات غواصی انجام شده، میانگین عمق غواصی که فرد در فعالیتهای روتین خود انجام می دهد، نیز ثبت گردید. غواصان توسط فوق تخصص ریه ویزیت شده و معاینه دقیق جدار قفسه سینه و معاینه داخلی ریه انجام و اطلاعات بالینی مدنظر ثبت شد. برای همه غواصان گرافی ساده ریوی و تست های تخصصی حجم های ریوی اسپیرومتری انجام شد. یافته‌ها: 61 غواص حرفه ای با میانگین سنی 4/2±34/5 سال و در محدوده 38-29 سال، که همگی مرد بودند شرکت داشتند. 91/8 درصد (56 نفر) از غواصان عدم مصرف سیگار (و همین میزان هم عدم ابتلا به آلرژی) داشتند. میانگین سابقه غواصی در این 61 غواص برابر با 5/2±10/5 سال و در محدوده 25-4 سال بود. میانگین ساعات غواصی 753/2±1071/8 ساعت و در محدوده 3500-50 ساعت بود. میانگین عمق غواصی 13/5±37/4 متر و در محدوده 60-5 متر بود. رابطه سال، ساعت و میانگین عمق غواصی با علایم ریوی (طبیعی، غیرطبیعی: سرفه، تنگی نفس، خلط، دردسینه)، یافته ریوی (طبیعی، صدای غیرطبیعی)، گرافی سینه (طبیعی، غیرطبیعی: درگیری مجاری ریوی، درگیری پارانشیم، ادنوپاتی ریه، ترکیبی)، اسپیرومتری (طبیعی، محدودکننده)،FVC/ FEV1 (بیماری محدودکننده، طبیعی)، FVC (بیمار، سالم)، FEV1 (غیرطبیعی، طبیعی)، FEF (بیمار، سالم) معنی دار بود (P<0.05). نتیجه‌گیری: افزایش سال، ساعت و میانگین عمق غواصی، بعنوان عوامل مرتبط با غواصی بر عملکرد ریه تاثیر منفی دارد. لذا بنظر می رسد غواصان حرفه ای، در معرض از دست دادن عملکرد ریه در طول زمان هستند. اگرچه، تاثیر غواصی بر عملکرد ریه تا حد زیادی به دیگر عوامل نیز بستگی دارد. 2 Background and Aim: There is evidence of undesirable effects of deep and prolonged diving on lung function and respiratory system diseases. The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between diving activity and pulmonary function changes in professional divers. Methods: The current analytical study was conducted in 2017 on the coast of south and north of Iran. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, all professional divers were studied in the census (consecutive) method. The demographic and clinical data were recorded. Diving experience (years), average diving hours, and average diving depth performed by the professional divers in their routine activities was recorded. The divers were visited by the pulmonologist and a thorough examination of the chest and internal lung examination was done and data was recorded. For all divers pulmonary or lung function tests and spirometery tests were done. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18. Results: 61 male professional divers with an average age of 34.5±4.2 years (29-38 years old) participated. 91.8% (56 people) was non-smokers (and the same with no allergies). The average diving experience was 10.5±5.5 years (range of 4-25 years). The average diving hours were 1071.8±753.2 hours in the range of 50-3500 hours. The average diving depth was 37.4±13.5 meters in the range of 5 to 60 meters. Relationship of experience, hours and average depth of diving with pulmonary symptoms (normal, cough, dyspnea, sputum, abdominal pain), pulmonary findings (normal, abnormal sound), chest graph (normal, pulmonary involvement, parenchyma involvement, lung adenopathy), Spirometry (normal, obstruction and restriction), FVC and FEV1 (Limiting disease, normal), FVC (patient, healthy), FEV1 (abnormal, normal, measurable, limiting disease), FEF (patient, healthy) was significant. Conclusion: Increasing the experience, length, and the average depth of diving, as the factors in diving, has a negative effect on lung function. Therefore, it seems that the professional divers are prone to loss of lung function over time. However, the effect of diving on lung function depends on other factors, as well as on the individual itself. 75 83 2019/07/272019/07/102019/06/152019/07/23 1398/5/1 2019/09/112019/09/12019/08/202019/09/9 1398/6/18 شهرام اولیایی Shahram Oliaei محمدحسین حق پرور Mohammad-Hossein Haghparvar علی بهرامی فر Ali Bahramifar جعفر بایرامی Jafar Bairami مرکز تحقیقات تروما، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران drbairami@gmail.com Diver Lung Function Pulmonary barotrauma Professional divers. غواص عملکرد ریه باروترومای ریوی غواصان حرفه ای. 1. Tetzlaff K, Thomas PS. Short-and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function. European Respiratory Review. 2017;26(143):160097. ##2. Godden DJ, Currie G, Denison D, Farrell P, Ross JA, Stephenson R, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines on respiratory aspects of fitness for diving. Thorax. 2003;58(1):3-13.##3. Thorsen E, Kambestan BK. Persistent small airways dysfunction after exposure to hyperoxia. J. Appli. Physiol. 1995; 78 (4): 1421-1424##4. Thorsen E, Segadal K, Kambestad B. Gulsvik A. Diver’s lung function: Small airways disease? Br J Ind Med.1990 Apr;47(8):519-523.##5. Skogstad M, Skare O. Pulmonary function among professional divers over 12 years and the effect of total number of dives. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Sept;79(9):883-887.##6. Watt SJ. Effect of commercial diving on ventilator function. Br J Ind Med. 1985;42(1):59-62.##7. Reuter M, Tetzlaff K, Steffens JC, Glüer CC, Faeseke KP, Bettinghausen E, et al. Functional and high-resolution computed tomographic studies of divers' lungs. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 1999 :67-74.##8. Watt SJ. Effect of commercial diving on ventilatory function. Br J Ind Med. 1985; 42(1): 59–62. ##9. Wilson A. Prevalence and characteristics of lung function changes in recreational scuba divers. Prim Care Respir J. 2011; 20(1): 59–63,##10. Elliott DH, Moon RE. Long-term health effects of diving. In: Bennett PB (eds.) The Physiology and Medicine of Diving. 4th Edn. London, Saunders. 1993: 585–604.##11. Tetzlaff K, Friege L, Reuter M, Haber J, Mutzbauer T, Neubauer B. Expiratory flow limitation in compressed air divers and oxygen divers. European Respiratory Journal. 1998;12(4): 895-9. ##12. Najim AH Alewi, Jasim N. Al-Asadi, Omran S. Habib. The effects of diving on pulmonary function. The Medical Journal of Basrah University. 2006; 24(18.2): 55–59.##13. Sames C, Gorman DF, Mitchell SJ, Gamble G. The long-term effects of compressed gas diving on lung function in New Zealand occupational divers: a retrospective analysis. ##14. Crosbie WA, Reed JW, Clarke MC. Functional characteristics of the large lungs found in commercial divers. J Applied Physiology. 1979; 46(4): 639–645,##15. Crosbie WA, Clarke MB, Cox RA, McIver NK, Anderson IK, Evans HA, et al. Physical characteristics and ventilatory function of 404 commercial divers working in the North Sea. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1977;34 (1):19-25.##16. Clifford GM, Smith DJ, Searing CSM. A comparison of lung volumes between divers and submariners in the Royal Navy. J R Nav Med Serv 1984; 70: 143–148.##17. Adir Y, Shupak A, Laor A, Weiler-Ravell D. Large lungs in divers: natural selection or a training effect?. Chest. 2005;128(1):224-8..##18. Merkus PJFM, Quanjer PH. Expiratory flow limitation in divers. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1496–1497.FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar##19. Skogstad M, Thorsen E, Haldorsen T. Lung function over the first 3 years of a professional diving career. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57: 390–395.##20. Chong SJ, Tan TW, Lim JYJ. Changes in lung function in Republic of Singapore Navy divers. Diving Hyperb Med. 2008; 38: 68–70.##21. Skogstad M, Haldorsen T, Kjuus H. Pulmonary and auditory function among experienced construction divers: a cross-sectional study. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999; 70: 644–649.##22. Sekulic D, Tocilj J. Pulmonary function in military divers: smoking habits and physical fitness training influence. Mil Med. 2006; 171: 1071–1075.##23. Konarski M, Klos R, Nitsch-Osuch A, et al. Lung function in divers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013; 788: 221–227.##24. Dembert ML, Beck GJ, Jekel JF, Mooney LW. Relations of smoking and diving experience to pulmonary function among US Navy divers. Undersea biomedical research. 1984;11(3):299-304. ##25. Lemaître F, Bedu M, Coudert J. Pulmonary function of recreational divers: a cross sectional study. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23: 273–278.## ##26. Lemaître F, Tourny-Collot C, Lemouton MC. Ventilatory function in experienced recreational scuba divers: evidence of small airways disease? Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27: 875–879.##27. Fitzpatrick DT, Conkin J. Improved pulmonary function in working divers breathing nitrox at shallow depths. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003; 74: 763–767.##28. Shykoff BE, Petryszyn JD. Stability of pulmonary function in U.S. Navy divers. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004; 31: 385–386.##29. Voortman M, Ooij PJ, Hulst RA, Zanen P. Pulmonary function changes in Navy divers during their professional careers. Undersea & hyperbaric medicine: journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2016;43(6):649-57.##30. Ong LM, Bennett MH, Thomas PS. Pulmonary dysanapsis and diving assessments. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2009; 36: 375–380##31. Davey IS, Cotes JE, Reed JW. Relationship of ventilatory capacity to hyperbaric exposure in divers. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984; 56: 1655–1658.##1. Tetzlaff K, Thomas PS. Short-and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function. European Respiratory Review. 2017;26(143):160097. ##2. Godden DJ, Currie G, Denison D, Farrell P, Ross JA, Stephenson R, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines on respiratory aspects of fitness for diving. Thorax. 2003;58(1):3-13.##3. Thorsen E, Kambestan BK. Persistent small airways dysfunction after exposure to hyperoxia. J. Appli. Physiol. 1995; 78 (4): 1421-1424##4. Thorsen E, Segadal K, Kambestad B. Gulsvik A. Diver’s lung function: Small airways disease? Br J Ind Med.1990 Apr;47(8):519-523.##5. Skogstad M, Skare O. Pulmonary function among professional divers over 12 years and the effect of total number of dives. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Sept;79(9):883-887.##6. Watt SJ. Effect of commercial diving on ventilator function. Br J Ind Med. 1985;42(1):59-62.##7. Reuter M, Tetzlaff K, Steffens JC, Glüer CC, Faeseke KP, Bettinghausen E, et al. Functional and high-resolution computed tomographic studies of divers' lungs. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 1999 :67-74.##8. Watt SJ. Effect of commercial diving on ventilatory function. Br J Ind Med. 1985; 42(1): 59–62. ##9. Wilson A. Prevalence and characteristics of lung function changes in recreational scuba divers. Prim Care Respir J. 2011; 20(1): 59–63,##10. Elliott DH, Moon RE. Long-term health effects of diving. In: Bennett PB (eds.) The Physiology and Medicine of Diving. 4th Edn. London, Saunders. 1993: 585–604.##11. Tetzlaff K, Friege L, Reuter M, Haber J, Mutzbauer T, Neubauer B. Expiratory flow limitation in compressed air divers and oxygen divers. European Respiratory Journal. 1998;12(4): 895-9. ##12. Najim AH Alewi, Jasim N. Al-Asadi, Omran S. Habib. The effects of diving on pulmonary function. The Medical Journal of Basrah University. 2006; 24(18.2): 55–59.##13. Sames C, Gorman DF, Mitchell SJ, Gamble G. The long-term effects of compressed gas diving on lung function in New Zealand occupational divers: a retrospective analysis. ##14. Crosbie WA, Reed JW, Clarke MC. Functional characteristics of the large lungs found in commercial divers. J Applied Physiology. 1979; 46(4): 639–645,##15. Crosbie WA, Clarke MB, Cox RA, McIver NK, Anderson IK, Evans HA, et al. Physical characteristics and ventilatory function of 404 commercial divers working in the North Sea. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1977;34 (1):19-25.##16. Clifford GM, Smith DJ, Searing CSM. A comparison of lung volumes between divers and submariners in the Royal Navy. J R Nav Med Serv 1984; 70: 143–148.##17. Adir Y, Shupak A, Laor A, Weiler-Ravell D. Large lungs in divers: natural selection or a training effect?. Chest. 2005;128(1):224-8..##18. Merkus PJFM, Quanjer PH. Expiratory flow limitation in divers. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1496–1497.FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar##19. Skogstad M, Thorsen E, Haldorsen T. Lung function over the first 3 years of a professional diving career. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57: 390–395.##20. Chong SJ, Tan TW, Lim JYJ. Changes in lung function in Republic of Singapore Navy divers. Diving Hyperb Med. 2008; 38: 68–70.##21. Skogstad M, Haldorsen T, Kjuus H. Pulmonary and auditory function among experienced construction divers: a cross-sectional study. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999; 70: 644–649.##22. Sekulic D, Tocilj J. Pulmonary function in military divers: smoking habits and physical fitness training influence. Mil Med. 2006; 171: 1071–1075.##23. Konarski M, Klos R, Nitsch-Osuch A, et al. Lung function in divers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013; 788: 221–227.##24. Dembert ML, Beck GJ, Jekel JF, Mooney LW. Relations of smoking and diving experience to pulmonary function among US Navy divers. Undersea biomedical research. 1984;11(3):299-304. ##25. Lemaître F, Bedu M, Coudert J. Pulmonary function of recreational divers: a cross sectional study. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23: 273–278.## ##26. Lemaître F, Tourny-Collot C, Lemouton MC. Ventilatory function in experienced recreational scuba divers: evidence of small airways disease? Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27: 875–879.##27. Fitzpatrick DT, Conkin J. Improved pulmonary function in working divers breathing nitrox at shallow depths. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003; 74: 763–767.##28. Shykoff BE, Petryszyn JD. Stability of pulmonary function in U.S. Navy divers. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004; 31: 385–386.##29. Voortman M, Ooij PJ, Hulst RA, Zanen P. Pulmonary function changes in Navy divers during their professional careers. Undersea & hyperbaric medicine: journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2016;43(6):649-57.##30. Ong LM, Bennett MH, Thomas PS. Pulmonary dysanapsis and diving assessments. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2009; 36: 375–380##31. Davey IS, Cotes JE, Reed JW. Relationship of ventilatory capacity to hyperbaric exposure in divers. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984; 56: 1655–1658. ##

مقایسه اثرگذاری روشهای برون‌ریزی استرس و تمرین صبر بر تاب آوری در بین پایوران مستقر در یک جزیره ایرانی در خلیج فارس Comparison of the effectiveness of stress defusing and patience techniques on resilience in navy deployed in an Iranian island in Persian Gulf 1 1 زمینه و هدف: افراد نظامی نسبت به فشارهای روزافزون روانی در شرایط نظامی بویژه در جزایر می‌بایست تاب آوری مناسب داشته باشند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف مقایسه اثرگذاری روشهای برون‌ریزی استرس و تمرین صبر بر تاب آوری در بین پایوران یک جزیره ایرانی در خلیج فارس انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه نیمه تجربی حاضر طی سال 1396 در یکی از جزایر ایرانی خلیج فارس انجام شد. تعداد 40 نفر از کارکنان پایور نظامی مستقر در جزیره بصورت در دسترس وارد مطالعه شدند و بطور تصادفی در دو گروه برون‌ریزی استرس (20 نفر) یا گروه تمرین صبر (20 نفر) قرار گرفتند. پرسشنامه تاب آوری کانر- دیویدسون در پیش آزمون برای همه تکمیل شد. سپس افراد هر دو گروه به مدت 10 روز هر روز 1 ساعت در جلسات آموزشی مخصوص به گروه خود، شرکت کردند. در پایان، مجدداً پرسشنامه تاب آوری توسط آنها تکمیل شد. داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS19 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: در آنالیز نهایی 17 نفر در گروه تمرین صبر با میانگین سنی 3/2±30/7 سال و 19 نفر در در گروه برون‌ریزی استرس با میانگین سنی 2/2±29/9 سال شرکت داشتند. روش برونریزی استرس موجب افزایش تاب آوری به میزان 18/7 درصد، و روش تمرین صبر موجب افزایش تاب آوری به میزان 53 درصد شد. مقایسه میانگین نمرات ثبت شده در پس آزمون در افراد نشان داد که تمرین صبر به طور معنی داری باعث بهبود وضعیت تاب آوری (p=0.006)، نظامیان جزیره شده و اختلاف معنی داری با روش برون ریزی استرس داشته است. نتیجه‌گیری: هر دو روش برونریزی استرس و تمرین صبر، بر ارتقای تاب آوری، تاثیر مثبت و معنی داری دارد لذا پیشنهاد می شود که از هر دو روش مداخله ای و بویژه تمرین صبر، برای ارتقای تاب آوری، در افراد نظامی قبل، حین و بعد از اعزام به ماموریت استفاده شود.  2 Background and Aim: Military personnel should have suitable resilience against the increasing psychological pressures on military conditions, especially in the islands. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of stress defusing and patience techniques on resilience in navy deployed in an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in one of the Persian Gulf islands in 2016. Forty navy in convenience method enrolled and were randomly assigned to either stress defusing (n=20) or patience (n=20). The Connor-Davidson Resiliency Questionnaire was completed at pre-test for all. Subsequently, participants in both groups attended 10 one-hour training sessions each day. Finally, the resiliency questionnaire was completed by them again. Data were analysed using SPSS 19 software. Results: In the final analysis, 17 navy were in patience group with a mean age of 30.7±3.2 and 19 navy in the Stress defusing group with a mean age of 29.9±2.2 years. Stress defusing technique increased resilience by 18.7% and patience technique increased resilience by 53%. Comparison of the mean scores recorded in the post-test showed that patience significantly improved resiliency (p=0.006), in navy in the island and had a significant difference with stress defusing technique. Conclusion: Both stress defusing and patience training technique have a positive and significant effect on resiliency promotion, so it is recommended that both intervention techniques, especially patience training, be used to improve resilience in military personnel before, during, and after deployed missions. 84 90 2019/07/272019/07/102019/06/152019/07/232019/05/18 1398/2/28 2019/09/112019/09/12019/08/202019/09/92019/08/7 1398/5/16 محسن اسکندری Mohsen Eskandari مرکز تحقیقات طب دریا، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران psy.eskandari@gmail.com احسان اسکندری Ehsan Eskanadri psy.eskandari@gmail.com Stress Defusing Patience Training Resilience Island Persian Gulf. برون‌ریزی استرس تمرین صبر تاب آوری جزیره خلیج فارس. 1. Carr W, Bradley D, Ogle AD, Eonta SE, Pyle BL, Santiago P. Resilience training in a population of deployed personnel. Military Psychology. 2013;25 (2):148-55.##2. Bouchard S, Bernier F, Boivin É, Morin B, Robillard G. Using biofeedback while immersed in a stressful videogame increases the effectiveness of stress management skills in soldiers. PloS one. 2012;7(4): e36169.##3. Foran HM, Adler AB, McGurk D, Bliese PD. Soldiers' perceptions of resilience training and postdeployment adjustment: Validation of a measure of resilience training content and training process. Psychological Services. 2012;9(4):390.##4. Foran HM, Adler AB, McGurk D, Bliese PD. Soldiers' perceptions of resilience training and postdeployment adjustment: Validation of a measure of resilience training content and training process. Psychological Services. 2012;9(4):390.##5. Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S. Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect?. Occupational Medicine. 2007;58 (1):30-4.##6. Arendt M, Elklit A. Effectiveness of psychological debriefing. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001;104(6):423-37.##7. Żychlińska M, Żychliński M, Siermontowski P. Clinical aspect of naval crews combat stress. Polish Hyperbaric Research. 2016;55(2):29-38.##8. Riggs SA, Riggs DS. Risk and resilience in military families experiencing deployment: The role of the family attachment network. Journal of family psychology. 2011;25(5):675.##9. Bashapour S, Porzor P, Mozadi K. The role of psychological hardiness, patience and Islamic optimism in predicting marital satisfaction of nurses (Based on Islamic Attitude). Journal of Health. 2017; 8 (2): 191-203.##10. Hosseini A. Migration experience, resilience and psychological outcomes: An exploratory study of Iranian immigrants in Australia (Doctoral dissertation).##11. Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A, Amirpour B. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2015;14(10):857-65.##12. Devilly GJ, Gist R, Cotton P. Ready! Fire! Aim! The status of psychological debriefing and therapeutic interventions: In the work place and after disasters. Review of General Psychology. 2006;10(4):318-45.##13. Harvey MR, Mondesir AV, Aldrich H. Fostering resilience in traumatized communities: A community empowerment model of intervention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 2007;14(1-2): 265-85.##14. Zellars KL, Justice L, Beck TE. Resilience: New paths for building and sustaining individual and organizational capacity. In The role of individual differences in occupational stress and wellbeing. 2011. (pp. 1-37). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.##15. Gow K, Paton D. Conclusion: Applying learnings about resilience and coping across service organizations, communities and individuals. The Phoenix of Natural Disasters: Community Resilience. 2008:251.##16. Tubbert SJ. Resiliency in emergency nurses. Journal of emergency nursing. 2016;42(1):47-52.##17. Oehlberg BE. Reaching and teaching stressed and anxious learners in grades 4-8: Strategies for relieving distress and trauma in schools and classrooms. Corwin Press; 2006.##18. Burque B, Baker MT, Van Hasselt VB. Critical incident stress debriefing: What is the state of the science?. In Behind the Badge. 2014(pp. 92-120)..##19. Kearney GE. Stress and the military: What have we learned?. Military Stress and Performance: The Australian Defense Force, edited by George E. Kearney, Mark Creamer, and Anne Goyne. 2003:221-31.##20. Cameron F, Brownie S. Enhancing resilience in registered aged care nurses. Australasian journal on ageing. 2010;29(2):66-71.##21. Rahmati M, Khaledi B, Salari N, Bazrafshan MR, Haydarian A. The effects of religious and spiritual interventions on the resilience of family members of patients in the ICU. Shiraz E Medical Journal. 2017;18(11).##22. Hatefi M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Borji M, Tarjoman A. Investigating the relationship between religious beliefs with care burden, stress, anxiety, and depression in caregivers of patients with spinal cord injuries. Journal of religion and health. 2019:1-2.##1. Carr W, Bradley D, Ogle AD, Eonta SE, Pyle BL, Santiago P. Resilience training in a population of deployed personnel. Military Psychology. 2013;25 (2):148-55.##2. Bouchard S, Bernier F, Boivin É, Morin B, Robillard G. Using biofeedback while immersed in a stressful videogame increases the effectiveness of stress management skills in soldiers. PloS one. 2012;7(4): e36169.##3. Foran HM, Adler AB, McGurk D, Bliese PD. Soldiers' perceptions of resilience training and postdeployment adjustment: Validation of a measure of resilience training content and training process. Psychological Services. 2012;9(4):390.##4. Foran HM, Adler AB, McGurk D, Bliese PD. Soldiers' perceptions of resilience training and postdeployment adjustment: Validation of a measure of resilience training content and training process. Psychological Services. 2012;9(4):390.##5. Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S. Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect?. Occupational Medicine. 2007;58 (1):30-4.##6. Arendt M, Elklit A. Effectiveness of psychological debriefing. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001;104(6):423-37.##7. Żychlińska M, Żychliński M, Siermontowski P. Clinical aspect of naval crews combat stress. Polish Hyperbaric Research. 2016;55(2):29-38.##8. Riggs SA, Riggs DS. Risk and resilience in military families experiencing deployment: The role of the family attachment network. Journal of family psychology. 2011;25(5):675.##9. Bashapour S, Porzor P, Mozadi K. The role of psychological hardiness, patience and Islamic optimism in predicting marital satisfaction of nurses (Based on Islamic Attitude). Journal of Health. 2017; 8 (2): 191-203.##10. Hosseini A. Migration experience, resilience and psychological outcomes: An exploratory study of Iranian immigrants in Australia (Doctoral dissertation).##11. Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A, Amirpour B. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2015;14(10):857-65.##12. Devilly GJ, Gist R, Cotton P. Ready! Fire! Aim! The status of psychological debriefing and therapeutic interventions: In the work place and after disasters. Review of General Psychology. 2006;10(4):318-45.##13. Harvey MR, Mondesir AV, Aldrich H. Fostering resilience in traumatized communities: A community empowerment model of intervention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 2007;14(1-2): 265-85.##14. Zellars KL, Justice L, Beck TE. Resilience: New paths for building and sustaining individual and organizational capacity. In The role of individual differences in occupational stress and wellbeing. 2011. (pp. 1-37). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.##15. Gow K, Paton D. Conclusion: Applying learnings about resilience and coping across service organizations, communities and individuals. The Phoenix of Natural Disasters: Community Resilience. 2008:251.##16. Tubbert SJ. Resiliency in emergency nurses. Journal of emergency nursing. 2016;42(1):47-52.##17. Oehlberg BE. Reaching and teaching stressed and anxious learners in grades 4-8: Strategies for relieving distress and trauma in schools and classrooms. Corwin Press; 2006.##18. Burque B, Baker MT, Van Hasselt VB. Critical incident stress debriefing: What is the state of the science?. In Behind the Badge. 2014(pp. 92-120)..##19. Kearney GE. Stress and the military: What have we learned?. Military Stress and Performance: The Australian Defense Force, edited by George E. Kearney, Mark Creamer, and Anne Goyne. 2003:221-31.##20. Cameron F, Brownie S. Enhancing resilience in registered aged care nurses. Australasian journal on ageing. 2010;29(2):66-71.##21. Rahmati M, Khaledi B, Salari N, Bazrafshan MR, Haydarian A. The effects of religious and spiritual interventions on the resilience of family members of patients in the ICU. Shiraz E Medical Journal. 2017;18(11).##22. Hatefi M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Borji M, Tarjoman A. Investigating the relationship between religious beliefs with care burden, stress, anxiety, and depression in caregivers of patients with spinal cord injuries. Journal of religion and health. 2019:1-2. ##

شناسایی آفات، حشرات و جوندگان در شناورهای سبک و نیمه سنگین حاضر در بندرعباس و ارائه راهکارهای مقابله با آن Identification of pests, insects and rodents on the light and semi-heavy vessels available in Bandar Abbas and presentation of solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: از جمله مشکلات آزاردهنده در همه شناورهای دنیا، وجود انواع جانداران موذی از جوندگان تا حشرات است که بخشی از توان اجرایی پرسنل شناوری را معطوف خود کرده یا موجب خرابی سامانه های کنترل ناوبری، صدمه به شبکه‌های الکترونیکی، آسیب به مواد غذایی و حتی مسمومیت در افراد می‌شوند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی آفات، حشرات و جوندگان در شناورهای سبک و نیمه سنگین و ارائه راهکارهای مقابله با آن انجام شد. روش‌ها: پس از بررسی اولیه، انتخاب محل و اسکله­ ها، از شناورهای سبک و نیمه سنگین موجود در جنوب ایران (بندرعباس) طی سال 1396 نمونه برداری و صید حشرات و جوندگان انجام شد. جمع‌آوری نمونه­ ها با کمک توری‌های حشره‌شناسی دستی، آسپیراتور، تله­چسبان، جمع‌آوری با دست، پنس یا تله ها؛ انجام گرفت. کشتن و نگهداری نمونه‌ها نیز به روش های استاندارد انجام شد و فراوانی نمونه­ ها ثبت گردید. پس از پردازش اطلاعات، با همفکری پنل خبرگان متشکل از 6 تن از کارشناسان مرتبط با حوزه بهداشت (بهداشت محیط، عمومی و حرفه­ ای) راهکارهای مقابله با آفات، حشرات و جوندگان در شناورها ارئه شد. یافته‌ها: در سطح شناورها؛ به طور کلی 141 عدد بندپا، 18 جنس، 29 گونه و 4 سر جونده از یک خانواده و متعلق به یک گونه تعیین هویت و شناسایی شد. نمونه­ ها به ترتیب بیشتر از آشپزخانه (شناورهای سبک و نیمه سنگین)، خوابگاه پرسنل، امکانات رزمی و سالن اصلی شناورها جمع آوری شد. بیشترین فراوانی مربوط به سوسری آمریکایی و مورچه بزرگ (12/77 %) و بعد از آن عنکبوت (11/35 %)، مورچه کوچک (10/64 %) و کمترین فراوانی مربوط به ملخ و جونده می­باشد. طبق جمع بندی نظرات 6 تن از کارشناسان مرتبط با حوزه بهداشت (بهداشت محیط، عمومی و حرفه­ای) راهکارهای مقابله با آفات، حشرات و جوندگان در 4 حوزه فیزیکی، شیمیایی، بیولوژیکی و ژنتیکی ارائه شد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به فراوانی آفات، حشرات و جوندگان موجود در شناورها، ارتقای سطح آگاهی مدیران و کارکنان در خصوص رعایت بهداشت محیط، از طریق برگزاری جلسات آموزشی توسط کارشناسان بهداشت و همچنین تهیه و تدوین چک لیست کنترل آفات و حشرات مخصوص شناورهای سبک و نیمه سنگین پیشنهاد می‌گردد. 2 Background and Aim: Among the most annoying problems in all vessels are the existence of species from rodents to insects that waste some part of the ability of personnel to operate or damage navigation control systems, damage electronic networks, damage food and even poison people. The purpose of this study was to identify pests, insects and rodents on the light and semi-heavy vessels available in Bandar Abbas and to provide solutions to them. Methods: After preliminary examination, location and floating docks selection, sampling and catching of insects and rodents were done from the vessels in southern Iran (Bandar Abbas). Samples were collected with the help of manual entomopathology; aspirator; sticky trap; hand collection; match with canberra; pneumatic; trap collection. Killing and storing of samples was done by standard methods and frequency of samples was recorded. After processing the information, a panel of experts from six experts in the field of health (environmental, public and occupational health) developed solution and strategies to remove pest, insect and rodent.   Results: In total, 141 arthropods, 18 genera, 29 species and 4 rodents from one family belonging to one species were identified. Samples were collected in greater order from the kitchen, personnel dormitories, martial facilities and the main vessels lounge. The highest frequency of arthropods caught was American cockroach and large ant (12.77%) followed by spiders (11.35%), small ants (10.64%) and the least abundant were locusts and rodents. Summarizing the opinions of 6 experts in the field of health (environmental health, public and professional), solutions were presented in 4 areas: physical, chemical, biological and genetic. Conclusion: Considering the abundance of pests, insects and rodents in light and semi-heavy vessels, raising the awareness of managers and staff about environmental health, through training sessions by health experts, as well as the preparation of a pesticide and insect control checklist is suggested. 91 98 2019/07/272019/07/102019/06/152019/07/232019/05/182019/06/27 1398/4/6 2019/09/112019/09/12019/08/202019/09/92019/08/72019/08/20 1398/5/29 رسول ابهر Rasoul Abhar ابوذر احمدی Abouzar Ahmadi گلثوم رشید Golsoom Rashid مهدی صفاتیان Mahdi Safatian بیمارستان امام رضا، چالوس، ایران mahdisafatian@yahoo.com Insects Arthropods Rodents Light and Semi-Heavy Vessels. حشرات بندپایان جوندگان شناورهای سبک و نیمه سنگین. 1. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008;451(7181):990.##2. Brower V. Vector‐borne diseases and global warming: are both on an upward swing? Scientists are still debating whether global warming will lead to a further spread of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit. EMBO reports. 2001;2(9):755-7.##3. Lak SS, Vatandoost H, Telmadarraiy Z, Mahdi RE, Kia EB. Seasonal activity of ticks and their importance in tick-borne infectious diseases in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 2008:28-34.##4. Kalluri S, Gilruth P, Rogers D, Szczur M. Surveillance of arthropod vector-borne infectious diseases using remote sensing techniques: a review. PLoS pathogens. 2007;3(10):e116.##5. World Health Organization. A global brief on vector-borne diseases. World Health Organization; 2014.##6. Lashari AA, Zaman G. Global dynamics of vector-borne diseases with horizontal transmission in host population. Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 2011;61(4):745-54.##7. Lounibos LP. Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annual review of entomology. 2002;47(1): 233-66.##8. Smith M, Inglis GJ, Wilkens S, McDonald S. Emergency surveillance for marine pests after the grounding of the container vessel, MV Rena. New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research. 2016;50(1):42-55.##9. Song M, Wang B, Liu J, Gratz N. Insect vectors and rodents arriving in China aboard international transport. Journal of travel medicine.2003;10(4):241-4.##10. Kia EB, Moghddas-Sani H, Hassanpoor H, Vatandoost H, Zahabiun F, Akhavan AA, et al. Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Iranian journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 2009;3(2):44.##11. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Oshaghi MA. A checklist of Iranian cockroaches (Blattodea) with description of Polyphaga sp as a new species in Iran. Journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 2015;9(2):161.##12. Rahimian AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Zaim M. A Review on the Insecticide Resistance of Three Species of Cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Iran. Journal of economic entomology. 2018;112(1):1-0.##13. Prado MA, Gir E, Pereira MS, Reis C, Pimenta FC. Profile of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in a Brazilian health care institution. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006;10(1):26-32.##14. Corsaro D, Thomas V, Goy G, Venditti D, Radek R, Greub G. ‘Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia crassificans’, an intracellular bacterial pathogen of the cockroach Blatta orientalis (Insecta: Blattodea). Systematic and applied microbiology. 2007;30(3): 221-8.##15. Dehghani R, Atharizadeh M, Gh MS, Azadi S, Rashidi M, Paksa A. Analysis of cockroach fauna and frequency in human residential habitats of North of Isfahan, Iran. International Archives of Health Sciences. 2014;1(1):25-9.##16. Moore PJ, Moore AJ. Reproductive aging and mating: the ticking of the biological clock in female cockroaches. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(16):9171-6.##17. Richman DL, Bryan J, inventors; FMC Corp, assignee. Composition for Control of Cockroaches. United States patent application US 11/568,807. 2008 Jun 26.##18. Raulf M, Bergmann KC, Kull S, Sander I, Hilger C, Brüning T, et al. Mites and other indoor allergens—from exposure to sensitization and treatment. Allergo journal international. 2015;24(3): 68-80.##19. Liu L, Chen J, Xu J, Yang Q, Gu C, Ni C, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy of atopic dermatitis in mite-sensitized patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Artificial cells, nano-medicine, and biotechnology. 2019;47(1): 3540-7.##20. Gill NK, Dhaliwal AK. Seasonal Variation of Allergenic Acarofauna from the Homes of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthmatic Patients. Journal of medical entomology. 2017;55(2):262-8.##21. Soleimani Ahmadi M, Rafinejad J. House Dust Mite Contamination in Hotels and Inns in Bandar Abbas, South of Iran;Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng, 2008; 3(5): 207-210.##22. Arlian LG, Morgan MS. Biology, ecology, and prevalence of dust mites. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2003;23(3):443-68.##23. Ahn YJ, Kim SI, Kim HK, Tak JH. Naturally occurring house dust mites control agents: development and commercialization. Advances in phytomedicine. 2006;3:269-89.##24. Portnoy J, Miller JD, Williams PB, Chew GL, Miller JD, Zaitoun F, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure control of dust mites: a practice parameter. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2013;111(6):465-507.##25. Jeong KY, Lee IY, Lee J, Ree HI, Hong CS, Yong TS. Effectiveness of education for control of house dust mites and cockroaches in Seoul, Korea. The Korean journal of parasitology. 2006;44(1):73.##26. Livingston RS. Diagnostic testing of mouse and rat colonies for infectious agents. Lab animal. 2003;32(5):44.##1. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008;451(7181):990.##2. Brower V. Vector‐borne diseases and global warming: are both on an upward swing? Scientists are still debating whether global warming will lead to a further spread of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit. EMBO reports. 2001;2(9):755-7.##3. Lak SS, Vatandoost H, Telmadarraiy Z, Mahdi RE, Kia EB. Seasonal activity of ticks and their importance in tick-borne infectious diseases in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 2008:28-34.##4. Kalluri S, Gilruth P, Rogers D, Szczur M. Surveillance of arthropod vector-borne infectious diseases using remote sensing techniques: a review. PLoS pathogens. 2007;3(10):e116.##5. World Health Organization. A global brief on vector-borne diseases. World Health Organization; 2014.##6. Lashari AA, Zaman G. Global dynamics of vector-borne diseases with horizontal transmission in host population. Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 2011;61(4):745-54.##7. Lounibos LP. Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annual review of entomology. 2002;47(1): 233-66.##8. Smith M, Inglis GJ, Wilkens S, McDonald S. Emergency surveillance for marine pests after the grounding of the container vessel, MV Rena. New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research. 2016;50(1):42-55.##9. Song M, Wang B, Liu J, Gratz N. Insect vectors and rodents arriving in China aboard international transport. Journal of travel medicine.2003;10(4):241-4.##10. Kia EB, Moghddas-Sani H, Hassanpoor H, Vatandoost H, Zahabiun F, Akhavan AA, et al. Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Iranian journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 2009;3(2):44.##11. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Oshaghi MA. A checklist of Iranian cockroaches (Blattodea) with description of Polyphaga sp as a new species in Iran. Journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 2015;9(2):161.##12. Rahimian AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Zaim M. A Review on the Insecticide Resistance of Three Species of Cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Iran. Journal of economic entomology. 2018;112(1):1-0.##13. Prado MA, Gir E, Pereira MS, Reis C, Pimenta FC. Profile of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in a Brazilian health care institution. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006;10(1):26-32.##14. Corsaro D, Thomas V, Goy G, Venditti D, Radek R, Greub G. ‘Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia crassificans’, an intracellular bacterial pathogen of the cockroach Blatta orientalis (Insecta: Blattodea). Systematic and applied microbiology. 2007;30(3): 221-8.##15. Dehghani R, Atharizadeh M, Gh MS, Azadi S, Rashidi M, Paksa A. Analysis of cockroach fauna and frequency in human residential habitats of North of Isfahan, Iran. International Archives of Health Sciences. 2014;1(1):25-9.##16. Moore PJ, Moore AJ. Reproductive aging and mating: the ticking of the biological clock in female cockroaches. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(16):9171-6.##17. Richman DL, Bryan J, inventors; FMC Corp, assignee. Composition for Control of Cockroaches. United States patent application US 11/568,807. 2008 Jun 26.##18. Raulf M, Bergmann KC, Kull S, Sander I, Hilger C, Brüning T, et al. Mites and other indoor allergens—from exposure to sensitization and treatment. Allergo journal international. 2015;24(3): 68-80.##19. Liu L, Chen J, Xu J, Yang Q, Gu C, Ni C, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy of atopic dermatitis in mite-sensitized patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Artificial cells, nano-medicine, and biotechnology. 2019;47(1): 3540-7.##20. Gill NK, Dhaliwal AK. Seasonal Variation of Allergenic Acarofauna from the Homes of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthmatic Patients. Journal of medical entomology. 2017;55(2):262-8.##21. Soleimani Ahmadi M, Rafinejad J. House Dust Mite Contamination in Hotels and Inns in Bandar Abbas, South of Iran;Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng, 2008; 3(5): 207-210.##22. Arlian LG, Morgan MS. Biology, ecology, and prevalence of dust mites. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2003;23(3):443-68.##23. Ahn YJ, Kim SI, Kim HK, Tak JH. Naturally occurring house dust mites control agents: development and commercialization. Advances in phytomedicine. 2006;3:269-89.##24. Portnoy J, Miller JD, Williams PB, Chew GL, Miller JD, Zaitoun F, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure control of dust mites: a practice parameter. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2013;111(6):465-507.##25. Jeong KY, Lee IY, Lee J, Ree HI, Hong CS, Yong TS. Effectiveness of education for control of house dust mites and cockroaches in Seoul, Korea. The Korean journal of parasitology. 2006;44(1):73.##26. Livingston RS. Diagnostic testing of mouse and rat colonies for infectious agents. Lab animal. 2003;32(5):44. ##

شناسایی ژنتیکی و تعیین الگوی مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی باکتریهای سودوموناس جداشده از عفونت‌های بیمارستانی بخش سوختگی بیمارستان پیامبر اعظم بندرعباس Genetic Identification and Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Burn Unit of Payambar e Azam Hospital in Bandar Abbas 1 1 زمینه و هدف: برای درمان مناسب و کنترل عفونت های بیمارستانی لازم است از الگوی مقاومت میکروارگانیسم های بیماری زا آگاهی داشته باشید. مطالعه حاضر با هدف مقایسه روش های تشخیص فنوتیپی و ژنوتیپی سودوموناس آئروژینوزا و فراوانی درصد مقاومت به آنتی بیوتیک‌ها ‌بر روی نمونه ­های بالینی بخش سوختگی بیمارستان پیامبر اعظم بندرعباس در سال 1395 انجام شد. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه از روش­های شناسایی مورفولوژیک، بیوشیمیایی و ژنتیک بر اساس تعیین توالی 16s rRNA استفاده شد. به منظور تعیین حساسیت آنتی بیوتیکی از روش کربی بائر و طبق دستورالعمل CLSI استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: از 50 ایزوله متعلق به جنس سودوموناس 27 % ایزوله‌ها از نمونه پوست و 73 % از نمونه‌های زخم جداسازی شدند. نتایج الگوی حساسیت آنتی بیوتیکی نشان داد به ترتیب 46/15، 15/38، 46/15، 23/08، 15/38، 15/38 و 38/46 درصد از ایزوله­های مورد آزمون در مقابل سیپروفلوکساسین، ایمی پنم، پیپراسیلین، سفتازیدیم، آمیکاسین، آزیترومایسین و سفپیم مقاومت نشان دادند. در حالیکه این میزان برای ایزوله­های جداشده از زخم به ترتیب 80/56، 25، 80/56، 27/78، 16/67، 33/33 و 41/67 درصد ثبت شد. نتایج شناسایی ژنتیکی ایزوله­ها علیرغم انطباق با نتایج فنوتیپی در مورد 5 ایزوله، تنها در مورد ایزوله W23 با نتایج فنویپی مطابقت نشان نداد. مطالعات فیلوژنتیک واگرایی تکاملی ایزوله S11 را نسبت به سایر ایزوله­های مورد مطالعه تایید نمود. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج ارائه شده مقاومت بالای ایزوله‌­های مورد بررسی را به ویژه نسبت به آنتی بیوتیک‌های سیپروفلوکساسین و پیپراسیلین نشان داد و بر بکارگیری آنتی بیوتیک­های موثر و مصرف کنترل شده آنها تاکید نمود. همچنین ضرورت انجام شناسایی ­ژنتیکی سویه های سودوموناس را پیشنهاد می­گردد. 2 Background and Aim: For proper treatment and control of nosocomial infections, it is necessary to know the resistance pattern of pathogenic microorganisms. The aims of the present study were to compare phenotypic and genotypic detection of pseudomonas aeroginosa and to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistant isolates from clinical samples of burn unit of Payambar e Azam Hospital in Bandar Abbas in 2016. Methods: Morphological, biochemical and genetic identification methods based on 16s rRNA sequencing were used. Kirby Bauer method was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Of 50 Pseudomonas isolates, 27% of isolates were from skin samples and 73% from wound samples. The results of antibiotic susceptibility pattern showed that 46.15, 15.38, 46.15, 23.08, 15.38, 15.38 and 38.46% of the tested isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin, ceftazidime, respectively. Amikacin, azithromycin and cefepime showed resistance. This pattern for wound-derived isolates was recorded as 80.56, 25, 80.56, 27.78, 16.67, 33.33, 41.67 respectively. The results of genetic identification of 5 isolates confirmed phenotypic ones although these results did not confirm phenotypic results for W23 isolate. Phylogenetic studies revealed that S11 isolate had exposed evolutionary divergency rather than other examined isolates. Conclusion: The presented results showed high antibiotic resistance especially to ciprofloxacin and piperacillin among examined isolates and emphasized on application of effective antibiotics and their limited prescription. The necessity of genetic identification of Pseudomonas strains is also suggested. 99 109 2019/07/272019/07/102019/06/152019/07/232019/05/182019/06/272019/07/15 1398/4/24 2019/09/112019/09/12019/08/202019/09/92019/08/72019/08/202019/09/10 1398/6/19 فاطمه خلیقی Fateme Khalighi forankii@gmail.com سعید تمدنی جهرمی Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi پژوهشکده اکولوژی خلیج‌فارس و دریای عمان، موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندر عباس، ایران stamadoni@gmail.com سید مرتضی سیفتی Seyed Morteza Seifati seifati@gmail.com Pseudomonas aeroginosa Antibiotic resistance Antibiogram Genetic identification. سودوموناس آئروژینوزا مقاومت به آنتی بیوتیک آنتی بیوگرام شناسایی ژنتیکی. 1. Gellatly SL, Hancock RE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: new insights into pathogenesis and host defenses. Pathogens and disease. 2013;67(3):159-173##2. Alaghehbandan R, Azimi L, Lari AR. Nosocomial infections among burn patients in Teheran, Iran: a decade later. 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Abdo Z, Minin VN, Joyce P, Sullivan J. Accounting for uncertainty in the tree topology has little effect on the decision-theoretic approach to model selection in phylogeny estimation. Mol Biol Evol. 2004; 22 (3):691-703##36. Sacchi S, Lorenzi S, Molla G, Pilone MS, Rossetti C, Pollegioni L. Engineering the Substrate Specificity ofd-Amino-acid Oxidase. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277 (30):27510-16.##1. Gellatly SL, Hancock RE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: new insights into pathogenesis and host defenses. Pathogens and disease. 2013;67(3):159-173##2. Alaghehbandan R, Azimi L, Lari AR. Nosocomial infections among burn patients in Teheran, Iran: a decade later. Annals of burns and fire disasters. 2012; 25 (1):3.##3. Campa M, Bendinelli M, Friedman H, editors. Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an opportunistic pathogen. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.##4. Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, System NNIS. 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بررسی رابطه سرمایه اجتماعی با سلامت اجتماعی و سلامت سازمانی کارکنان شاغل در یک بیمارستان نظامی The relationship between social capital and social health and organizational health of personnel working in a military hospital 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ضرورت توجه به سرمایه اجتماعی به عنوان دارایی با ارزشی برای ایجاد و حفظ سلامت و توانمندی سازمانها امری بدیهی و آشکار است. بر این اساس پژوهش حاضر می‌کوشد تا وضعیت سرمایه اجتماعی و رابطه این مفهوم و ابعاد آن را با وضعیت سلامت اجتماعی و سلامت سازمانی کارکنان بیمارستان نظامی بررسی کند. روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی - مقطعی می‌باشد و جامعه مورد مطالعه از کارکنان یک بیمارستان نظامی در شهر تهران در پاییز 1395 انتخاب شد. جمع آوری داده‌ها با پرسشنامه اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، پرسشنامه سلامت سازمانی هوی و فیلدمن، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته سرمایه اجتماعی بردبار و پرسشنامه سلامت اجتماعی کییز انجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS16 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: همبستگی مثبت و معناداری بین ابعاد سرمایه اجتماعی با سلامت اجتماعی و سلامت سازمانی کارکنان بیمارستان های نظامی گزارش شد. در مجموع پس از انجام معادله رگرسیون رابطه کل سرمایه اجتماعی با سلامت اجتماعی و سازمانی کارکنان بیمارستان، با مقدار همبستگی به ترتیب 0/556 و 0/518 تأیید شد. با توجه به ضریب تعیین، می‌توان اذعان داشت 28 % تغییرات سلامت اجتماعی با تغییرات سرمایه اجتماعی و 26 % تغییرات سلامت سازمانی با تغییرات سرمایه اجتماعی قابل توضیح است. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس رابطه مستقیمِ سرمایه اجتماعی با سلامت اجتماعی و سازمانی می‌توان بیان داشت که برقرای ارتباط صحیح میان کارکنان سازمان باعث تقویت روحیه، عملکرد بالاتر و از طرفی باعث کاهش فشار ناشی از کار، تنش، مخالفت و مقاومت می‌گردد که در نهایت به افزایش سلامت سازمانی و اجتماعی منجر می شود. 2 Background and Aim: Attention to social capital as an important asset for building and maintaining healthy and empowered organizations have been obvious and apparent. This study aims to examine the social capital status and its relationship with organizational health and social health of military staff. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the study population was randomly selected from all administrative staff is a military hospital in Tehran, Iran. Data collection was done by demographic questionnaire, Feldman organizational health questionnaire, researcher-made questionnaire of social capital and Keyes Social Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: There is a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of social capital [reciprocity, trust, social participation, public awareness, sense of responsibility and beliefs [with social health and organizational health. In general, after performing the regression equation, the relationship of total social capital with the social and organizational health of hospital staff had correlations of 0.555 and 0.518, respectively. According to the coefficients of determination (28 and 26 percent), this means that 28% of social health changes are explained by social capital changes and 26% of organizational health changes are explained by social capital changes. Conclusion: The direct relationship between social capital and social and organizational health can be explained by proper communication among the employees of the organization to enhance morale, higher performance and at the same time reduce work-related stress, conflicts, opposition and resistance, which ultimately increases organizational and social health. 110 117 2019/07/272019/07/102019/06/152019/07/232019/05/182019/06/272019/07/152019/05/18 1398/2/28 2019/09/112019/09/12019/08/202019/09/92019/08/72019/08/202019/09/102019/08/16 1398/5/25 پژمان خسروی Pejman Khosravi دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران khosravi_pejman@yahoo.com معصومه چوبین Masumeh Choobin عباس حاجی اسفندیاری Abbas Haji Esfandiari حمید عنایتی Hamid Enayati Social capital Social health Organizational health. سرمایه اجتماعی سلامت اجتماعی سلامت سازمانی افراد نظامی. 1. Safari K, Shayeste S. Study of relationships between family social capital and youth’s social well-being. Quarterly journal of social work. 2015;4(3):5-17.##2. Rahbar A., Haydari F. Impact of Social Capital on Promotion of Policy-making. Research Letter of International Relations. 2011; 4(14): 219-53.##3. Sharbatiyan MH, Imani N. a sociological analysis of social health of youth and factors affecting it (case study: 18-to 30-year-old citizens of qaen city). 2018: 167-188.##4. Moatamedy A, Borjali A, Sadeqpur M. Prediction of Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly Based on the Power of Stress Management and Social Support. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2018;13(1):98-109.##5. Yazdanpanah L, Nikvarz T. Relationship between Social Factors and Social Health among Students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Journal of Applied Sociology (1735-000x). 2015;59(3).##6. sharbatiyan mh, imani n. a sociological analysis of social health of youth and factors affecting it (case study: 18-to 30-year-old citizens of qaen city).##7. Najafi S, Noruzy A, Azar HK, Nazari-Shirkouhi S, Dalv MR. Investigating the relationship between organizational justice, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior: An empirical model. African Journal of Business Management. 2011; 5(13):5241-8.##8. Shariatmadari M.Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Health and Effectiveness of School Administrators in Tehran. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation. 2009; 2(6): 119-151.##9. Esfahani A, MalekPour K, Tadayon AH, Abbasi Farajzadeh M. The Relationship between Intellectual Capital with Human Resource Productivity and Job Performance from the Viewpoint of the Military Hospital Staff. J Mil Med. 2019;20(6):674-84.##10. Kamali Y. Study the role of administrative decentralization on administrative integrity. 2014; 2(5): 111-32.##11. Mohajeran B, Ghaleei A, Ashrafi Salimkandi F, Darvishi Z. A Study of the Relationship Between Social Capital and Organizational Health by the Mediating Role of Organizational Self-Esteem. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2018; 29(4): 39-58. ##12. Haery SM, Tehrani H, Olyaeimanesh A, Nedjat S. Factors Influencing the Social Health of Employees of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2016;3(4):311-8.##13. Ghadampour E, Zandkarimi M. relationship between organizational communication and Knowledge sharing with the role of positive organizational trust in teachers. Journal of Library and Information Science Studies, 2018; 25(25): 103-128. ##14.Abbaszadeh M, Alizadehaghdam M, Eslamibanab S. A Studying the Relations Between Social Capital and Social Anomy. Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 2012; 1(1): 145-172. ##15. Rastegar Khaled A, Azimi H. Relationship between Social Capital and Democratic Citizenship. Social Sciences. 2013; 19(59): 97-141. ##16. Ahmadi S, shamsi R, Ahmadi B. Sociological analysis of the relationship between social capital and youth crime. Sociological Cultural Studies. 2016; 7(4): 1-22.##17. Hezar Jaribi J, Mehri A. Analysis of the relationship between social capital and mental health and social. Social Sciences Journal. 2013; 19(59): 42-90.##18. Tghvaei Yazdi M. The Relationship between Organizational Health and Organizational Trust to Social Responsibility of Teachers in Sari Education District. 2016; 7(27): 95-116.##19. Aibaghi Esfahani S, Sabokro M, Barzegarloo M, Azami M. The Impact of Social Capital on Organizational Health in Public Organizations. Social Capital Management. 2017; 4(2): 199-220. ## ##20. Mohajeran B, Ghaleei A, Ashrafi Salimkandi F, Darvishi Z. A Study of the Relationship between Social Capital and Organizational Health by the Mediating Role of Organizational Self-Esteem. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2018; 29(4): 39-58. ##21. Mousavi Khamene M, Abedi Jafari H, Mohammadian M. Investigation the relationship between Organizational Social Capital and Organizational Integrity Case study: employees of National Iranian Gas Company (with emphasis on Transparency and Accountability). Organizational Behaviour Studies Quarterly. 2016; 5(2): 145-176.##1. Safari K, Shayeste S. Study of relationships between family social capital and youth’s social well-being. Quarterly journal of social work. 2015;4(3):5-17.##2. Rahbar A., Haydari F. Impact of Social Capital on Promotion of Policy-making. Research Letter of International Relations. 2011; 4(14): 219-53.##3. Sharbatiyan MH, Imani N. a sociological analysis of social health of youth and factors affecting it (case study: 18-to 30-year-old citizens of qaen city). 2018: 167-188.##4. Moatamedy A, Borjali A, Sadeqpur M. Prediction of Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly Based on the Power of Stress Management and Social Support. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2018;13(1):98-109.##5. Yazdanpanah L, Nikvarz T. Relationship between Social Factors and Social Health among Students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Journal of Applied Sociology (1735-000x). 2015;59(3).##6. sharbatiyan mh, imani n. a sociological analysis of social health of youth and factors affecting it (case study: 18-to 30-year-old citizens of qaen city).##7. Najafi S, Noruzy A, Azar HK, Nazari-Shirkouhi S, Dalv MR. Investigating the relationship between organizational justice, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior: An empirical model. African Journal of Business Management. 2011; 5(13):5241-8.##8. Shariatmadari M.Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Health and Effectiveness of School Administrators in Tehran. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation. 2009; 2(6): 119-151.##9. Esfahani A, MalekPour K, Tadayon AH, Abbasi Farajzadeh M. The Relationship between Intellectual Capital with Human Resource Productivity and Job Performance from the Viewpoint of the Military Hospital Staff. J Mil Med. 2019;20(6):674-84.##10. Kamali Y. Study the role of administrative decentralization on administrative integrity. 2014; 2(5): 111-32.##11. Mohajeran B, Ghaleei A, Ashrafi Salimkandi F, Darvishi Z. A Study of the Relationship Between Social Capital and Organizational Health by the Mediating Role of Organizational Self-Esteem. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2018; 29(4): 39-58. ##12. Haery SM, Tehrani H, Olyaeimanesh A, Nedjat S. Factors Influencing the Social Health of Employees of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2016;3(4):311-8.##13. Ghadampour E, Zandkarimi M. relationship between organizational communication and Knowledge sharing with the role of positive organizational trust in teachers. Journal of Library and Information Science Studies, 2018; 25(25): 103-128. ##14.Abbaszadeh M, Alizadehaghdam M, Eslamibanab S. A Studying the Relations Between Social Capital and Social Anomy. Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 2012; 1(1): 145-172. ##15. Rastegar Khaled A, Azimi H. Relationship between Social Capital and Democratic Citizenship. Social Sciences. 2013; 19(59): 97-141. ##16. Ahmadi S, shamsi R, Ahmadi B. Sociological analysis of the relationship between social capital and youth crime. Sociological Cultural Studies. 2016; 7(4): 1-22.##17. Hezar Jaribi J, Mehri A. Analysis of the relationship between social capital and mental health and social. Social Sciences Journal. 2013; 19(59): 42-90.##18. Tghvaei Yazdi M. The Relationship between Organizational Health and Organizational Trust to Social Responsibility of Teachers in Sari Education District. 2016; 7(27): 95-116.##19. Aibaghi Esfahani S, Sabokro M, Barzegarloo M, Azami M. The Impact of Social Capital on Organizational Health in Public Organizations. Social Capital Management. 2017; 4(2): 199-220. ## ##20. Mohajeran B, Ghaleei A, Ashrafi Salimkandi F, Darvishi Z. A Study of the Relationship between Social Capital and Organizational Health by the Mediating Role of Organizational Self-Esteem. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2018; 29(4): 39-58. ##21. Mousavi Khamene M, Abedi Jafari H, Mohammadian M. Investigation the relationship between Organizational Social Capital and Organizational Integrity Case study: employees of National Iranian Gas Company (with emphasis on Transparency and Accountability). Organizational Behaviour Studies Quarterly. 2016; 5(2): 145-176. ##