وضعیت آلودگی و ارزیابی خطر فلز سرب در ماهیان خلیج فارس، دریای عمان و دریای خزر-مطالعه مروری Contamination Status and Risk Assessment of Lead Metal in Fish of Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and Caspian Sea- Narrative review 1 1 فلز سرب یکی از فلزات سمی است که در محیط زیست پراکنش بالایی دارد و به واسطه بسیاری از فعالیت‌های انسانزاد صنعتی، کشاورزی، شهری و روستایی وارد چرخه طبیعت می‌شود، همچنین با ورود به اکوسیستم های دریایی، در چرخه مواد غذایی و ماهیان انباشت شده و می‌تواند سبب بیماریهای بسیار خطرناک و سرطان‌زا در انسان گردد. این تحقیق مروری در سال 1400 انجام شد. داده‌های موردنیاز برای ارزیابی خطر سرب بر روی ماهیان دریای خزر و عمان و خلیج فارس، با بررسی مقالات فارسی و انگلیسی منتشر شده، جمع‌آوری گردید. یافته‌ها نشان داد که دامنه غلظت فلز سرب در ماهیان دریای خزر از 0/03 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در ماهی سیاه کولی تا 3/01 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در ماهی کفال طلایی بود. در میان ماهیان خلیج فارس و دریای عمان بالاترین میزان سرب در کفشک ماهی (2/82 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) و پایین‌ترین میزان این فلز در بز ماهی زرد جامه (0/008 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم) بود. میزان سرب در عضله ماهیان مورد مطالعه در دریای خزر نظیر ماهی سفید، کفال طلایی، کپور معمولی، کفال پوزه باریک، سگ ماهی دریایی و اردک ماهی در مقایسه با حد آستانه مجاز استاندارد سازمان بهداشت جهانی (0/2 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم) بالاتر بود. در مورد ماهیان خلیج فارس و دریای عمان نیز مقادیر سرب در عضله ماهیان شیر، شوریده، قباد، کفال پشت سبز، میش ماهی، ماهی سوکلا، ماهی شورت و کفشک ماهی بالاتر از حد مجاز سازمان بهداشت جهانی گزارش شد. با توجه به ارزیابی خطر فلز سرب در ماهیان مورد مطالعه در بسیاری از موارد شاخص خطر بالاتر از 1 به دست آمده و شاخص خطر سرطان‌زایی فلز سرب در عضله بسیاری از ماهیان مورد مطالعه بالاتر از 4-10×1 گزارش شده است. بنابراین با توجه به این نتایج می‌توان چنین استنباط کرد که بسیاری از ماهیان دریای خزر، خلیج فارس و دریای عمان طی سالیان گذشته به فلز سرب آلوده شده‌اند و برای مصرف انسانی می‌بایست بر اساس پیشنهادهای سازمان بهداشت جهانی موارد احتیاط لازم را انجام داد. همچنین پیشنهاد می‌گردد در خصوص غلظت فلز سرب و سایر فلزات سنگین به صورت مستمر پایش و کنترل در اکوسیستم های دریایی انجام شود. 2 Lead is a toxic metal that is highly distributed in the environment and enters the natural cycle through many human-made industrial, agricultural, urban and rural activities, as well as by entering the marine ecosystems, it accumulates in the cycle of food and fish and can cause very dangerous and carcinogenic diseases in humans. This review was conducted in 2022. The data needed to assess the risk of lead on fish in the Caspian Sea, Oman sea and the Persian Gulf were collected by reviewing Persian and English published articles. The findings showed that the range of lead concentration in Caspian Sea fish was from 0.03 mg/kg in Vimba vimba to 3.01 mg/kg in golden grey mullet. Among the fish of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the highest amount of lead was found in the flounders (2.82 mg/kg) and the lowest amount of this metal was found in sulpdur goatfish (0.008 mg/kg). The amount of lead in the muscle of the fish studied in the Caspian Sea, such as Caspian kutum, Golden grey mullet, common carp, leaping mullet, Gobies, and common Pike, was higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard (0.2 mg/kg). In fish in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the levels of lead in the muscles of Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Tigertooth croaker, Indo-Pacific king mackerel, Chelon subviridis, blackspotted croaker, Cobia, Sillaginidae, and Flounder were reported to be higher than the WHO limit. According to the risk assessment of lead metal in the fishes, in many cases the risk index was higher than 1 and the carcinogenic risk index of lead in the muscle of many fishes was reported to be higher than 1×10-4. Therefore, according to these results, it can be concluded that many fish in the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Oman Sea have been contaminated with lead metal during the past years, and for human consumption, the necessary precautions should be taken based on the recommendations of the WHO. It is also suggested to continuously monitor and control the concentration of lead metal and other heavy metals in marine ecosystems. 141 152 2022/06/8 1401/3/18 2022/06/28 1401/4/7 محمد ولایت زاده Mohammad Velayatzadeh گروه ایمنی صنعتی، موسسه آموزش عالی کاسپین، قزوین، ایران mv.5908@gmail.com Health Risk Assessment Heavy Metals Lead Fish Persian Gulf. ارزیابی خطر سلامت فلزات سنگین فلز سرب ماهی خلیج فارس. 1. Dane H, Si̇sman T. A morpho-histopathological study in the digestive tract of three fish species influenced with heavy metal pollution. Chemosphere. 2020; 242: 125212. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125212##2. Krieger JR, Beaudreau AH, Heintz RA, Callahan MW. Growth of young-of-year sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in response to temperature and prey quality: insights from a life stage specific bioenergetics model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2020; 526: 151340. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151340 ##3. 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بررسی آثار آلودگی فلزات سنگین ناشی از پساب تردد کشتی‌ها بر جوامع ماکروبنتیک Investigating the Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution caused by Ship Traffic Effluents on Macrobenthic Communities 1 1 فلزات سنگین از رایج‌ترین آلاینده‌های محیطی هستند که می‌توانند از منابع طبیعی و انسانی به مناطق ساحلی وارد شوند و موجودات دریایی و جمعیت انسانی را تحت تأثیر قرار دهند. فلزات سنگین به دلیل سمیت، ماندگاری و ویژگی‌های تجمع زیستی، تهدیدی جدی برای سلامت انسان، موجودات زنده و اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی هستند. بسیاری از یون‌های فلزات سنگین برای انسان سمی یا سرطان‌زا هستند. فلزات سنگین می‌توانند با کاهش تنوع و فراوانی گونه‌ها و از طریق تجمع در موجودات زنده و زنجیره‌های غذایی منجر به تخریب اکوسیستم‌های دریایی شوند. فلزات سنگین از طریق منابع مختلفی از جمله صنایع، فاضلاب‌ها و پساب‌های خانگی به محیط‌های ساحلی و دریایی وارد می‌شوند. فلزات سنگین ناشی از پساب تردد کشتی‌ها از جمله منابع آلوده‌کننده هستند. این پژوهش به بررسی اثر این آلودگی بر جوامع ماکروبنتیک پرداخته است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که فلزات سنگین در ماهی بر تخم ریزی زودرس، افزایش مرگ و میر و کاهش سیستم دفاعی بدن تاثیر دارد، در کیسه تنان بر کاهش رشد و بقا و تقسیم سلولی نامنظم، در سخت پوستان بر افزایش مرگ و میر و تاخیر در رشد و جلوگیری از توسعه پوسته و تقسیم سلولی نامنظم و در پرندگان دریایی بر افزایش مرگ و میر، کاهش دفاع بدن، تاخیر در رشد، از دست دادن ظرفیت پرورش و کاهش ضخامت پوسته تخم مرغ و در بنتوزها بر ساختار نامنظم و وضعیت سمی حاد و تاخیر در رشد تاثیر دارد. فعالیت‌های شهری و صنعتی از منابع اصلی آلودگی محیط‌های دریایی هستند. در نتیجه می‌توان بیان کرد که ارزیابی کیفیت زیست محیطی در این بخش می‌تواند اطلاعات مفیدی را برای کنترل آلودگی در مناطق ساحلی ارائه دهد. اخیراً، اجرای چارچوب‌های قانونی زیست‌محیطی در جامعه اروپا باعث افزایش آگاهی در مورد اهمیت فلزات سنگین پساب تردد کشتی به منظور دستیابی به "وضعیت محیطی خوب" شده است. 2 Heavy metals are one of the most common environmental pollutants that can enter coastal areas from natural and human sources and affect marine organisms and the human population. Heavy metals are a serious threat to human health, living organisms and natural ecosystems due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation characteristics. Many heavy metal ions are toxic or carcinogenic to humans. Heavy metals can lead to the destruction of marine ecosystems by reducing the diversity and number of species and through accumulation in living organisms and food chains. Heavy metals enter coastal and marine environments through various sources, including industries, and domestic sewage. Heavy metals from ship traffic effluents are among polluting sources. This study investigated the effect of this pollution on macrobenthic communities. The findings show that heavy metals have an effect on premature spawning, increase in mortality and decrease in the body's defense system in fish, decrease in growth and survival and irregular cell division in sea urchins, increase in mortality, delay in growth and prevention shell development and irregular cell division in crustaceans, and increased mortality, reducing body defenses, delaying growth, losing breeding capacity and reducing eggshell thickness in seabirds, and irregular structure and acute toxic condition and delay in growth in benthos. Urban and industrial activities are the main sources of marine environment pollution. As a result, it can be stated that environmental quality assessment in this sector can provide useful information for pollution control in coastal areas. 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پیش‌بینی رضایت زناشویی از طریق استرس شغلی در دریانوردان شهر بوشهر Predicting Marital Satisfaction through Job Stress in Bushehr City Sailors 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیتی که رضایت زناشویی در همه ابعاد کیفیت زندگی دارد؛ هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر پیش‌بینی رضایت زناشویی از طریق استرس شغلی در دریانوردان بود. روش ها: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی- همبستگی بود که در سال 1401 و در شهر بوشهر انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل دریانوردان متاهل 35 تا 40 سال شهر بوشهر بودند که با نمونه گیری در دسترس وارد مطالعه شدند. حجم نمونه، 60 نفر از دریانوردانی بود که تمایل به شرکت در پژوهش داشتند. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه های استرس شغلی اسیپو (1987) (Osipow) و رضایت زناشویی انریچ (1998) (Enrich) استفاده گردید. یافته ها: در دریانوردان متاهل، بین استرس شغلی و رضایت زناشویی رابطه منفی معناداری وجود دارد (0/001=p). نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که استرس شغلی 43 درصد از واریانس رضایت زناشویی را تبیین می‌کند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به وجود استرس شغلی در دریانوردی و اهمیت 43 درصدی استرس شغلی در پیش‌بینی رضایت زناشویی دریانوردان، پیشنهاد می‌شود راهکارهایی برای کاهش استرس شغلی در دریانوردان ایجاد شود تا دریانوردان از عوارض کوتاه مدت و دراز مدت کمبود رضایت زناشویی مصون بمانند. 2 Background and Aim: Given the importance of marital satisfaction in all aspects of quality of life; the aim of this study was to predict marital satisfaction through job stress in sailors. Methods: The present research was a descriptive-correlational study conducted in Bushehr city, south of Iran in 2022. The statistical population was married sailors aged 35 to 40 years in Bushehr city, who were included in the study by available sampling. The sample size was 60 sailors who volunteered to participate in the study. Osipow's (1987) occupational stress and Enrich's (1998) marital satisfaction questionnaires were used to collect data. Results: There is a significant negative relationship between job stress and marital satisfaction (p=0.001). The results of regression analysis showed that job stress explains 43% of the variance of marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Considering the existence of job stress in maritime work and the importance of 43% job stress in predicting marital satisfaction, it is suggested to develop strategies to reduce job stress in sailors so that sailors are protected from short-term and long-term complications of lack of marital satisfaction. 160 166 2022/06/82022/06/12022/06/14 1401/3/24 2022/06/282022/07/102022/07/10 1401/4/19 مژگان آگاه هریس Mojgan Agahheris دانشگاه پیام نور mojganagahharis@gmail.com فاطمه عیسی زاده Fatemeh Eisazadeh دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی سلامت، دانشگاه پیام نور، امارات متحده عربی f.eisazadeh74@gmail.com هما نیابتی چرندابی Homa Niabati Charandabi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی homaniabati@gmail.com Marital Satisfaction Job Stress Sailors رضایت زناشویی استرس شغلی دریانوردان. 1. Hassanvandi S, Mohammadi M, Shahyad S. Predicting the Severity of COVID-19 Anxiety Based on Sleep Quality and Mental Health in Health Care Workers. Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(4): 184-191. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.344007.1048##2. Morteza H, Ghorbani R, Alibeigi M, Mirakhorloo S, Arjaneh M. Relationship between marital and occupational satisfaction in the Iranian health center employees. Koomesh. 2018; 20 (2): 300-309##3. Ghaedamini Harouni A, Sadeghi de cheshmeh M, Babaeefarsani M, Maleki Farsani, G. The role of job stress on job satisfaction of female primary school teachers during the corona pandemic with the mediating test of work-family conflict and parental stress. Applied Educational Leadership, 2021; 2(1): 77-95.##4. Putri S, Kinanthi M. Job Stress and Marital Satisfaction among Husbands in Dual-Earner Marriages. Psychology Symposium, 2019; 1: 1-5.##5. Işık R, Kaya Y. The relationships among perceived stress, conflict resolution styles, job satisfaction and marital satisfaction during the COVID-19 quarantine. Current Psychology, 2022; 4 (41): 953-960. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02737-4##6. Karimian Zo M, Soliemanian A, Rahimi Pordanjani T. The Role of Shift Work Tolerance and Job Stress as Predictions of Marital Satisfaction among Mashhad City Firefighters. tkj. 2018; 10 (2) :1-9.##7. Jonglertmontree W, Kaewboonchoo O, Morioka I, Boonyamalik P. Mental health problems and their related factors among seafarers: a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 2022; 22 (282): 1467-1477. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12713-z##8. Youn I, Lee J. Seafarers' Physical Activity and Sleep Patterns: Results from Asia-Pacific Sea Routes. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020; 17: 66-72. doi:10.3390/ijerph17197266##9. Shattuck NL, Matsangas P. Gender Differences in Sailor Well-Being, Sleep-Related Behaviors, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance in the United States Navy. Sleep. 2020; 43: 313-318. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.817##10. Delavar A. Educational and psychological Research. Payam Noor University: 2003.##11. Osipow SH, Spokane AR. Occupational stress inventoryrevised. Odessa, FL: Psychological. 1998: 1-15.##12. Karimzadeh A, Taheri M, Bayat M, Beale A, Ahmadi H. Localized Gluteal Skin Pinch Pressure Hyperalgesia in Patients with Chronic Low-Back Pain. Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(1): 32-37. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.143713 ##13. Sharifian SA, Aminian O, Kiyani M, Barouni SH, Amiri F. The evaluation of the degree of occupational stress and factors influencing in forensic physicians working in legal medicine organization- Tehran- Autumn of 2005. Scientific ournal of Forensic Medicine, 2006; 12(3):144- 157.##14. MirKhashti F. Investigating the relationship between life satisfaction and mental health. Master of Islamic Azad University of Counseling, Roodehen Branch. 1996.##15. Soleimanian H. Tehran Enrich Intelligence Test, Marital Satisfaction Application Questionnaire. 1995. ##16. Hasanvand B, Azad E, Eskandari M. Identifying Factors Affecting Job Stress Management in Iranian Navy Staff: A Qualitative Study. J Mar Med. 2022; 4 (1) :56-67.##17. Raesi R, Abbasi Z, Saghari S, Bokaie S, Raei M, Hushmandi K. Evaluation of Factors Affecting Job Stress in Nurses Caring for COVID-19 Patients. J Mar Med. 2021; 3 (4) :80-88.##18. Sepahvand M J, Javadi M, Mokhtari J, Khaghanizade M, Babajani-Vafsi S. Assessment of Job Stress and Its Relationship with Demographic and Recruitment Parameters in Iranian Navy Personnel. J Mar Med. 2019; 1 (3) :141-148.## ##

ارائه الگوی توسعه عوامل ایمنی در اماکن آبی Developing a Model for Water Safety in Swimming Pools 1 1 زمینه و هدف: یکی از مهمترین شیوه های گذران اوقات فراغت افراد جامعه؛ حضور در اماکن آبی و استخرهای شنا می باشد. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر به منظور حفظ سلامت جسمانی و روانی استفاده کنندگان از این اماکن؛ به دنبال آن است تا با استفاده از راهبردهای مناسب، زمینه توسعه ایمنی اماکن آبی و استخرهای شنا فراهم شود. روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر کیفی، از نظر هدف کاربردی و با استفاده از رویکرد داده بنیاد به شیوه گلیزر انجام شد. جامعه آماری مورد مطالعه پژوهش را اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه در گروه مدیریت ورزشی و علوم پزشکی، مسئولان اداره ورزش و جوانان، خبرگان حوزه ساخت و تجهیز اماکن ورزشی، مدیران اماکن آبی (استخرهای شنا) و استفاده کنندگان از اماکن آبی در استان مازندران و در سال 1401 تشکیل میدادند. روش نمونه گیری غیرتصادفی و هدفمند؛ و ابزار سنجش مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته با پرسشهای باز بود. مصاحبه ها تا حد اشباع نظری (مصاحبه شماره 18) ادامه یافت. به منظور معتبرسازی نهایی پژوهش از ملاکهای اعتبار و قابلیت اعتماد استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: بعد از حذف کدهای مشابه، 64 مفهوم در زمینه توسعه ایمنی اماکن آبی و استخرهای شنا شناسایی شد که در 2 مقوله اصلی توسعه عملیاتی (شامل اقدامات فنی، اقدامات ایمن سازی، خدمات اضطراری، اقدامات بهداشتی) و توسعه راهبردی (شامل آموزش و فرهنگ‌سازی، اقدامات پیشگیرانه) قرار گرفتند. نتیجه‌گیری: برخی از مهمترین توصیه‌ها در زمینه توسعه ایمنی اماکن آبی و استخرهای شنا شامل جلوگیری از تشکیل رسوبات آهکی در سطح استخر، جلوگیری از رشد جلبکها در آب استخر، برخورداری از دستگاه اکسیژن در اماکن آبی و آشنایی امدادگران و ناجیان غریق با روشهای احیا و ارتباط سریع با مراکز درمانی می باشد. 2 Background and Aim: One of the most important ways of spending leisure time is using swimming pools and water parks. Therefore, the current research, in order to maintain the physical and mental health of the users of these places, seeks to develop a model for water safety in swimming pools by using appropriate strategies. Methods: The current qualitative research was conducted using the foundation data model. The statistical population was university faculty members in the department of sports management and medical sciences, officials of the sports and youth department, experts in the field of construction and equipping of sports facilities, managers and users of swimming pools in Mazandaran province, north of Iran in 2022. The non-random sampling method; and a semi-structured interview with open questions were used. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation (Interview No. 18). In order to finalize the research, validity and reliability criteria were used. Results: After removing the similar codes, 64 concepts were identified in the field of water safety development in swimming pools, which are in two main categories of operational development (including technical measures, security measures, emergency services, health measures) and strategic development (including training and culture, preventive measures). Conclusion: Some important recommendations in the field of developing a model for water safety in swimming pools include preventing the formation of calcareous deposits on the surface of the pool, preventing the growth of algae in the pool, having an oxygen device in swimming pools and familiarizing rescuers and lifeguards with resuscitation methods and quick connection with medical centers. 167 175 2022/06/82022/06/12022/06/142022/07/11 1401/4/20 2022/06/282022/07/102022/07/102022/08/14 1401/5/23 محمد زارع آبندانسری Mohammad Zare Abandansari گروه مدیریت ورزشی،دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران mmdzare19957m@gmail.com عباس نقی زاده باقی Abbas Naghizadeh Baghi گروه مدیریت ورزشی،دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران a.naghizadeh@uma.ac.ir حسین طاهری Hossein Taheri گروه تربیت بدنی دانشگاه علوم انتظامی امین، تهران، ایران hoseintaheri1363@chmail.ir طیبه یانپی Tayyebeh Yanpi گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران tayyebeh.yanpi1396@gmail.com Safety Water Swimming Pools Swimming Iran. ایمنی آب استخر آبی شنا ایران. 1. Ghareh MA, Kalhor R. Determining strategies of skiing in Iran with Swot analysis method. Applied Research in Sport Management. 2015;4(2):117-27.##2. Mische Lawson L, D'Adamo J, Campbell K, Hermreck B, Holz S, Moxley J, et al. A qualitative investigation of swimming experiences of children with autism spectrum disorders and their families. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics. 2019;13. doi:10.1177/1179556519872214##3. Petrescu S, Piţigoi G, Păunescu M. The Effects of Practicing Swimming on the Psychological Tone in Adulthood. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;159:74-7. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.331##4. Rezakhani Taleghani H, Khodayari A, Ghasemi H, Kohandel M. Designing a Swimming Sports Development Model in Iran. Journal of Research on Management of Teaching in Marine Sciences. 2020 ##5. Mansoorian HJ, Rajabizade A, Modrek MJ, Doulatshahi S, Hatami B. Water Health Indices in Kerman Swimming Pools, in 2011. J Health & Development. 2013; 2(2): 128-38.##6. Roy SL, Scallan E, Beach MJ. The rate of acute gastrointestinal illness in developed countries. Journal of water and health. 2006; 4(S2):31-69. doi:10.2166/wh.2006.017##7. Organization WH. WHO guidelines for the safe use of wasterwater excreta and greywater: World Health Organization; 2006.##8. Soltanin R, Salehzadeh k. Assessment of satisfaction of the health and safety of swimming in Tabriz city. 2015.##9. Hoguane AM, Gammelsrøad T, Christensen KH, da Silva Nharreluga BA, Poio MV. Nearshore currents and safety to swimmers in Xai-Xai Beach. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. 2019; 19(4):209-20. doi:10.5894/rgci-n148##10. Choopankareh V, Soltani A. A study of the effect of educational game on learning safety and security concepts and orientation to safe activities on the coast. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi, 2017; 22(2): 131-142.##11. Glauner T, Waldmann P, Frimmel FH, Zwiener C. Swimming pool water-fractionation and genotoxicological characterization of organic constituents. Water research. 2005;39(18):4494-502. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.005##12. Hsiao R. Analysis of risk management practices and litigation status in aquatic centers. PhD Dissertation, Florida State University College of Education, Copyright by pro Quest Information and Learning Co. 2005.##13. Danaee Fard H, Alvani SM, Azar A. Quantitative research methodology in management: a comprehensive approach Tehran: Saffar Publication. 2018##14. Mohammadpour A. Meta-methodology of the philosophical and practical foundations of the combined research method in social and behavioral sciences, Tehran, Sociologists Publications. 2009##15. Gholipour R, Esmaeili MR, Honari H, Ghorbani MH. Codification the Development Model of Knowledge Management in Ministry of Youth and Sports by Using Grounded Theory. Research on Educational Sport. 2015; 5(13): 193-214 ##16. Khastar H. Presenting a method for calculating the reliability of the coding stage in research interviews. Humanities Methodology, 2009;15(58): 161-174.##17. Zhang J. Swimming pool safety detection device based on computer vision. Journal of Electronic Imaging. 2022; 32 (1):011205. doi:10.1117/1.JEI.32.1.011205##18. Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, Hassanzadeh A. Predictive indicators of the safety of swimming pool waters. Water Science and Technology. 2009;60(12):3101-7. doi:10.2166/wst.2009.746##19. Tsamba L, Correc O, Couzinet A. Chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools: Development of a pilot pool unit and impact of operating parameters. Environment international. 2020;137:105566. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105566##20. Zazouli M, Mahdavi Y, Moradi Golrokhi M, Balarak D. Investigation of Water Quality Health Indicators of the Swimming Pools in Urmia in 2013. JRUMS. 2015; 13 (11) :1033-1048.##21. Blake R, Peters J. Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) and International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC). Journal of environmental health. 2012; 74 (9):36.##22. Gallè F, Baldelli G, Valeriani F, Di Rosa E, Liguori G, Brandi G. Swimming Pool safety and prevention at the time of Covid-19: a consensus document from GSMS-SItI. Annali di igiene: medicina preventiva e di comunita. 2020;32(5):439-48.##23. Jahangiri Rad M, Hafezi N, Bashardoost P. Analytical evaluation of water quality of swimming pools in the southern regions of Tehran in 2019. Environment and Water Engineering.2021;7(1):183-91.##24. Choi H, Park C. Relationship Between Participant's Selection Attributes, Satisfaction, and Continued Participation according to SAFETY Awareness of Water Leisure Sports. International Journal of Crisis & Safety. 2021;6(2):1-8. doi:10.22471/crisis.2021.6.2.01##25. Assadi A, Alizadeh A, Mohammad Fazl M, Nassiri J, Moshiri J. Study of the status of physicochemical and bacterial indicators of water in swimming pools in Zanjan city. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 2019; 25(6): 763-771## ##

آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد دانشجویان دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار در زمینه مسمومیت غذایی Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Students of Chabahar University of Maritime and Marine Sciences in the Field of Food Poisoning 1 1 زمینه و هدف: مسمومیت غذایی شایع‌ترین و مهمترین شکل بروز بیماری‌های منتقل شونده از غذا می‌باشد که در اثر مصرف غذای آلوده ایجاد می‌گردد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین آگاهی و نگرش و عملکرد دانشجویان دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار در زمینه مسمومیت غذایی انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر از نوع مقطعی-توصیفی بود که در سال 1400 انجام گرفت. جامعه پژوهش همه دانشجویان شاغل به تحصیل در دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار بودند. حجم نمونه 150 نفر محاسبه شد. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد دانشجویان در زمینه مسمومیت غذایی بود که پایایی و روایی آن تایید گردید. یافته‌ها: میانگین و انحراف معیار نمره آگاهی و نگرش و عملکرد دانشجویان به ترتیب 3/09±20/33، 5/11±43/14 و 5/64±13/04 بود. میانگین نمره آگاهی در 61 درصد افراد در سطح خوب برآورد شد. میانگین نمره نگرش در 64 درصد دانشجویان در سطح متوسط بود و عملکرد در 58 درصد افراد ضعیف گزارش شد. بین آگاهی و سطح تحصیلات و عملکرد با سابقه مسمومیت در دانشجویان ارتباط آماری معنی‌داری مشاهده شد (0/05P<). نتیجه‌گیری: با وجود سطح بالای آگاهی و نگرش متوسط دانشجویان، عملکرد آنها در سطح ضعیفی قرار دارد. با توجه به شغل حساس دانشجویان نیروی دریایی در آینده که مدت طولانی را در کشتی سپری می‌کنند و دور از خانواده از غذایی جمعی استفاده می‌نمایند، برگزاری کارگاه‌های آموزشی با هدف ارتقا عملکرد ایشان در زمینه مسمویت غذایی پیشنهاد می‌گردد. 2 Background and Aim: Food poisoning is the most common and important form of the food-borne disease caused by consuming contaminated food. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the knowledge, attitude and practice of students of Chabahar University of Maritime and Marine Sciences in the field of food poisoning. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in 2022. The research population was all students studying at Chabahar University of Maritime and Marine Sciences. The sample size of 150 people was calculated. The tool of data collection was the questionnaire of knowledge, attitude and practice of students in the field of food poisoning, whose reliability and validity were confirmed. Results: The mean and standard deviation of students' knowledge, attitude and performance scores were 20.33±3.09, 43.14±5.11 and 13.04±5.64, respectively. The mean knowledge score in 61% of students was estimated at a good level. The mean attitude score in 64% of students was at the moderate level, and practice was reported to be poor in 58%. A statistically significant relationship was observed between knowledge and level of education and practice with a history of poisoning in students (P<0.05). Conclusion: Despite the high level of knowledge and a moderate level of attitude in students, their practice was at a poor level. Considering the sensitive job of naval students in the future who spend a long time on the ship, it is suggested to hold training workshops with the aim of improving their practice in the field of food poisoning. 176 182 2022/06/82022/06/12022/06/142022/07/112022/05/17 1401/2/27 2022/06/282022/07/102022/07/102022/08/142022/07/10 1401/4/19 آمنه مرزبان Ameneh Marzban دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران amenemarzban@yahoo.com ابوذر انصاری Abozar Ansari دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یزد ansari2020@yahoo.com محسن دولتی Mohsen Dowlati گروه سلامت در بلایا و فوریتها، دانشکده مدیریت و اطلاع رسانی پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران dowlati1025@yahoo.com Knowledge Attitude Practice Food Poisoning Navy. آگاهی نگرش عملکرد مسمومیت غذایی نیروی دریایی. 1. Ghod Elahi M, Hekmati M, Esmaeili D, Ziarati P, Yousefi M. Antibacterial Activity of Modified Carvacrol against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(4): 192-196. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.350997.1051##2. Marzban A, Emami P. The Importance of Food Safety in Disasters - a glance at the recent Flood in Iran (July 2022). Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(4): 204-205. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.353717.1054 ##3. Marzban A, Rahmanian V, Shirdeli M, Barzegaran M. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Food Hygiene and Safety among Food Catering Staff in Yazd. The Journal of Tolooebehdasht. 2019. doi:10.18502/tbj.v18i3.1444 ##4. Rabori MM, Avazpour M, Eskandarinasab M, Khalooei A. Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice among restaurant food handlers in Kerman, Iran. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques. 2020;8(1):535-9. ##5. Eslami H, Marzban A, AkramiMohajeri F, Rezaei Z, Rafati Fard M. Students' knowledge and attitude of hygiene and food safety at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran. Journal of community health research. 2015;4(3):159-67. ##6. Sarsangi V, Taghizadeh M, Sharafati Chaleshtori R. Evaluation of knowledge and attitude of students of Kashan University of medical sciences about food hygiene and storage. Food Hygiene. 2018;8:73-83. ##7. Janjani H, Mehralian M, Shamsizadeh Z, Sangsefidi ZS, Khashij M. Knowledge and practice of people in Kermanshah regarding food hygiene and safety. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research. 2018;16(1). ##8. Haji Mohammadi B, Ehrampoush MH, Khalatbari S, Amiri A, Gerayllo S, Hosseini M. Knowledge, attitude and practice of women living in Yazd, Iran regarding food poisoning. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2015;12(3):81-95.##9. Hassan N, Kamarulzaman N, Nawi MN. Factors influencing consumers' knowledge towards contaminated peanut-based products. International Food Research Journal. 2018;25:S147-S56. ##10. Yusof AMM, Rahman NA, Haque M. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward food poisoning among food handlers and dietetic students in a public university in Malaysia. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2018;10(4):232. doi:10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_141_18##11. Yusof AM, Rahman NA, Haque M. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward food poisoning among food handlers and dietetic students in a public university in Malaysia. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2018;4(10):232. doi:10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_141_18 ##12. Shati AA, Al Qahtani SM, Shehata SF, Alqahtani YA, Aldarami MS, Alqahtani SA, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Food Poisoning among Parents in Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. InHealthcare. 2021;9(12):1650. doi:10.3390/healthcare9121650 ##13. Odeyemi OA, Sani NA, Obadina AO, Saba CK, Bamidele FA, Abughoush M, et al. Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among consumers in developing countries: An international survey. Food research international. 2019;16(1):86-90. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.030 ##14. Noorimotlagh Z MM, Nourmoradi H, Shafieyan Z, Banavi P. Study of knowledge and attitude of among Ilam University of Medical Sciences students regarding to food sanitation and safety. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2016;23(3):8-15. ##15. Sharif L A-MT. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Taif University students on food poisoning. Food Control. 2010;1(21):55-60. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.03.015 ##16. Zyoud SE, Shalabi J, Imran K, Ayaseh L, Radwany N, Salameh R, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices among parents regarding food poisoning: a cross-sectional study from Palestine. BMC public health. 2019;19:1-10. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6955-2##17. Munir S, Ali SH. Assessing Awareness, Attitude, and Practice of Food Safety Among the Population of Quetta, Pakistan. Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering. 2019;3(7):43. doi:10.11648/j.abb.20190703.14 ##18. Soon JM, Wahab IR, Hamdan RH, Jamaludin MH. Structural equation modelling of food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers in Malaysia. PloS one. 2020;7(15):e0235870. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235870 ##19. Izyan FN, Zuraini MI, Maria MS, Lovelyna BJ, Maimunah M, Afzan AS. A Preliminary Study on Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Among Home-Based Food Providers In Klang Valley, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology. 2019; 48 (2):157-60. ##20. Mekonnen B, Solomon N, Yosef T. Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Food Poisoning Associated Factors among Parents in Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. International journal of general medicine. 2021;14:1673. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S294294## ##

بررسی اثرات تحت کشنده نانواکسیدروی بر برخی شاخص‌های خون‌شناسی سیاه ماهی (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) Study on the Sub-Lethal Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide (Nano-ZnO) on Some Hematological Indices of Capoeta capoeta gracilis 1 1 زمینه و هدف: روی یکی از فلزات سنگین موجود در اکوسیستمهای آبی است. در حال حاضر فناوری نانو دارای پیشرفت چشمگیری در صنایع مختلف شده است، در مطالعه حاضر میزان سمیت نانواکسید روی بر شاخص‌های خونی سیاهماهی بررسی شد. روش‌ها: این تحقیق با غلظت‌های 0، 5، 20، 400 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر نانواکسیدروی به مدت 14 روز بر تعداد 70 قطعه سیاه‌ماهی با میانگین وزنی 5±20 گرم انجام شد. پس از اتمام آزمایش، شاخص‌های خونی شامل تعداد کل گلبولهای سفید، لنفوسیت، نوتروفیل، ائوزینوفیل، تعداد کل گلبولهای قرمز، محتوای هموگلوبین، سطح هماتوکریت، حجم متوسط گلبولی (MCV)، وزن هموگلوبین داخل گلبولی (MCH) و درصد غلظت هموگلوبین داخل گلبولی (MCHC) اندازهگیری شد. یافته‌ها: تمامی شاخص‌های اریتروسیتی خون تغییرات معنی‌داری از خود نشان دادند ولی شاخص‌های لوکوسیتی هیچ‌گونه تغییری نداشتند. همچنین با افزایش غلظت نانواکسید روی در تیمارهای مختلف میزان گلبولهای قرمز، هموگلوبین و هماتوکریت کاهش و میزان گلبولهای سفید افزایش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری: با افزایش غلظت نانواکسیدروی میزان تاثیر نامطلوب خون‌شناسی بالاتر بوده و غلظت 100 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر دارای بیشترین عوارض نامطلوب است. نانواکسیدروی باعث بروز کمخونی و ایجاد اختلال در سیستم ایمنی ماهی می‌شود که ممکن است به دلیل اثرات مخرب آن بر اندامهای خون‌ساز مانند کبد و کلیه باشد. 2 Background and Aim: Zinc is one of the heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Currently, nanotechnology has made significant progress in various industries, in the present study, the toxicity of nano-zinc oxide on the blood indices of Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Capoeta) was investigated. Methods: This research was conducted with concentrations of 0, 5, 20, 100 and 400 mg/L of nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) for 14 days on 70 Capoeta with a mean weight of 20±5 grams. After the experiment, blood samples were taken from the Capoeta and various blood indices were measured including leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Results: All blood erythrocyte indices in Capoeta showed significant changes, but leukocyte indices did not change. Also, with the increase of nano-zinc oxide in different treatments, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased and the number of white blood cells increased in Capoeta. Conclusion: With rising the concentration of nano-zinc oxide, the level of hematological adverse effects increased and the concentration of 100 mg/l has the most adverse effects in Capoeta. Nano-zinc oxide causes anemia and disrupts Capoeta's immune system, which may be due to its destructive effects on hematopoietic organs such as the liver and kidney. 183 188 2022/06/82022/06/12022/06/142022/07/112022/05/172022/05/28 1401/3/7 2022/06/282022/07/102022/07/102022/08/142022/07/102022/07/15 1401/4/24 زهره سلطانی Zohre Soltani Zohzohrehsoltani341@yahoo.com رسول قربانی Rasoul Ghorbani Rarasulghorbani@gmail.com سید علی اکبر هدایتی Aliakbar Hedayati دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران hedayati@gau.ac.ir افشین عادلی Afshin Adeli afshinadeli@yahoo.com محمد مازندرانی Mohammad Mazandarani mazandarani57@gmail.com Nano-zinc oxide Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Capoeta) Heavy Metal Hematological Indices. نانواکسید روی سیاه‌ماهی فلز سنگین شاخص‌های خون‌شناسی. 1. Wardak A, Gorman M E, Swami N, Deshpande S. Identification of Risks in the Life Cycle of Nanotechnology‐Based Products. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2008;12(3), 435-448. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00029.x##2. Heinlaan M, Ivask A, Blinova I, Dubourguier HC, Kahru A. Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere. 2008; 71(7)1308-1316 doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.047##3. Vinodhini R, Narayanan M, Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in organs of fresh water fish Cyprinuscarpio) Common carp). Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2008; 5:179-182. doi:10.1007/BF03326011##4. Rajkumar KS, Sivagaami P, Ramkumar A, Murugadas A, Srinivasan V, Arun S, Kumar PS, Thirumurugan R. Bio-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Potential toxicity impact on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Chemosphere. 2022;290: 133220. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133220##5. Beit Sayah A, Banai M, Nemat Dost B. The effect of oral administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on some immune indices of common carp. 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Materials. 2014; 7(4):2833-2881. doi:10.3390/ma7042833##11. Javed M. Heavy metal contamination of freshwater fish and bed sediment in the Ravi river stretch and related tributaries. Pakistan J. of Biological Sciences, 2005; 8(10): 1337-1341. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2005.1337.1341##12. Banaee M, Mirvagefei AR, Rafei GR, Majazi Amiri B. Effect of sub-lethal diazinon concentration on blood plasma biochemistry. Institute Journal Environmetal. Research. 2008; 2(2): 189- 198.##13. Ghoti N. Mohammadi S. Mohammadi V. Comparison and investigation of hardness and alkalinity changes with heavy metal zinc poisoning in common carp. Lagoon Journal. 2018; 2(8):21-28.## ##

میزان عناصر نیکل، سرب و کادمیوم در بافت عضله ماهی صبیتی (Acanthopagrus cuvieri) در بندرعسلویه در فصول بهار و زمستان Levels of Nickel, Lead and Cadmium Heavy Metals in Muscle Tissues of Acanthopagrus cuvieri in Asaluyeh Port during Winter and Spring Seasons 1 1 زمینه و هدف: این مطالعه با هدف تعیین سطوح فلزات سنگین نیکل، سرب و کادمیوم در بافت عضله ماهی صبیتی (Acanthopagrus cuvieri) در بندر عسلویه واقع در استان بوشهر انجام شد. روش‌ها: تعداد 20 ماهی صبیتی (A. cuvieri) با میانگین وزنی 10/1±1056/6 و 19/7±1014/3 گرم به ترتیب در دو فصل زمستان و بهار سال 1399 تهیه شد. پس از انتقال نمونه‌ها به آزمایشگاه، عملیات زیست سنجی آنها انجام پذیرفت. سپس هضم شیمیایی نمونه‌ها با اسید نیتریک انجام شد و در انتها با دستگاه جذب اتمی اسپکتوفتومتر (مدل PG AA 500) میزان فلزات سنگین اندازه گیری گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از سنجش فلزات سنگین در بافت عضله ماهی صبیتی (A. cuvieri) حاکی از آن بود که در فصل زمستان میانگین سطوح عناصر نیکل، سرب و کادمیوم به ترتیب 0/2±36/4، 0/4±85/4 و 0/1±58/7 و در فصل بهار نیز به ترتیب 0/4±12/8، 0/5±45/3 و 3/0±48/2 میکروگرم در کیلوگرم وزن خشک بود که بین دو فصل زمستان و بهار اختلاف معنیداری را نشان داد (P<0.05). نتیجه‌گیری: مقادیر بدست آمده از فلزات سنگین در بافت عضله ماهی صبیتی در منطقه مورد مطالعه پایینتر از حد مجاز استانداردهای بین‌المللی WHO، FAO، NHMRC و UK (MAFF) است و خطری برای مصرف کنندگان در پی نخواهد داشت. 2 Background and Aim: The present research was carried out with the aim of measuring the levels of the heavy metals nickel, lead and cadmium in the muscle tissues of the Acanthopagrus cuvieris in Asaluyeh port in Bushehr Province. Methods: Twenty Acanthopagrus cuvieri with an average weight of 1056.66±10.12 and 1014.30±19.68 gr were hunted in the winter and spring of 2020, respectively. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, their Biometrics operations were performed. Then the samples were chemically digested with nitric acid and at the end, the number of heavy metals was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model: PG AA 500). Results: The results of measuring the concentrations of the heavy metals in the muscle tissues of the Acanthopagrus cuvieri showed that the mean levels of nickel, lead and cadmium were 36.4±0.2, 85.4±0.4 and 58.7±0.1 µg/kg dry weight during winter, respectively. In spring, these amounts were 12.8±0.4, 45.3±0.5 and 48.2±0.3 µg/kg dry weight, respectively. There was a significant difference between winter and spring in this regard (P<0.05). Conclusion: The levels of heavy metals in muscle tissues of Acanthopagrus Cuvieri in Asaluyeh port were lower than the international WHO, FAO, NHMRC, and UK (MAFF) standards and therefore these concentrations pose no threat to consumers. 189 195 2022/06/82022/06/12022/06/142022/07/112022/05/172022/05/282022/06/18 1401/3/28 2022/06/282022/07/102022/07/102022/08/142022/07/102022/07/152022/07/10 1401/4/19 هانیه ضیائیان نوربخش Haniyeh Ziaeian Nourbakhsh hziaeian@yahoo.com رزاق عبیدی Razagh Obeidi باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران rasagh.obeidi@gmail.com Nickel Lead Cadmium Acanthopagrus cuvieri Asaluyeh port نیکل سرب کادمیوم ماهی صبیتی عسلویه. 1. Amini Ranjbar A, Sotoodenia F. Accumulation heavy metals in muscle tissue of Mugil auratus and its relationship with some biometrical characteristics (standard length, weight, age and sex). Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal. 2005;3: 1-19.##2. Chen MH, Chen CY. 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سطوح حمایت روانی از کودکان بعد از بلایای طبیعی Levels of Psychological Support for Children after Natural Disasters 1 1 نامه به سردبیر 2 Letter to the Editor 196 197 2022/06/82022/06/12022/06/142022/07/112022/05/172022/05/282022/06/182022/06/11 1401/3/21 2022/06/282022/07/102022/07/102022/08/142022/07/102022/07/152022/07/102022/07/15 1401/4/24 فاطمه عظیمی Fatemah Azimi دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی شهید بهشتی گیلان fatemeazimi40011@gmail.com زینب حیدری نژاد Zeinab Heidarinejad گروه پرستاری کودکان، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی شهید بهشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گیلان، گیلان، ایران zenabhedarinejad1@gmail.com Natural disasters Psychological support PTSD Children. بلایای طبیعی حمایت روانی PTSD کودکان. 1. Berkowitz S, Bryant R, Brymer M, Hamblen J, Jacobs A, Layne C, et al. National center for PTSD and national child traumatic stress Network, Skills for Psychological Recovery: Field Operations Guide. 2010.##2. Cone J, Hosseini Zijoud S. Official Plans for Dealing with the Possible Outbreak of Monkeypox in Iran (First detected case in the southwestern Iranian city of Ahvaz). Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(4): 166-167. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.355490.1055##3. Coombe J, Mackenzie L, Munro R, Hazell T, Perkins D, Reddy P. Teacher-mediated interventions to support child mental health following a disaster: a systematic review. PLoS currents. 2015;7.##4. Phoenix Australia - centre for postraumatic mental health. Australian guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Melbourne. 2020.##5. Kar N. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2011. ##6. Hasanudin H, Arief YS, Kurnia ID, Kusumaningrum T. Therapeutic group can increase resilience of school-age children after the Kelud mountain disaster. EurAsian J Biosci. 2020;14 (1): 2443–2447.## ##