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اثر یک دوره تمرین در آب بر ترکیب بدنی و کیفیت زندگی مردان سالمند دارای اضافه وزن The Effect of a Water Exercise Course on Body Composition and Quality of Life of Overweight Elderly Men 1 1 زمینه و هدف: دوره سالمندی همواره با بی تحرکی، چاقی و بسیاری از امراض و مشکلات جسمانی، روحی و روانی همراه است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین تاثیر 8 هفته تمرین هوازی در آب بر ترکیب بدنی و کیفیت زندگی مردان سالمند دارای اضافه وزن بود. روش ها: در این پژوهش نیمه تجربی 34 مرد با میانگین سنی 4 ± 66 سال دارای اضافه وزن (Kg/m2 25 BMI≥) به طور تصادفی انتخاب و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه تمرین در آب (17 نفر) و کنترل (17 نفر) قرار گرفتند. برنامه تمرینی شامل تمرینات هوازی در آب با شدت 45 تا 65 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه به مدت 8 هفته بود. در ابتدا و انتهای دوره تمرینی، شاخص های ترکیب بدنی و همچنین کیفیت زندگی سالمندان با توجه به پرسشنامه سازمان بهداشت جهانی (The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)) بررسی و اندازه ­گیری شد. یافته ها: تمرین در آب باعث کاهش معنادار درصد چربی (P<0.03)، وزن (P<0.01)، شاخص توده بدنی (0.01>P) و نسبت دور کمر به لگن (P<0.01) در مردان سالمند دارای اضافه وزن شد. همچنین این تمرینات باعث افزایش معنی دار کیفیت زندگی در مردان سالمند گردید (P<0.01). بطوری که علاوه بر امتیاز کلی کیفیت زندگی، زیرمولفه های آن شامل سلامت جسمانی (P<0.05)، سلامت روانی (P<0.03)، روابط اجتماعی (P<0.01) و سلامت محیط (P<0.01) نیز بهبود یافت. نتیجه گیری: 8 هفته تمرین هوازی در آب می تواند ضمن بهبود شاخص ­های آنتروپومتریکی، باعث افزایش کیفیت زندگی و سلامت جسمانی در مردان سالمند دارای اضافه وزن شود. بنابراین این تمرینات می­ تواند جهت توصیه تمرینی توسط متخصصان ورزش و سلامت در این افراد مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Background and Aim: Old age is always associated with inactivity, obesity and many physical, mental and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water on body composition and quality of life of overweight elderly men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 34 elderly (mean age: 66±4 years old) and overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m2) men were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups water training (n=17) and control (n=17).  The exercise program included aerobic exercise in the water with an intensity of 45 to 65% of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks. At the beginning and end of the training period, body composition indicators, as well as the quality of life of the elderly, were evaluated according to the questionnaire of The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) Results: Exercise in water significantly reduced fat percentage (P£0.03), weight (P£0.01), body mass index (P£0.01) and waist to hip ratio (P£0.001) in overweight elderly men. These exercises also significantly increased the quality of life (P£0.01). In addition to the overall quality of life score, its sub-components including physical health (P£0.05), mental health (P£0.03), social relations (P£0.00) and environmental health (P£0.01) were also improved. Conclusion: 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water can improve anthropometric parameters, increase quality of life and physical health in overweight elderly men. Therefore, these exercises can be recommended by sports and health experts to these people. 180 187 2021/08/27 1400/6/5 2021/11/27 1400/9/6 محسن یعقوبی Mohsen Yaghoubi yaghoobi.m@fh.lu.ac.ir سجاد رمضانی Sajad Ramezani گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران sajjad_ramezanii@yahoo.com بهنام شمسی Behnam Shamsi behnamshams68@gmail.com وحید برفی Vahid Barfi vahidbarfi1@gmail.com Aqua Exercise Body Composition Quality of life Elderly تمرین در آب ترکیب بدنی کیفیت زندگی سالمند 1. Beh-Pajooh A, Soleymani S. The relationship between sleep quality and depression in older people living in 3 districts of Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016;11(4):72-9.##2. Adsett J, Mullins R. Evidence based guidelines for exercise and chronic heart failure. Pathways home project. 2010:4-17.##3. Katsura Y, Ueda S-Y, Yoshikawa T, Usui T, Orita K, Sakamoto H, et al. Effects of aquatic exercise training using new water-resistance equipment on trunk muscles, abdominal circumference, and activities of daily living in elderly women. International Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2011:1112260082-.##4. yaghoubi M, ramezanii S. The Effect of Resistance Training at Home on Different Dimensions of Quality of Life, Blood Pressure and Indices of Abdominal Obesity in The Elderly During Covid -19 quarantine. cjhaa. 2021;5(2):70-84.##5. Sharifan P, Ziaee A, Darroudi S, Rezaie M, Safarian M, Eslami S, et al. Effect of low-fat dairy products fortified with 1500IU nano encapsulated vitamin D3 on cardiometabolic indicators in adults with abdominal obesity: a total blinded randomized controlled trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2021;37(4):579-88.##6. Lee J, Stone AJ. Combined aerobic and resistance training for cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and walking capacity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2020;29(1):104498.##7. Oda E. LDL cholesterol was more strongly associated with percent body fat than body mass index and waist circumference in a health screening population. Obesity research & clinical practice. 2018;12(2):195-203.##8. Simpson RJ, Bigley AB, Agha N, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM. Mobilizing immune cells with exercise for cancer immunotherapy. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2017;45(3):163.##9. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Stefanick ML, Mouton CP, Oberman A, et al. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. New England journal of medicine. 2002;347(10):716-25.##10. Peake JM, Neubauer O, Walsh NP, Simpson RJ. Recovery of the immune system after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017;122(5):1077-87.##11. Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, Roberts WO, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Radak Z, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Medicine and Health Science. 2020;2(2):55-64.##12. Czosnek L, Lederman O, Cormie P, Zopf E, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S. Health benefits, safety and cost of physical activity interventions for mental health conditions: A meta-review to inform translation efforts. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2019;16:140-51.##13. Haible S, Volk C, Demetriou Y, Höner O, Thiel A, Sudeck G. Physical activity-related health competence, physical activity, and physical fitness: analysis of control competence for the self-directed exercise of adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(1):39.##14. Rezaeipour M, Apanasenko GL. Acute Improvement of Postural Steadiness Through Neuromuscular and Proprioceptive Training in Sedentary Older Females. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies. 2020;7(4).##15. Batacan Jr RB, Duncan MJ, Dalbo VJ, Buitrago GL, Fenning AS. Effect of different intensities of physical activity on cardiometabolic markers and vascular and cardiac function in adult rats fed with a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet. Journal of sport and health science. 2018;7(1):109-19.##16. Simas V, Hing W, Pope R, Climstein M. Effects of water-based exercise on bone health of middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open access journal of sports medicine. 2017;8:39.##17. Roth AE, Miller MG, Ricard M, Ritenour D, Chapman BL. Comparisons of static and dynamic balance following training in aquatic and land environments. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2006;15(4):299-311.##18. Abbasi M, Mojtahedi H. The Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Quality of Life, Body Mass index and cardiovascular Markers in Middle-aged Women: a pilot study. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2017;5(1):50-6.##19. Kantyka J, Herman D, Roczniok R, Kuba L. Effects of aqua aerobics on body composition, body mass, lipid profile, and blood count in middle-aged sedentary women. Human Movement. 2015;16(1):9-14.##20. Pawelczyk M, Kaczorowska B, Baj Z. Fibrinogen concentrations in ischaemic stroke patients with metabolic disorders. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 2020;54(3):259-64.##21. Ochoa Martínez PY, Hall López JA, Alarcón Meza EI, Piña Díaz D, Estélio Henrique MD. Efecto de Tres Meses de un Programa de Ejercicio Acuático en la Composición Corporal de Adultas Mayores. International Journal of Morphology. 2014;32(4):1248-53.##22. Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&r. 2010;2(8):723-31.##23. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Singh MAF, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & science in sports & exercise. 2009;41(7):1510-30.##24. Bergamin M, Ermolao A, Tolomio S, Berton L, Sergi G, Zaccaria M. Water-versus land-based exercise in elderly subjects: effects on physical performance and body composition. Clinical interventions in aging. 2013;8:1109.##25. KhajehLandi M, Bolboli L, Bolbol S, Zabihi B. Effect of One Course Pilates Exercise Program on Serum Levels of Resistin, Visfatin, and Chemerin in Overweight Women. The Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2020;27(1):93-113.##26. Al Khalifah R, Suppère C, Haidar A, Rabasa‐Lhoret R, Ladouceur M, Legault L. Association of aerobic fitness level with exercise‐induced hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2016;33(12):1686-90.##27. Kushkestani M, Parvani M, Nosrani SEP, Rezaei S. The Relationship between Anthropometric Indices and Lipid Profiles In-OfficeEmployees. Journal of Sports Science. 2020;8:76-82.##28. Ahmadi M, Noudehi M, Esmaeili M, Sadrollahi A. Comparing the quality of life between active and non-active elderly women with an emphasis on physical activity. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017;12(3):262-75.##29. Madmoli M, Madmoli Y, Rahmati P, Adavi A, Yousefi N, Gheisari Z, et al. Quality of life and some related factors in patients with beta thalassemia major in Southwest Iran. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care. 2017;3(2):139-46.##30. SHAMSIPOUR DP, Abdoli B, Modaberi S. Effectiveness of physical activity on quality of life of elderly patients with osteoarthritis. 2012.##31. Feyisa BR, Yilma MT, Tolessa BE. Predictors of health-related quality of life among patients with diabetes on follow-up at Nekemte specialised Hospital, Western Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2020;10(7):e036106.##32. Zareiy H, Norasteh A, Koohboomi M, Rasht I. Effect of Combined Training (Strength and Stretching) on Balance, Risk of Falling, and Quality of Life in the Elderly. J Rehab Med. 2018;7(2):201-8.##33. Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine. 2020;12(1):e1462.##34. Moreira NB, da Silva LP, Rodacki ALF. Aquatic exercise improves functional capacity, perceptual aspects, and quality of life in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders and risk of falling: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology. 2020;142:111135.##1. Beh-Pajooh A, Soleymani S. The relationship between sleep quality and depression in older people living in 3 districts of Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016;11(4):72-9.##2. Adsett J, Mullins R. Evidence based guidelines for exercise and chronic heart failure. Pathways home project. 2010:4-17.##3. Katsura Y, Ueda S-Y, Yoshikawa T, Usui T, Orita K, Sakamoto H, et al. Effects of aquatic exercise training using new water-resistance equipment on trunk muscles, abdominal circumference, and activities of daily living in elderly women. International Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2011:1112260082-.##4. yaghoubi M, ramezanii S. The Effect of Resistance Training at Home on Different Dimensions of Quality of Life, Blood Pressure and Indices of Abdominal Obesity in The Elderly During Covid -19 quarantine. cjhaa. 2021;5(2):70-84.##5. Sharifan P, Ziaee A, Darroudi S, Rezaie M, Safarian M, Eslami S, et al. Effect of low-fat dairy products fortified with 1500IU nano encapsulated vitamin D3 on cardiometabolic indicators in adults with abdominal obesity: a total blinded randomized controlled trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2021;37(4):579-88.##6. Lee J, Stone AJ. Combined aerobic and resistance training for cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and walking capacity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2020;29(1):104498.##7. Oda E. LDL cholesterol was more strongly associated with percent body fat than body mass index and waist circumference in a health screening population. Obesity research & clinical practice. 2018;12(2):195-203.##8. Simpson RJ, Bigley AB, Agha N, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM. Mobilizing immune cells with exercise for cancer immunotherapy. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2017;45(3):163.##9. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Stefanick ML, Mouton CP, Oberman A, et al. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. New England journal of medicine. 2002;347(10):716-25.##10. Peake JM, Neubauer O, Walsh NP, Simpson RJ. Recovery of the immune system after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017;122(5):1077-87.##11. Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, Roberts WO, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Radak Z, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Medicine and Health Science. 2020;2(2):55-64.##12. Czosnek L, Lederman O, Cormie P, Zopf E, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S. Health benefits, safety and cost of physical activity interventions for mental health conditions: A meta-review to inform translation efforts. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2019;16:140-51.##13. Haible S, Volk C, Demetriou Y, Höner O, Thiel A, Sudeck G. Physical activity-related health competence, physical activity, and physical fitness: analysis of control competence for the self-directed exercise of adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(1):39.##14. Rezaeipour M, Apanasenko GL. Acute Improvement of Postural Steadiness Through Neuromuscular and Proprioceptive Training in Sedentary Older Females. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies. 2020;7(4).##15. Batacan Jr RB, Duncan MJ, Dalbo VJ, Buitrago GL, Fenning AS. Effect of different intensities of physical activity on cardiometabolic markers and vascular and cardiac function in adult rats fed with a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet. Journal of sport and health science. 2018;7(1):109-19.##16. Simas V, Hing W, Pope R, Climstein M. Effects of water-based exercise on bone health of middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open access journal of sports medicine. 2017;8:39.##17. Roth AE, Miller MG, Ricard M, Ritenour D, Chapman BL. Comparisons of static and dynamic balance following training in aquatic and land environments. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2006;15(4):299-311.##18. Abbasi M, Mojtahedi H. The Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Quality of Life, Body Mass index and cardiovascular Markers in Middle-aged Women: a pilot study. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2017;5(1):50-6.##19. Kantyka J, Herman D, Roczniok R, Kuba L. Effects of aqua aerobics on body composition, body mass, lipid profile, and blood count in middle-aged sedentary women. Human Movement. 2015;16(1):9-14.##20. Pawelczyk M, Kaczorowska B, Baj Z. Fibrinogen concentrations in ischaemic stroke patients with metabolic disorders. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 2020;54(3):259-64.##21. Ochoa Martínez PY, Hall López JA, Alarcón Meza EI, Piña Díaz D, Estélio Henrique MD. Efecto de Tres Meses de un Programa de Ejercicio Acuático en la Composición Corporal de Adultas Mayores. International Journal of Morphology. 2014;32(4):1248-53.##22. Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&r. 2010;2(8):723-31.##23. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Singh MAF, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & science in sports & exercise. 2009;41(7):1510-30.##24. Bergamin M, Ermolao A, Tolomio S, Berton L, Sergi G, Zaccaria M. Water-versus land-based exercise in elderly subjects: effects on physical performance and body composition. Clinical interventions in aging. 2013;8:1109.##25. KhajehLandi M, Bolboli L, Bolbol S, Zabihi B. Effect of One Course Pilates Exercise Program on Serum Levels of Resistin, Visfatin, and Chemerin in Overweight Women. The Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2020;27(1):93-113.##26. Al Khalifah R, Suppère C, Haidar A, Rabasa‐Lhoret R, Ladouceur M, Legault L. Association of aerobic fitness level with exercise‐induced hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2016;33(12):1686-90.##27. Kushkestani M, Parvani M, Nosrani SEP, Rezaei S. The Relationship between Anthropometric Indices and Lipid Profiles In-OfficeEmployees. Journal of Sports Science. 2020;8:76-82.##28. Ahmadi M, Noudehi M, Esmaeili M, Sadrollahi A. Comparing the quality of life between active and non-active elderly women with an emphasis on physical activity. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017;12(3):262-75.##29. Madmoli M, Madmoli Y, Rahmati P, Adavi A, Yousefi N, Gheisari Z, et al. Quality of life and some related factors in patients with beta thalassemia major in Southwest Iran. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care. 2017;3(2):139-46.##30. SHAMSIPOUR DP, Abdoli B, Modaberi S. Effectiveness of physical activity on quality of life of elderly patients with osteoarthritis. 2012.##31. Feyisa BR, Yilma MT, Tolessa BE. Predictors of health-related quality of life among patients with diabetes on follow-up at Nekemte specialised Hospital, Western Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2020;10(7):e036106.##32. Zareiy H, Norasteh A, Koohboomi M, Rasht I. Effect of Combined Training (Strength and Stretching) on Balance, Risk of Falling, and Quality of Life in the Elderly. J Rehab Med. 2018;7(2):201-8.##33. Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine. 2020;12(1):e1462.##34. Moreira NB, da Silva LP, Rodacki ALF. Aquatic exercise improves functional capacity, perceptual aspects, and quality of life in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders and risk of falling: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology. 2020;142:111135. ##

خواص ضد باکتریایی عصاره آلی جلبک قهوه‌ای trinodis Cystoseira و جلبک سبز Halimeda tuna دریای عمان بر باکتری های Escherichia coli، Listeria monocytogenes و Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibacterial properties of the organic extract of the brown alga Cystoseria trinodis and the green alga Halimeda tuna of the Oman Sea against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 1 زمینه و هدف: مقاومت در برابر داروهای متعدد در طول درمان آنتی بیوتیکی مشکل جدیدی است. بر اساس تحقیقات، عصاره ­های جلبک دریایی دارای خواص ضد میکروبی هستند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی خواص ضدباکتریایی عصاره‌ آلی جلبک­ های Cystoseira trinodis و Halimeda tuna دریای عمان بر باکتری­های E. coli، L. monocytogenes و P. aeruginosa بود. روش­ها: جلبک­ ها خشک گردید و عصاره­ گیری به روش امواج فراصوت با حلال اتیل­استات انجام شد. اثرات ضد­باکتریایی به روش­ های انتشار در آگار به وسیله­ دیسک، روش میکرودایلوشن برای تعیین حداقل غلظت بازدارندگی (MIC) و روش پورپلیت برای تعیین حداقل غلظت کشندگی (MBC) انجام شد. یافته ها: مقایسه آنتی­ بیوتیک ­های جنتامایسین، آمپی­سیلین و نئومایسین با اکثر عصاره­ ها اختلاف معنی داری نشان داد و از قدرت مهارکنندگی بیشتری برخوردار بودند (0.05>.(P عصاره‌ اتیل­استاتی جلبکC. trinodis علیه باکتری P. aeruginosa با آنتی بیوتیک نئومایسین در نسبت w/v 1 به 5 با قطر هاله عدم رشد 11/91 میلی­متر اختلاف معنی­ داری نشان نداد (0.05<(p. قطر هاله عدم رشد این عصاره علیه E. coli 10/33 میلی­ متر بود. قطر هاله عدم رشد عصاره اتیل استاتی جلبک H. tuna علیه E. coli و P. aeruginosa به ترتیب 12/01 و 11/3 میلی ­متر بود. حداقل غلظت بازدارندگی (MIC) 3/08 میلی­ گرم بر میلی ­لیتر عصاره C. trinodis و حداقل غلظت­ کشندگی (MBC) 9.75 میلی­ گرم بر میلی ­لیتر در عصاره H.tuna علیه P. aeruginosa دیده شد. بیشترین حساسیت در برابر عصاره­ ها را در میان سه باکتری، باکتری P. aeruginosa نشان داد و باکتری L. monocytogenes در برابر عصاره ­ها هیچ ­گونه حساسیتی نشان نداد.  نتیجه گیری: عصاره اتیل ­استاتی جلبک قهوه‌ای trinodis C. علیه باکتری P. aeruginosa معادل آنتی بیوتیک نئومایسین اثر ضدباکتریایی دارد و عصاره اتیل استاتی جلبک H. tuna علیه P. aeruginosa اثر کشندگی دارد. 2 Background and aim: Resistance to multiple drugs during antibiotic treatment is a new problem. According to research, seaweed extracts have antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of organic extracts of Cystoseira trinodis (brown algae) and Halimeda tuna (green algae) of the Oman Sea on E. coli, L. monocytogenes and P. aeruginosa Methods: The algae were dried and the extraction was performed by sonication with ethyl acetate solvent. Antibacterial effects were determined by disk agar diffusion methods, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution method and the minimum lethal concentration (MBC) was determined by purplate method. Results: The antibiotics gentamicin, ampicillin and neomycin showed a significant difference with most of the extracts and had more inhibitory power (P <0.05). Ethyl acetate extract of C. trinodis against P aeruginosa did not show a significant difference with neomycin antibiotic in the ratio of 1.5 w / v with the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 11.91 mm (p <0.05). The diameter of the growth inhibition zone of this extract against E. coli was 10.33 mm. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone of H. tuna against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was 12.01 and 11.3 mm, respectively. MIC of 3.08 mg/ml for C. trinodis extract and MBC of 9.75 mg/ml for H. tuna extract was found against P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa showed the highest susceptibility to extracts among the three bacteria and L. monocytogenes showed no susceptibility to extracts. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extract of brown algae C. trinodis has an antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa; equivalent to the antibiotic neomycin and ethyl acetate extract of H. tuna algae has a lethal effect against P. aeruginosa. 188 196 2021/08/272021/06/4 1400/3/14 2021/11/272021/12/9 1400/9/18 عبدالرحمن ملازهی ثابت Abdolrrahman Mollazahei Sabet دانشگاه دریانوردی چابهار Mullazahei.r90@gmail.com مصطفی غفاری Mostafa Ghaffari دانشکده علوم دریایی، دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار، چابهار، ایران mgmostafaghaffari@gmail.com علی طاهری Ali Taheri دانشگاه دریانوردی چابهار taherienator@gmail.com یوسف اریش Yusef Arish دانشگاه دریانوردی چابهار y.arish84@gmail.com Brown Algae Green Algae Antibacterial Properties Oman Sea. جلبک قهوه ای جلبک سبز خواص ضد باکتریایی دریای عمان 1. Sandsdalen E, Haug T, Stensvåg K, Styrvold OB. The antibacterial effect of a polyhydroxylated fucophlorethol from the marine brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003; 19(8): 777-782. doi:10.1023/A:1026052715260##2. Tuney İ, Cadirci BH, Ünal D, Sukatar A. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of marine algae from the coast of Urla (Izmir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology. 2006; 30(3): 171-175.##3. Rajasulochana P, Dhamotharan R, Krishnamoorthy P, Murugesan S. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of marine red and brown algae. Journal of American Science. 2009; 5(3): 20-25.##4. Kolanjinathan K, Stella D. Antibacterial activity of marine macro algae against human pathogens. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2009; 1(1):020-022.##5. Tajbakhsh S, Ilkhani M, Rustaiyan A, Larijani K, Sartavi K, Tahmasebi R. Antibacterial effect of the brown alga Cystoseira trinodis. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011; 5(18): 4654-4657. doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000128##6. Lekameera R, Vijayabaskar P, Somasundaram ST. Evaluating antioxidant property of brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa (Derb. Et sol). African Journal of Food Science. 2013; 2(11): 126-130.##7. Zandi K, Ahmadzadeh S, Tajbakhsh S, Rastian Z, Yousefi F, Farshadpour F, Sartavi K. Anticancer activity of Sargassum oligocystum water extract against human cancer cell lines. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2010a; 14(8): 669-673.##8. Zandi K, Tajbakhsh S, Nabipour I, Rastian Z, Yousefi F, Sharafian S, Sartavi K. In vitro antitumor activity of Gracilaria corticata (a red alga) against Jurkat and molt-4 human cancer cell lines. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010b; 9(40): 6787-6790.##9. de Sousa CB, Gangadhar KN, Morais TR, Conserva GA, Vizetto-Duarte C, Pereira H, Barreira L. Anti leishmanial activity of meroditerpenoids from the macroalgae Cystoseira baccata. Experimental parasitology. 2017; 174: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.002##10. Genovese G, Faggio C, Gugliandolo C, Torre A, Spanò A, Morabito M, Maugeri TL. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Asparagopsis taxiformis from the Straits of Messina against pathogens relevant in aquaculture. Marine environmental research. 2012; 73: 1-6.##11. Park HJ, Choi JS, Chung HY. The Antioxidant Activity in Extracts of Symphyocladia latiuscula. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1998; 31(6): 927-932.##12. Mimica-Dukić N, Bugarin D, Grbović S, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Vuković-Gačić B, Orčić D, Couladis M. Essential oil of Myrtus communis L. as a potential antioxidant and anti-mutagenic agents. Molecules. 2010; 15(4): 2759-2770.##13. Taskin E, Ozturk M, Kurt O. Antibacterial activities of some marine algae from the Aegean Sea (Turkey). African journal of Biotechnology. 2007; 6(24): 2746-2751.##14. Gazor R, Lashgari AP, Almasi S, Ghasemi S. Effect of Brown Algae Cystoseira trinodis Methanolic Extract on Renal Tissue. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016; 22(1): 49-53. doi: 10.15171/PS.2016.09##15. Spavieri J, Allmendinger A, Kaiser M, Casey R, Hingley‐Wilson S, Lalvani A, Tasdemir D. Antimycobacterial, antiprotozoal and cytotoxic potential of twenty‐one brown algae (phaeophyceae) from British and Irish waters. Phytotherapy Research. 2010; 24(11): 1724-1729.##16. Gouveia C, Kreusch M, Schmidt ÉC, Marthiellen RDL, Osorio LK, Pereira DT, Ramlov F. The effects of lead and copper on the cellular architecture and metabolism of the red alga Gracilaria domingensis. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2013; 19(3): 513-524.##17. Ruberto G, Baratta MT, Biondi DM, Amico V. Antioxidant activity of extracts of the marine algal genus Cystoseira in a micellar model system. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2001; 13(5): 403-407.##18. Guiry MD, Guiry GM. Algae Base. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. 2016. URL: http://www. algaebase.org##19. Clermont O, Bonacorsi S, Bingen E. Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 2000; 66(10): 4555-4558.##20. Jeukens J, Freschi L, Kukavica‐Ibrulj I, Emond‐Rheault JG, Tucker NP, Levesque RC. Genomics of antibiotic‐resistance prediction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2019; 1435(1): 5-17.##21. Pernin A, Guillier L, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Inhibitory activity of phenolic acids against Listeria monocytogenes: Deciphering the mechanisms of action using three different models. Food Microbiology, 2019; 80: 18-24.##22. Dhamaa K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Barbuddhe S, Malik SVS, Sing RK. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 2015; 1-25. ##23. Pooladi S, Ghaffari M, Taheri A. Antibacterial effect of Sargassum cristaefolium and Cervicornis Dictyota of Makran Sea on Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aerogynoza. Ms.C. project of Chabahar Maritime University. 2016; P:91.##24. Razak WRWA, Ross R, Rahim NFA, Faridon BS, Radzun KA. Antimicrobial activity of marine green algae extract against microbial pathogens. Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 20018; 21(2): 43-47.##25. Derakhshesh B. Antibacterial effects of seaweeds "Laurencia snyderiae" and "Sargassum angustifolium". M.Sc. Project of Hormozgan University. 2007; p:79.##26. Tavakoli S, Hong H, Wang K, Yang Q, Hashemi Gahruie H, Zhuang S, Li Y, Liang Y, Tan Y, Luo Y. Ultrasonic-assisted food-grade solvent extraction of high-value added compounds from microalgae Spirulina platensis and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Algal Research, 2021; 60 :102493.##27. Wang L, Weller LC. Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2006; 17(6):300–312. doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.12.004##28. Arman M, Soleimani S, Zarei Z, Sohrabipoor J, Asadzadeh M. Assessment of antibacterial effect of some marine macroalgae against human pathogen. Journal of Aquatic Ecology. 2015; 5(2):139-144. (in Persian)##29. Owlia P, Saderi H, Matloob F, Rezaee M. Antimicrobial Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss Extract and Oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 2006; 22(1): 22-26. doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2006.114996##30. Indira K, Balakrishnan S, Srinivasan M, Bragadeeswaran S, Balasubramanian T. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial property of seaweed (Halimeda tuna) from Tuticorin coast, Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2013; 12(3): 284-289. doi: 10.5897/AJB12.014##31. Arulkumar A, Rosemary T, Paramasivam S, Rajendran RB. Phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial potential and GC-MS analysis of red seaweeds (Gracilaria corticata and Gracilaria edulis) from Palk Bay, India. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2018; 15: 63-71. doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.05.008##32. Cox S, Abu-Ghannam N, Gupta S. An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds. International Food Research, 2010; 17: 205-220.##33. Bansemir A, Blume M, Schroder S, Lindequist U. Screening of cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Aquaculture, 2006; 252: 79-84.##34. Sandsdalen E, Haug T, Stensvag K, Styrvold O. The antibacterial effect of a polyhydroxylated fucophlorethol from marine brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003; 19: 777-782.##35. Wang T, Jonsdottir R, Kristinsson H, Thorkelsson G, Jacoben C, Yuca Hamaguchi P. Inhibition of haemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscles and cod protein isolates by Fucus vesiculosis extract and fractions. Food Chemistry, 2010; 123: 321-330.##1. Sandsdalen E, Haug T, Stensvåg K, Styrvold OB. The antibacterial effect of a polyhydroxylated fucophlorethol from the marine brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003; 19(8): 777-782. doi:10.1023/A:1026052715260##2. Tuney İ, Cadirci BH, Ünal D, Sukatar A. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of marine algae from the coast of Urla (Izmir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology. 2006; 30(3): 171-175.##3. Rajasulochana P, Dhamotharan R, Krishnamoorthy P, Murugesan S. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of marine red and brown algae. Journal of American Science. 2009; 5(3): 20-25.##4. Kolanjinathan K, Stella D. Antibacterial activity of marine macro algae against human pathogens. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2009; 1(1):020-022.##5. Tajbakhsh S, Ilkhani M, Rustaiyan A, Larijani K, Sartavi K, Tahmasebi R. Antibacterial effect of the brown alga Cystoseira trinodis. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011; 5(18): 4654-4657. doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000128##6. Lekameera R, Vijayabaskar P, Somasundaram ST. Evaluating antioxidant property of brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa (Derb. Et sol). African Journal of Food Science. 2013; 2(11): 126-130.##7. Zandi K, Ahmadzadeh S, Tajbakhsh S, Rastian Z, Yousefi F, Farshadpour F, Sartavi K. Anticancer activity of Sargassum oligocystum water extract against human cancer cell lines. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2010a; 14(8): 669-673.##8. Zandi K, Tajbakhsh S, Nabipour I, Rastian Z, Yousefi F, Sharafian S, Sartavi K. In vitro antitumor activity of Gracilaria corticata (a red alga) against Jurkat and molt-4 human cancer cell lines. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010b; 9(40): 6787-6790.##9. de Sousa CB, Gangadhar KN, Morais TR, Conserva GA, Vizetto-Duarte C, Pereira H, Barreira L. Anti leishmanial activity of meroditerpenoids from the macroalgae Cystoseira baccata. Experimental parasitology. 2017; 174: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.002##10. Genovese G, Faggio C, Gugliandolo C, Torre A, Spanò A, Morabito M, Maugeri TL. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Asparagopsis taxiformis from the Straits of Messina against pathogens relevant in aquaculture. Marine environmental research. 2012; 73: 1-6.##11. Park HJ, Choi JS, Chung HY. The Antioxidant Activity in Extracts of Symphyocladia latiuscula. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1998; 31(6): 927-932.##12. Mimica-Dukić N, Bugarin D, Grbović S, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Vuković-Gačić B, Orčić D, Couladis M. Essential oil of Myrtus communis L. as a potential antioxidant and anti-mutagenic agents. Molecules. 2010; 15(4): 2759-2770.##13. Taskin E, Ozturk M, Kurt O. Antibacterial activities of some marine algae from the Aegean Sea (Turkey). African journal of Biotechnology. 2007; 6(24): 2746-2751.##14. Gazor R, Lashgari AP, Almasi S, Ghasemi S. Effect of Brown Algae Cystoseira trinodis Methanolic Extract on Renal Tissue. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016; 22(1): 49-53. doi: 10.15171/PS.2016.09##15. Spavieri J, Allmendinger A, Kaiser M, Casey R, Hingley‐Wilson S, Lalvani A, Tasdemir D. Antimycobacterial, antiprotozoal and cytotoxic potential of twenty‐one brown algae (phaeophyceae) from British and Irish waters. Phytotherapy Research. 2010; 24(11): 1724-1729.##16. Gouveia C, Kreusch M, Schmidt ÉC, Marthiellen RDL, Osorio LK, Pereira DT, Ramlov F. The effects of lead and copper on the cellular architecture and metabolism of the red alga Gracilaria domingensis. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2013; 19(3): 513-524.##17. Ruberto G, Baratta MT, Biondi DM, Amico V. Antioxidant activity of extracts of the marine algal genus Cystoseira in a micellar model system. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2001; 13(5): 403-407.##18. Guiry MD, Guiry GM. Algae Base. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. 2016. URL: http://www. algaebase.org##19. Clermont O, Bonacorsi S, Bingen E. Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 2000; 66(10): 4555-4558.##20. Jeukens J, Freschi L, Kukavica‐Ibrulj I, Emond‐Rheault JG, Tucker NP, Levesque RC. Genomics of antibiotic‐resistance prediction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2019; 1435(1): 5-17.##21. Pernin A, Guillier L, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Inhibitory activity of phenolic acids against Listeria monocytogenes: Deciphering the mechanisms of action using three different models. Food Microbiology, 2019; 80: 18-24.##22. Dhamaa K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Barbuddhe S, Malik SVS, Sing RK. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 2015; 1-25. ##23. Pooladi S, Ghaffari M, Taheri A. Antibacterial effect of Sargassum cristaefolium and Cervicornis Dictyota of Makran Sea on Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aerogynoza. Ms.C. project of Chabahar Maritime University. 2016; P:91.##24. Razak WRWA, Ross R, Rahim NFA, Faridon BS, Radzun KA. Antimicrobial activity of marine green algae extract against microbial pathogens. Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 20018; 21(2): 43-47.##25. Derakhshesh B. Antibacterial effects of seaweeds "Laurencia snyderiae" and "Sargassum angustifolium". M.Sc. Project of Hormozgan University. 2007; p:79.##26. Tavakoli S, Hong H, Wang K, Yang Q, Hashemi Gahruie H, Zhuang S, Li Y, Liang Y, Tan Y, Luo Y. Ultrasonic-assisted food-grade solvent extraction of high-value added compounds from microalgae Spirulina platensis and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Algal Research, 2021; 60 :102493.##27. Wang L, Weller LC. Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2006; 17(6):300–312. doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.12.004##28. Arman M, Soleimani S, Zarei Z, Sohrabipoor J, Asadzadeh M. Assessment of antibacterial effect of some marine macroalgae against human pathogen. Journal of Aquatic Ecology. 2015; 5(2):139-144. (in Persian)##29. Owlia P, Saderi H, Matloob F, Rezaee M. Antimicrobial Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss Extract and Oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 2006; 22(1): 22-26. doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2006.114996##30. Indira K, Balakrishnan S, Srinivasan M, Bragadeeswaran S, Balasubramanian T. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial property of seaweed (Halimeda tuna) from Tuticorin coast, Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2013; 12(3): 284-289. doi: 10.5897/AJB12.014##31. Arulkumar A, Rosemary T, Paramasivam S, Rajendran RB. Phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial potential and GC-MS analysis of red seaweeds (Gracilaria corticata and Gracilaria edulis) from Palk Bay, India. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2018; 15: 63-71. doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.05.008##32. Cox S, Abu-Ghannam N, Gupta S. An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds. International Food Research, 2010; 17: 205-220.##33. Bansemir A, Blume M, Schroder S, Lindequist U. Screening of cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Aquaculture, 2006; 252: 79-84.##34. Sandsdalen E, Haug T, Stensvag K, Styrvold O. The antibacterial effect of a polyhydroxylated fucophlorethol from marine brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003; 19: 777-782.##35. Wang T, Jonsdottir R, Kristinsson H, Thorkelsson G, Jacoben C, Yuca Hamaguchi P. Inhibition of haemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscles and cod protein isolates by Fucus vesiculosis extract and fractions. Food Chemistry, 2010; 123: 321-330. ##

سنتز هیدروژل نانوکامپوزیت زیستی بر اساس نانوذرات Kappa-Carrageenan/Fe3O4 برای جذب آمونیاک در اکوسیستم های آبی Synthesis of Biological Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Kappa-Carrageenan/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Ammonia Adsorption in Aquatic Ecosystems 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با صنعتی شدن اکوسیستم های آبی، غلظت آمونیاک در آب های سطحی و زیرزمینی بسیار بیشتر از حد مجاز شده و مقادیر وسیعی از پساب های صنعتی، شهری و کشاورزی که حاوی آمونیاک هستند در منابع آب آزاد می شود که موجب تولید محصولات غیرسالم و مضر برای سلامتی می گردند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر سنتز هیدروژل نانوکامپوزیتی کاپا کاراگینان برای جذب سه نمونه پساب کشاورزی حاوی آمونیاک است. روش ها: هیدروژل ها مناسب ترین جاذب های زیستی هستند که به طور طبیعی و سنتزی وجود دارند. در این پژوهش، ابتدا هیدروژل های کاراگینان و اسید آکریلیک به شکل پلیمریزاسیون رادیکالی به وسیله متیلن بیس آکریل آمید به عنوان عامل شبکه کننده و پرسولفات آمونیاک به عنوان آغازگر در محیط اتاق تهیه شد. سپس، با استفاده از آهن دو ظرفیتی و سه ظرفیتی به روش هم رسوبی یک هیدروژل مغناطیسی تهیه شد. یافته ها: با جذب آمونیاک موجود در دو نمونه پساب تهیه شده، مقادیر بهینه برای زمان تماس، pH، دما و مقدار جاذب به ترتیب برابر با 40 دقیقه، 5، 15 درجه سانتیگراد و 40 میلی گرم بود. فرآیند جذب تعادل آمونیاک توسط هیدروژل های نانومغناطیسی توسط ایزوترم جذب لانگمویر، فروندلیچ و تمکین مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت که نشان می دهد حداکثر جذب متعلق به ایزوترم لانگمویر است. مقایسه داده های تجربی با مدل های جذب نشان داد که این داده ها از یک مدل جذب شبه درجه دوم پیروی می کنند. دمای مطلوب برای حذف آمونیاک از هر دو پساب 15 درجه سانتی گراد است و ظرفیت حذف در هر دو پساب با افزایش pH از 2 به 10 افزایش می یابد. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به یافته های این مطالعه می توان برآورد کرد که جاذب مورد مطالعه در این بررسی که هیدروژل نانو مغناطیسی اکسید آهن است کاهش معناداری از میزان آمونیاک موجود در پساب های مورد نظر را داشته است. لذا می توان گفت که هیدروژل نانو مغناطیسی اکسید آهن یک جاذب موثر برای حذف سریع یون های آمونیوم از محلول آبی است. 2 Background and Aim: With the industrialization of aquatic ecosystems, the concentration of ammonia in surface water and groundwater have been much higher than standards, and large amounts of industrial, municipal and agricultural effluents containing ammonia are released into water sources, producing unhealthy and harmful products. The aim of this study was to synthesis the biological nanocomposite hydrogels based on kappa-carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles to absorb three samples of agricultural effluent containing ammonia. Methods: Hydrogels are the most suitable bio-sorbents that exist naturally and synthetically. In this study, carrageenan and acrylic acid hydrogels in the form of radical polymerization were prepared in the room by methylene bis-acrylamide as the crosslinking agent and ammonia persulfate as the initiator. Then, a magnetic hydrogel was prepared using divalent and trivalent iron by co-precipitation method. Results: By adsorbing the ammonia in the two prepared effluent samples, the optimal values ​​for contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent were 40 minutes, 5, 15 ° C and 40 mg, respectively. The ammonia equilibrium adsorption process by nanomagnetic hydrogels was studied by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, which show that the maximum adsorption belongs to the Langmuir isotherm. Comparison of experimental data with adsorption models showed that these data follow a quasi-quadratic adsorption model. The optimum temperature for the removal of ammonia from both effluents is 15 ° C and the removal capacity in both effluents increases with rising pH from 2 to 10. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be estimated that the adsorbent studied in this study, which is a nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide, had a significant reduction in the amount of ammonia in the effluents. It can be said that the nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide is an effective adsorbent for the rapid removal of ammonium ions from an aqueous solution. 197 208 2021/08/272021/06/42021/10/18 1400/7/26 2021/11/272021/12/92021/11/17 1400/8/26 امیرحسین فضیلتی Amirhosein Fazilati amirfazilati@gmail.com نادر مختاریان Nader Mokhtarian گروه مهندسی شیمی، واحد شهرضا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران mokhtarian@iaush.ac.ir علی محمد لطیفی Alimohammad Latifi amlatifi290@gmail.com محمد فضیلتی Mohammad Fazilati dr.moh.faz@gmail.com Hydrogel Adsorption Ammonium Isotherm Wastewater treatment هیدروژل جذب آمونیاک ایزوترم تصفیه پساب 1. Caravantes R, Zuniga-Teran A, Martín F, Marta Bernabeu, Philip Stoker, and Christopher Scott 2020; Urban Water Security: A Comparative Study of Cities in the Arid Americas. Environment and Urbanization 32 (1): 275–94. doi:10.1177/0956247819900468##2. Emmanuel R, Fortela DL, Sharp W, Hernandez R, Zappi ME. Adsorption Kinetic Modeling Using Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order Rate Laws: A Review 2020; Cleaner Engineering and Technology 1: 100032. doi:10.1016/j.clet.2020.100032##3. Akindele M, Abdelrahman M, Burritt DJ, L. Salt Stress Tolerance Mechanisms and Potential Applications of Legumes for Sustainable Reclamation of Salt-Degraded Soils. Land Degradation & Development 2018; 29 (10): 3812–3822. doi:10.1002/ldr.3095##4. Khalilzadeh R, Pirzad A, Sepehr E, Khan S, Anwar S. The Salicornia Europaea Potential for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in the Soils under Different Times of Wastewater Irrigation in Northwestern Iran 2021; Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28:34. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14073-4.##5. A Moayedi, Yargholi B, Pazira E, Babazadeh H. Investigated of Desalination of Saline Waters by Using Dunaliella Salina Algae and Its Effect on Water Ions 2019; Civil Engineering Journal 5 (11): 2450–60. doi: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091423##6. Saravanan A, Kumar SP, Varjani S, Jeevanantham S, Yaashikaa PR, Thamarai P, Abirami B, George CS. A Review on Algal-Bacterial Symbiotic System for Effective Treatment of Wastewater 2021; Chemosphere 271: 129540. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129540##7. Tien Duc P, Trang Do T, Lau Ha V, Yen Doan T, Huong Nguyen T, Duc Mai T, Kobayashi M, Adachi Y. Adsorptive Removal of Ammonium Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Surfactant-Modified Alumina 2017; Environmental Chemistry 14 (5): 327–37. doi:10.1071/EN17102##8. Zh Yan, Zheng X, Fan J, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang T, Sun Q, Huang Y. China National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Freshwater Life: Ammonia 2020; Chemosphere 251: 126379. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126379##9. Z Rui, Chen X, Li X, Shan D, Yang J, Wang J, Teng Y. Distribution, Genesis, and Pollution Risk of Ammonium Nitrogen in Groundwater in an Arid Loess Plain Northwestern China 2017. Environmental Earth Sciences 76 (17): 629. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6963-4##10. Pei M, Liu S, Yu Q, Li X, Han X. Sources and Transformations of Anthropogenic Nitrogen in the Highly Disturbed Huai River Basin, Eastern China 2019; Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (11): 11153–69. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04470-1##11. Jianyin H, Kankanamge N, Chow C, Welsh DT, Li T, Teasdale PR. Removing Ammonium from Water and Wastewater Using Cost-Effective Adsorbents: A Review 2018; Journal of Environmental Sciences 63: 174–97. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.009##12. Rama Rao K, Narayan Sahu J, Chimmiri V. Critical Review of Abatement of Ammonia from Wastewater 2018; Journal of Molecular Liquids 261: 21–31. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.120##13. H Sadegh, Gomaa AM. Potential Applications of Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment: Nanoadsorbents Performance 2019; Advanced Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastewater. 51–61. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5754-8.ch004##14. Qu J, Wang H, Wang K, Yu G, Ke B, Yu HQ, Ren H. Municipal Wastewater Treatment in China 2019; Development History and Future Perspectives. doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1172-x##15. Xiaojian H, Zhang X, Ngo H, Guo W, Wen H, Li C, Zhang Y, Ma C. Comparison Study on the Ammonium Adsorption of the Biochars Derived from Different Kinds of Fruit Peel 2020; Science of The Total Environment 707: 135544. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135544##16. Azizi S, Mohamad R, Abdul Rahim R, Mohammadinejad R, Bin Ariff A. Hydrogel Beads Bio-Nanocomposite Based on Kappa-Carrageenan and Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 2017; International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104: 423–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.010##17. Jamshidi F, Nouri N, Sereshti H, Shojaee Aliabadi MH. Synthesis of Magnetic Poly (Acrylic Acid-Menthol Deep Eutectic Solvent) Hydrogel 2020; Application for Extraction of Pesticides. Journal of Molecular Liquids 318: 114073. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114073##18. Q Yin, Zhang B, Wang R, Zhao Z. Biochar as an Adsorbent for Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Water: A Review 2017; Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (34): 26297–309. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0338-y##19. Azreen I, Lija Y, Zahrim AY. Ammonia Nitrogen Removal from Aqueous Solution by Local Agricultural Wastes 2017; IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 206: 12077. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/206/1/012077##20. Mussolini K, Paul JW, Lavkulich LM, Bomke AA. Effect of PH on Ammonium Adsorption by Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite 1999; Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30 (9–10): 1417–30. doi:10.1080/00103629909370296##21.Yong Z, Yu F, Cheng W, Wang J, Ma J. Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of the Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen by Zeolite X/Activated Carbon Composite Synthesized from Elutrilithe 2017; Journal of Chemistry: 1936829. doi:10.1155/2017/1936829##22. Biplab KM, Chung KL, Chang S. Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4+-N) by Cu-Loaded Amino-Functionalized Adsorbents 2021; Chemical Engineering Journal 411: 128589. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128589##23. Jinghan W, Zhou W, Yang H, Wang F, Ruan R. Trophic Mode Conversion and Nitrogen Deprivation of Microalgae for High Ammonium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater 2015; Bioresource Technology 196: 668–76. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.036##24. Thi Mai V, Trinh VT, Phuong Doan D, Van HT, Nguyen TV, Vigneswaran S, Hao Ngo H. Removing Ammonium from Water Using Modified Corncob-Biochar 2017; Science of The Total Environment 579: 612–19. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.050##25. Oktor K, Hilmioglu N. Removal of Ammonium from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes Using Environment Friendly Natural Biopolymer Chitosan. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2021 Jan 1;30(2 A):1970-6.##26. Grégorio C, Pierre-Marie B. Application of Chitosan, a Natural Amino-polysaccharide, for Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes Using Batch Studies: A Review of Recent Literature 2008; Progress in Polymer Science 33: 399-447. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.11.001##27. Batool Sh, Laleh R, Ali AD, Mohammad K. Fabrication Characterization and Statistical Investigation of a New Starch-Based Hydrogel Nanocomposite for Ammonium Adsorption 2015; Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 51: 201-215. doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2015.01.010##28. Fang R, He W, Xue H, Chen W. Synthesis and characterization of a high-capacity cationic hydrogel adsorbent and its application in the removal of Acid Black 1 from aqueous solution 2016; Reactive and Functional Polymers. 102:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.02.013##29. Zheng Y, Wang A. Evaluation of ammonium removal using a chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/Rectorite hydrogel composite 2009; Journal of Hazardous Materials. 15:671-7. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.053##30. Rao P, Lo IM, Yin K, Tang SC. Removal of natural organic matter by cationic hydrogel with magnetic properties 2011; Journal of environmental management. 92:1690-5. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.028##1. Caravantes R, Zuniga-Teran A, Martín F, Marta Bernabeu, Philip Stoker, and Christopher Scott 2020; Urban Water Security: A Comparative Study of Cities in the Arid Americas. Environment and Urbanization 32 (1): 275–94. doi:10.1177/0956247819900468##2. Emmanuel R, Fortela DL, Sharp W, Hernandez R, Zappi ME. Adsorption Kinetic Modeling Using Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order Rate Laws: A Review 2020; Cleaner Engineering and Technology 1: 100032. doi:10.1016/j.clet.2020.100032##3. Akindele M, Abdelrahman M, Burritt DJ, L. Salt Stress Tolerance Mechanisms and Potential Applications of Legumes for Sustainable Reclamation of Salt-Degraded Soils. Land Degradation & Development 2018; 29 (10): 3812–3822. doi:10.1002/ldr.3095##4. Khalilzadeh R, Pirzad A, Sepehr E, Khan S, Anwar S. The Salicornia Europaea Potential for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in the Soils under Different Times of Wastewater Irrigation in Northwestern Iran 2021; Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28:34. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14073-4.##5. A Moayedi, Yargholi B, Pazira E, Babazadeh H. Investigated of Desalination of Saline Waters by Using Dunaliella Salina Algae and Its Effect on Water Ions 2019; Civil Engineering Journal 5 (11): 2450–60. doi: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091423##6. Saravanan A, Kumar SP, Varjani S, Jeevanantham S, Yaashikaa PR, Thamarai P, Abirami B, George CS. A Review on Algal-Bacterial Symbiotic System for Effective Treatment of Wastewater 2021; Chemosphere 271: 129540. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129540##7. Tien Duc P, Trang Do T, Lau Ha V, Yen Doan T, Huong Nguyen T, Duc Mai T, Kobayashi M, Adachi Y. Adsorptive Removal of Ammonium Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Surfactant-Modified Alumina 2017; Environmental Chemistry 14 (5): 327–37. doi:10.1071/EN17102##8. Zh Yan, Zheng X, Fan J, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang T, Sun Q, Huang Y. China National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Freshwater Life: Ammonia 2020; Chemosphere 251: 126379. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126379##9. Z Rui, Chen X, Li X, Shan D, Yang J, Wang J, Teng Y. Distribution, Genesis, and Pollution Risk of Ammonium Nitrogen in Groundwater in an Arid Loess Plain Northwestern China 2017. Environmental Earth Sciences 76 (17): 629. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6963-4##10. Pei M, Liu S, Yu Q, Li X, Han X. Sources and Transformations of Anthropogenic Nitrogen in the Highly Disturbed Huai River Basin, Eastern China 2019; Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (11): 11153–69. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04470-1##11. Jianyin H, Kankanamge N, Chow C, Welsh DT, Li T, Teasdale PR. Removing Ammonium from Water and Wastewater Using Cost-Effective Adsorbents: A Review 2018; Journal of Environmental Sciences 63: 174–97. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.009##12. Rama Rao K, Narayan Sahu J, Chimmiri V. Critical Review of Abatement of Ammonia from Wastewater 2018; Journal of Molecular Liquids 261: 21–31. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.120##13. H Sadegh, Gomaa AM. Potential Applications of Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment: Nanoadsorbents Performance 2019; Advanced Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastewater. 51–61. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5754-8.ch004##14. Qu J, Wang H, Wang K, Yu G, Ke B, Yu HQ, Ren H. Municipal Wastewater Treatment in China 2019; Development History and Future Perspectives. doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1172-x##15. Xiaojian H, Zhang X, Ngo H, Guo W, Wen H, Li C, Zhang Y, Ma C. Comparison Study on the Ammonium Adsorption of the Biochars Derived from Different Kinds of Fruit Peel 2020; Science of The Total Environment 707: 135544. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135544##16. Azizi S, Mohamad R, Abdul Rahim R, Mohammadinejad R, Bin Ariff A. Hydrogel Beads Bio-Nanocomposite Based on Kappa-Carrageenan and Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 2017; International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104: 423–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.010##17. Jamshidi F, Nouri N, Sereshti H, Shojaee Aliabadi MH. Synthesis of Magnetic Poly (Acrylic Acid-Menthol Deep Eutectic Solvent) Hydrogel 2020; Application for Extraction of Pesticides. Journal of Molecular Liquids 318: 114073. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114073##18. Q Yin, Zhang B, Wang R, Zhao Z. Biochar as an Adsorbent for Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Water: A Review 2017; Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (34): 26297–309. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0338-y##19. Azreen I, Lija Y, Zahrim AY. Ammonia Nitrogen Removal from Aqueous Solution by Local Agricultural Wastes 2017; IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 206: 12077. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/206/1/012077##20. Mussolini K, Paul JW, Lavkulich LM, Bomke AA. Effect of PH on Ammonium Adsorption by Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite 1999; Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30 (9–10): 1417–30. doi:10.1080/00103629909370296##21.Yong Z, Yu F, Cheng W, Wang J, Ma J. Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of the Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen by Zeolite X/Activated Carbon Composite Synthesized from Elutrilithe 2017; Journal of Chemistry: 1936829. doi:10.1155/2017/1936829##22. Biplab KM, Chung KL, Chang S. Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4+-N) by Cu-Loaded Amino-Functionalized Adsorbents 2021; Chemical Engineering Journal 411: 128589. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128589##23. Jinghan W, Zhou W, Yang H, Wang F, Ruan R. Trophic Mode Conversion and Nitrogen Deprivation of Microalgae for High Ammonium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater 2015; Bioresource Technology 196: 668–76. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.036##24. Thi Mai V, Trinh VT, Phuong Doan D, Van HT, Nguyen TV, Vigneswaran S, Hao Ngo H. Removing Ammonium from Water Using Modified Corncob-Biochar 2017; Science of The Total Environment 579: 612–19. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.050##25. Oktor K, Hilmioglu N. Removal of Ammonium from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes Using Environment Friendly Natural Biopolymer Chitosan. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2021 Jan 1;30(2 A):1970-6.##26. Grégorio C, Pierre-Marie B. Application of Chitosan, a Natural Amino-polysaccharide, for Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes Using Batch Studies: A Review of Recent Literature 2008; Progress in Polymer Science 33: 399-447. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.11.001##27. Batool Sh, Laleh R, Ali AD, Mohammad K. Fabrication Characterization and Statistical Investigation of a New Starch-Based Hydrogel Nanocomposite for Ammonium Adsorption 2015; Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 51: 201-215. doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2015.01.010##28. Fang R, He W, Xue H, Chen W. Synthesis and characterization of a high-capacity cationic hydrogel adsorbent and its application in the removal of Acid Black 1 from aqueous solution 2016; Reactive and Functional Polymers. 102:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.02.013##29. Zheng Y, Wang A. Evaluation of ammonium removal using a chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/Rectorite hydrogel composite 2009; Journal of Hazardous Materials. 15:671-7. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.053##30. Rao P, Lo IM, Yin K, Tang SC. Removal of natural organic matter by cationic hydrogel with magnetic properties 2011; Journal of environmental management. 92:1690-5. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.028 ##

سنتز زیستی نانوذرات ضدباکتریایی اکسیدگرافن احیا شده با ماکروجلبک سبز Ulva flexuosa Biosynthesis of antibacterial nanoparticles reduced graphene oxide by green macro-algae Ulva flexuosa 1 1 زمینه و اهداف: رشد روزافزون نگرانی‌ها در ارتباط با سویه‌های باکتریایی مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها نیاز مبرم به کشف و توسعه انواع جدیدی از عوامل ضدباکتریایی را آشکار می‌سازد. از این رو هدف از این مطالعه، ارائه نسل جدیدی از نانو ذرات جدید ضدباکتریایی برای کاربردهای پزشکی صنعتی است. روش‌ها: در مطالعه آزمایشگاهی حاضر، ابتدا فرایند سنتز زیستی نانوذرات گرافن با استفاده از عصاره آبی جلبک سبز Ulva flexuosa انجام شد. در ادامه ارزیابی فعالیت ضدباکتریایی با دو روش آزمون تعیین قطر هاله عدم رشد و تعیین حداقل غلظت کشندگی بر روی سویه‌های باکتری گرم مثبت و گرم منفی صورت پذیرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج مربوط به آنالیزهای مشخصه‌یابی احیای اکسیدگرافن به کمک عصاره آبی جلبک سبز U. flexuosa و تبدیل آن به گرافن را تایید کرد. ارزیابی فعالیت ضدباکتریایی نمونه‌های مورد مطالعه نشان داد که عصاره آبی جلبک سبز و اکسیدگرافن احیا شده دارای فعالیت ضدباکتریایی هستند، این در حالی است که اکسیدگرافن فاقد فعالیت ضدباکتریایی بود. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که اکسیدگرافن احیا شده با جلبک سبز را می‌توان به عنوان یک ترکیب ضدباکتریایی جدید به حوزه دارو و درمان معرفی کرد. 2 Background and Aim: The growing concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains reveal the urgent need to discover and develop new types of antibacterial agents. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to present a new generation of new antibacterial nanoparticles for industrial medical applications. Methods: In this experimental study, the biosynthesis process of graphene nanoparticles was performed using an aqueous extract of green algae of Ulva flexuosa. Then the antibacterial activity was evaluated by two methods of determining the diameter of the growth inhibition zone and determining the minimum inhibition concentration on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Results: The results of characterization analyses of graphene oxide reduction with the aqueous extract of the green alga U. flexuosa and its conversion to graphene were confirmed. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the samples showed that the aqueous extract of green algae and reduced graphene oxide had antibacterial activity, while graphene oxide had no antibacterial activity. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that reduced graphene oxide by green macro-algae can be introduced as a new antibacterial to the pharmaceutical field and medicine. 209 217 2021/08/272021/06/42021/10/182021/05/17 1400/2/27 2021/11/272021/12/92021/11/172021/07/2 1400/4/11 سولماز سلیمانی Soolmaz Soleimani دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com آرش قادری Arash Ghaderi دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com مرتضی یوسف زادی Morteza Yousefzadi گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران morteza110110@gmail.com حمید صابری Hamid Saberi دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com سمیه دیانت Somayeh Dianat دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com Antibacterial Green macro-algae Graphene oxide Green synthesis ضدباکتری ماکروجلبک سبز اکسیدگرافن سنتز زیستی 1. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and therapeutics. 2015;40(4):277.##2. Graves JL, Thomas M, Ewunkem JA. Antimicrobial nanomaterials: why evolution matters. 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شناسایی و ارزیابی ریسک در تأسیسات آب شرب شهر هشتگرد به روش FMEA Risk Identification and Assessment in Hashtgerd Drinking Water Facilities by FMEA Method 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تقویت امنیت و انعطاف پذیری زیرساخت­ های حیاتی مانند تأسیسات آبی که بخشی از دارایی ­های اصلی و مراکز حیاتی شهرها بوده و در برابر حملات احتمالی بسیار آسیب ­پذیرند، نقش بسیار مهمی در کاهش آسیب پذیری در شرایط بحرانی دارد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی و ارزیابی ریسک تأسیسات آب شرب شهر هشتگرد به روش بررسی حالات بالقوه خطر و تحلیل اثرات ناشی از آن انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه تحلیلی حاضر در سال ۱۳۹۹ در کل تأسیسات‌ آبی شهر هشتگرد انجام شد. شناسایی و تعیین انواع خطرات و تهدیدات بالقوه تأسیسات آبی شهر هشتگرد در مورد کمیت و کیفیت آب و بهره برداری و نگهداری، از طریق بررسی مستندات لازم، بازدیدهای میدانی، مشاهده، مصاحبه و نظرخواهی از متخصصان آبفای استان البرز و شهر هشتگرد انجام شد. در ادامه به کمک تکنیک FMEA ارزیابی ریسک انجام گرفت. عدد اولویت ریسک با ضرب سه عامل شدت، احتمال وقوع و احتمال کشف محاسبه شد و بر اساس آن، اولویت بندی خطرات انجام و راه کارهای لازم برای کاهش خطر ارائه گردید. یافته‌ها: در این مطالعه ۴۲ خطر بالقوه شناسایی شد. بیشترین خطرات متعلق به چاه­های آب (35.71٪) بود. خطرات شناسایی شده ۱۰، ۳۳ و ۵۷ درصد به ترتیب مرتبط با کمیت، کیفیت آب و بهره ­برداری و نگهداری بودند. بالاترین عدد اولویت ریسک به ترتیب ۵۷۶، ۴۴۸ و ۳۹۲ مرتبط با تهدیدات بحرانی متعلق به انتخاب نامناسب محل چاه آب، احتمال حملات فیزیکی به مخازن و بالا بودن عمر ایستگاه پمپاژ و شبکه توزیع آب بود. به ترتیب 47.6، 40.5 و 11.9 درصد ریسک­ ها در سطح بحرانی، متوسط و غیربحرانی بودند. عدد اولویت ریسک برای تهدیدات در سطح بحرانی در مورد چاه­ های آب با ۸ ریسک در رنج ۴۴۸-۱۹۲، برای ایستگاه­ های پمپاژ با ۸ ریسک در رنج ۵۷۶-۲۸۰ و برای مخازن و شبکه توزیع آب با ۴ ریسک در رنج ۳۹۲-۳۳۶ بود. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان داد کل تأسیسات آبی هشتگرد تحت تاثیر تهدیدات بالقوه بحرانی شناسایی شده، آسیب­ پذیرند و نیازمند اصلاحات، کنترل و نظارت جدی و آموزش و مهارت افزایی به روز و مکرر کارکنان هستند. انجام اصلاحات به خصوص برای تهدیدات در سطح بحرانی، به ترتیب اولویت برای مخازن آب و شبکه توزیع، ایستگاه پمپاژ و سپس چاه ­های آب، می­ تواند نقش موثری در کاهش پتانسیل خطر و اثرات مخرب تهدیدات در بحران داشته باشد و لازم است مورد توجه جدی مسئولین صنعت آب قرار گیرند. 2 Background and Aim: Strengthening the security and flexibility of critical infrastructure such as water facilities, which are part of the main assets and vital centers of cities and are very vulnerable to possible attacks, has a very important role in reducing vulnerability in critical situations. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the risk of drinking water facilities in Hashtgerd city by Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA).  Methods: The present analytical study was conducted in the all water facility of Hashtgerd city, Alborz, Iran in 2020. Identification and determination of the types of potential hazards and threats of water facilities in Hashtgerd city related to the quantity and quality of water and operation and maintenance was done by reviewing the necessary documents, field visits, observation, interviews and opinion polls of Alborz province water supply experts. Then, risk assessment was performed using FMEA technique. The risk priority number was calculated by multiplying the three factors of severity, probability of occurrence and probability of discovery, and based on that, risk prioritization was performed and the necessary solutions to reduce the risk were presented. Results: In this study, 42 potential risks were identified. The highest risks belonged to water wells (35.71%). The identified risks were 10, 33 and 57%, related to the quantity, quality of water and operation and maintenance, respectively. The highest risk priority number were 576, 448 and 392, related to the critical threats that belonged to improper selection of water well location, possibility of physical attacks on reservoirs and long life of pumping station and water distribution network, respectively. 47.6, 40.5 and 11.9% of the risks were at the critical, moderate and non-critical levels, respectively. Risk priority number range of critical level threats for water wells with 8 risks was 192-448, for pumping stations with 8 risks was 280-576 and for reservoirs and water distribution network with 4 risks was 336-392. Conclusion: The findings showed that all of the Hashtgerd water facilities are vulnerable to identified potentially critical threats and require serious corrections, control, monitoring and up-to-date and frequent staff training. Corrections implementation, especially for critical level threats, in order of priority for water tanks and distribution network, pumping station and then water wells, can play an effective role in reducing the risk potential and destructive effects of threats in crises and need to be seriously considered by water industry officials. 218 228 2021/08/272021/06/42021/10/182021/05/172021/06/26 1400/4/5 2021/11/272021/12/92021/11/172021/07/22021/08/22 1400/5/31 حسین معصوم بیگی Hossein Masoumbeigi دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علو.م پزشکی بقیه الله عج masoumbeigi@gmail.com مهدی سادات رسول Mahdi Sadat Rasoul دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علو.م پزشکی بقیه الله عج mahdisadat94@gmail.com قادر غنی زاده Ghader Qanizadeh مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت نظامی، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی اسلامی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران qanizadeh@yahoo.com Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Priority Number Water Facilities Water Well. حالات بالقوه خطر و تحلیل اثرات ارزیابی ریسک عدد اولویت ریسک تأسیسات آب شرب آب چاه. 1. Zarghani S H, Kharazmi O A, Bakhshi Shadmehri F. The position of passive defense in the security of urban infrastructure with emphasis on water infrastructure. National Conference on Passive Defense and Sustainable Development. Ministry of Interior. 2016. 902-915.##2. Masoumbeigi H, Ramavandi b. Security of water supply facilities from source to consumption. Baqiyatallah University Press, (2014).##3. Masoumbeigi H, Jalili Ghazizadeh R. Passive Defense Engineering in Downstream Hydroelectric Facilities, second International Conference on Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plants. 1999.##4. Code of Crisis Management and Passive Defense of the Ministry of Energy, notified by the Minister of Energy No. 100/11/37825 dated 27/9/2012. ##5. Sheykhali M, Asadollahfardi Gh, Emamzadeh S Sh. Evaluation of the vulnerability of water supply facilities with the AHP and RAMCAP combined methods. Amirkabir J. Civil Eng.2020; 52(5): 1-15. ##6. Nakhaie j, Bitarafan M, Joneidi M, Sattari F. Risk Assessment of Urban Water Supply Systems of the Country against Threats Using RAMCAP. 2017. 28 (4): 10-20. (In Persian).##7. Sheykhali M, Asadollahfardi Gh R, Emamzadeh S Sh. Identification and Prioritization of the Criteria and Indicators of the Urban Water System by AHP and RAMCAP, Quranic Knowledge Research. 2020; 20(4), 121-133. (Persian). ##8. Mousavi S R, Peyvstehgar† Y, Khalilabad H K. Risk Assessment of Key Assets of Bandar Abbas with Passive Defense Approach. Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography. 2020; 12 (4): 743-762.##9. Dawid Szpak. Method of water consumer’s safety analysis and assessment. E3S Web of Conferences 17, 00092 (2017). DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171700092.##10. Carneiro R.N, Damiao S, Benoliel M.J. Water safety plans at EPAL's water supply system-tool to prioritize investments and mitigation actions. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2015: 15(5); 1106-1114.##11. WHO. Water Safety Plans Managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer. 2005. P 117 and 188.##12. Adibzadeh AH, Tavakoli H, Parj H. Final report of master's thesis. Investigating and evaluating the threats of drinking water and providing a solution to promote the health and safety of drinking water in Semnan city with passive defense approach. Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. 2020.##13. Tabesh, M. Roozbehani, A. Hadigol,F, Risk Assessment of Water Treatment Plant Using Fuzzy Tree Analysis (Case Study: Jalaliyeh Refinery in Tehran). Water and Wastewater, 2018. 29(4): p. 132- 144 (In Persian).##14. Masoumbeigi H, Ghanizadeh Gh, Sadat Rasul S M. Assessment the security status of drinking water facilities of Hashtgerd City with passive defense approach. Journal of Police Medicine. 2021; 10 (3): 167-175. ##15. Masoumbeigi H, Ghanizadeh Gh, Sadat Rasul S M. Assessment the security status of drinking water facilities of Hashtgerd City with passive defense approach. Journal of Military Health Promotion. 2021; 2 (1): 267-276. ##16. Nijhawan, A., Jain, P., Sargaonkar, A. and Labhasetwar, P.K,Implementation of water safety plan for a large-piped water supply system. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2014:186(9); 5547-5560.##17. Mirmohammadsadeghi1 S.O, Nabavianpour M.. Investigating the Risk of Garmsar Water Distribution Network through Binary and TOPSIS Methods Using GIS. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development. 2019; 6 (1): 15 to 22.##18. Golkhani F, Ghotbi Ravandi M R, Baesmat S, Abasi Balochkhane F. The Use of Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Analytic Hi-erarchy Process (AHP) Methods to Determine the Most Important Safety Hazards. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2018;6(1):17-21.##19. Omidvar B, Mahmoodian M, Kakaiee S. Seismic Risk Analysis and Scenario Development of Water Supply Systems, Emergency Management. 2018; 6(2), 29-44.##1. Zarghani S H, Kharazmi O A, Bakhshi Shadmehri F. The position of passive defense in the security of urban infrastructure with emphasis on water infrastructure. National Conference on Passive Defense and Sustainable Development. Ministry of Interior. 2016. 902-915.##2. Masoumbeigi H, Ramavandi b. Security of water supply facilities from source to consumption. Baqiyatallah University Press, (2014).##3. Masoumbeigi H, Jalili Ghazizadeh R. Passive Defense Engineering in Downstream Hydroelectric Facilities, second International Conference on Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plants. 1999.##4. Code of Crisis Management and Passive Defense of the Ministry of Energy, notified by the Minister of Energy No. 100/11/37825 dated 27/9/2012. ##5. Sheykhali M, Asadollahfardi Gh, Emamzadeh S Sh. Evaluation of the vulnerability of water supply facilities with the AHP and RAMCAP combined methods. Amirkabir J. Civil Eng.2020; 52(5): 1-15. ##6. Nakhaie j, Bitarafan M, Joneidi M, Sattari F. Risk Assessment of Urban Water Supply Systems of the Country against Threats Using RAMCAP. 2017. 28 (4): 10-20. (In Persian).##7. Sheykhali M, Asadollahfardi Gh R, Emamzadeh S Sh. Identification and Prioritization of the Criteria and Indicators of the Urban Water System by AHP and RAMCAP, Quranic Knowledge Research. 2020; 20(4), 121-133. (Persian). ##8. Mousavi S R, Peyvstehgar† Y, Khalilabad H K. Risk Assessment of Key Assets of Bandar Abbas with Passive Defense Approach. Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography. 2020; 12 (4): 743-762.##9. Dawid Szpak. Method of water consumer’s safety analysis and assessment. E3S Web of Conferences 17, 00092 (2017). DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171700092.##10. Carneiro R.N, Damiao S, Benoliel M.J. Water safety plans at EPAL's water supply system-tool to prioritize investments and mitigation actions. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2015: 15(5); 1106-1114.##11. WHO. Water Safety Plans Managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer. 2005. P 117 and 188.##12. Adibzadeh AH, Tavakoli H, Parj H. Final report of master's thesis. Investigating and evaluating the threats of drinking water and providing a solution to promote the health and safety of drinking water in Semnan city with passive defense approach. Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. 2020.##13. Tabesh, M. Roozbehani, A. Hadigol,F, Risk Assessment of Water Treatment Plant Using Fuzzy Tree Analysis (Case Study: Jalaliyeh Refinery in Tehran). Water and Wastewater, 2018. 29(4): p. 132- 144 (In Persian).##14. Masoumbeigi H, Ghanizadeh Gh, Sadat Rasul S M. Assessment the security status of drinking water facilities of Hashtgerd City with passive defense approach. Journal of Police Medicine. 2021; 10 (3): 167-175. ##15. Masoumbeigi H, Ghanizadeh Gh, Sadat Rasul S M. Assessment the security status of drinking water facilities of Hashtgerd City with passive defense approach. Journal of Military Health Promotion. 2021; 2 (1): 267-276. ##16. Nijhawan, A., Jain, P., Sargaonkar, A. and Labhasetwar, P.K,Implementation of water safety plan for a large-piped water supply system. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2014:186(9); 5547-5560.##17. Mirmohammadsadeghi1 S.O, Nabavianpour M.. Investigating the Risk of Garmsar Water Distribution Network through Binary and TOPSIS Methods Using GIS. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development. 2019; 6 (1): 15 to 22.##18. Golkhani F, Ghotbi Ravandi M R, Baesmat S, Abasi Balochkhane F. The Use of Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Analytic Hi-erarchy Process (AHP) Methods to Determine the Most Important Safety Hazards. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2018;6(1):17-21.##19. Omidvar B, Mahmoodian M, Kakaiee S. Seismic Risk Analysis and Scenario Development of Water Supply Systems, Emergency Management. 2018; 6(2), 29-44. ##

ارتباط سطح سرمی ویتامین D، کلسیم و فسفر با شدت بیماری در بیماران آرتریت روماتوئید مراجعه کننده به یک بیمارستان نظامی Relationship between Serum Levels of Vitamin D, Calcium and Phosphorus with Disease Severity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis referred to a Military Hospital 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آرتریت روماتوئید (Rheumatoid arthritis) یک بیماری سیستمیک و مزمن است. در این مطالعه ما به بررسی سطح سرمی ویتامین D، کلسیم و فسفر در این بیماری و ارتباط آن با علائم بالینی بر اساس فعالیت 28 امتیازی بیمار (DAS28)Disease Activity Score 28 پرداختیم. روش ها: این مطالعه بصورت مقطعی آینده نگر بر روی بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید مراجعه کننده به درمانگاه روماتولوژی یک بیمارستان نظامی در شهر تهران انجام گرفت. تشخیص بیماری بر اساس معیارهای انجمن روماتولوژی آمریکا، توسط روماتولوژیست انجام شد. پس از ورود بیماران، شدت بیماری آرتریت روماتوئید بر اساس معیارهای DAS28 مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت، این معیار بر اساس تعداد مفاصل دردناک، تعداد مفاصل متورم، تست سرعت رسوب گلبول قرمز Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) و همچنین Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) می باشد. سطح سرمی ویتامین D، کلسیم و فسفر نیز در همه این بیماران سنجش شد. یافته ها: در مجموع 100 بیمار در این مطالعه حضور داشتند که 22 بیمار مرد (22%) و 78 بیمار زن (78%) بودند. میانگین سنی بیماران 11±53.7 سال (کمترین 26 و بیشترین 76 سال) بود. میانگین نمره شدت بیماری در بین بیماران 1.2±14.4 (کمترین 1.4 و بیشترین 6.7) بود. 12 درصد از بیماران بیماری غیرفعال، 8 درصد بیماری بافعالیت کم، 62 درصد بیماری با فعالیت متوسط و 18 درصد بیماری با فعالیت شدید داشتند. تفاوت معنی داری بین شدت بیماری و سطح سرمی ویتامین D، کلسیم و فسفر دیده شد، بیمارانی که شدت فعالیت بیماری بالاتری داشتند میزان کلسیم و ویتامین D در آنها پایین تر بوده است در حالیکه آنها میزان فسفر بالاتری را داشتند (p<0.05). نتیجه گیری: در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید فعال، سطح سرمی ویتامین D پایین بوده لذا پیشنهاد می شود مطالعاتی جهت تاثیر این ویتامین بر بهبود شدت بیماری در این بیماران انجام گیرد تا بتوان بطور قطع تصمیم گیری نهایی جهت افزایش این ویتامین به رژیم درمانی این بیماران انجام داد. 2 Background and Aim: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic disease. In this study, we examined the serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus in this disease and its relationship with clinical symptoms based on the patient's Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28). Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to the rheumatology clinic of a military hospital in Tehran, Iran. The diagnosis was made by a rheumatologist according to the criteria of the American Rheumatological Association. After admission, the severity of rheumatoid arthritis was assessed according to DAS28 criteria, which is based on the number of painful joints, number of swollen joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus were also measured in all of these patients. Results: one hundred patients were present in this study, of which 22 were male (22%) and 78 were female (78%). The mean age of patients was 53.7±11 years (range: 26-76 years). The mean score of disease severity among patients was 14.4±1.2 (range 1.4-7.6). 12% of patients had passive disease, 8% had low-activity disease, 62% had moderate activity and 18% had severe activity. There was a significant difference between the severity of the disease and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Patients with higher disease severity had lower levels of calcium and vitamin D while higher levels of phosphorus (p <0.05). Conclusion: In patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, serum levels of vitamin D are low, so it is recommended to investigate the effect of this vitamin on improving the severity of the disease in these patients so that the final decision to increase this vitamin to the treatment regimen can be made. 229 235 2021/08/272021/06/42021/10/182021/05/172021/06/262021/06/23 1400/4/2 2021/11/272021/12/92021/11/172021/07/22021/08/222021/09/1 1400/6/10 ثریا شادمانفر Soraya Shademanfar دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج shadmanfarsoraya@gmail.com نوشین بیات Noushin Bayat دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج shakibaee.abolfazl@gmail.com محمد رفیعی Mohammad Rafiee دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج entezar8690@yahoo.com ابوالفضل شکیبائی Abolfazl Shakibaee مرکز تحقیقات فیزیولوژی ورزشی، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران shakibaee.abolfazl@yahoo.com احسان عرب زاده Ehsan Arabzadeh دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله عج eh.arabzadeh@gmail.com زینب ابراهیم پور Zeynab Ebrahimpour دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی shakibaee.abolfazl@gmail.com Rheumatoid arthritis Vitamin D Calcium Phosphorus Joint آرتریت روماتوئید ویتامین D کلسیم فسفر مفصل ## ##

تجمع فلزات سنگین در ماهیان: تهدیدی جدی برای امنیت غذایی و سلامت جامعه Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Fish: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Public Health 1 1 گسترش انواع آلودگی­ ها از جمله فلزات سنگین در منابع آبی باعث شده که بسیاری از اکوسیستم­ های دریایی و آب شیرین و موجودات ساکن آنها به ­ویژه ماهیان تحت تاثیرات منفی قرار گیرند. از آنجایی که صنعت شیلات تامین کننده بخشی از نیاز غذایی جامعه است، انتقال انواع آلاینده­ ها مانند فلزات سنگین از طریق زنجیره غذایی به بدن انسان می­تواند به ­عنوان یک عامل تهدیدکننده برای سلامت جامعه بشری تلقی گردد. از این ­رو، لزوم بررسی این مسئله به ­عنوان یکی از ضرورت‌های تحقیقاتی در سطح ملی و بین­ المللی احساس می ­شود. این مطالعه مروری روایتی با بررسی منابع کتابخانه­ ای، مقالات، کتب و همچنین، تارنماهای علمی معتبر به بررسی موضوع پرداخته است. در این مطالعه، در ابتدا، دورنمایی از صنعت شیلات و آبزی ­پروری ارائه شد و سپس، تجمع فلزات سنگین در بافت ماهیان و انتقال آنها به زنجیره غذایی انسان مورد تمرکز قرار گرفت. در این مطالعه، تاثیرات عمده انواع فلزات سنگین روی سلامت انسان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. به طور کلی، بیشتر فلزات سنگین در سطح بسیار کم برای بدن سمی هستند. اما با این حال، در بین فلزات مورد بررسی، جیوه، سرب و کادمیوم دارای درجه سمیت بالاتری هستند، لذا، افزایش این فلزات در بافت ماهیان به بیش­تر از حد مجاز با مخاطرات زیادی همراه است. مکانیسم اصلی سمیت فلزات سنگین شامل تولید رادیکال­‌های آزاد برای ایجاد استرس اکسیداتیو، آسیب به مولکول‌های بیولوژیکی مانند آنزیم‌ها، پروتئین­ها، لیپیدها، اسیدهای نوکلئیک و آسیب DNA می‌باشد. با توجه به یافته‌های این مطالعه مروری، افزایش سطح جیوه، سرب و کادمیوم در بافت ماهیان در مقایسه با سایر فلزات می­‌تواند اثرات زیان­بار بیشتری بر سلامت جامعه داشته باشد. از این­ رو، ضروری است که نظارت و کنترل دقیقی روی کیفیت مواد مصرفی به ویژه ماهیانی که در بازارهای عمده و خرده­ فروش­‌ها به فروش می‌رسد، اتخاذ شود. 2 The spread of pollutants, including heavy metals, in water resources, has negatively affected many marine and freshwater ecosystems and, consequently, their habitats, especially fish. Since the fisheries industry provides part of the food needs of society, the transfer of pollutants such as heavy metals through the food chain to the human body can be considered a threat to the health of human society. Therefore, the need to study this issue is felt like one of the research needs at the national and international levels. This narrative review examines the subject by reviewing library resources, articles, books, as well as reputable scientific databases. In this review, first, a perspective of the fisheries and aquaculture industry was presented and then, the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of fish and their transfer to the human food chain was considered. Also, the major effects of heavy metals on human health were investigated. In general, most heavy metals are toxic to the body at very low levels. However, among the studied metals, mercury, lead, and cadmium have a higher degree of toxicity, therefore, increasing these heavy metals in fish tissue to more than the allowable level is associated with many risks. The main mechanism of toxicity of heavy metals involves the production of free radicals to cause oxidative stress, which causes damage to biological molecules such as enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA. Based on the results, increasing the levels of mercury, lead and cadmium in fish tissue compared to other metals can have more harmful effects on public health. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the quality of consumables, especially fish sold in wholesale markets and retailers. 236 245 2021/08/272021/06/42021/10/182021/05/172021/06/262021/06/232021/05/23 1400/3/2 2021/11/272021/12/92021/11/172021/07/22021/08/222021/09/12021/12/9 1400/9/18 علیرضا رادخواه Ali Reza Radkhah گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران alirezaradkhah@ut.ac.ir سهیل ایگدری Soheil Eagderi گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران radkhahalireza@yahoo.com اسماعیل صادقی نژاد ماسوله Esmaeil Sadeghinejad Masouleh پژوهشکده آبزی‌پروری آبهای داخلی، موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندر انزلی، ایران fish7569804@gmail.com Heavy Metals Fish Tissue Food Security Mercury Lead فلزات سنگین بافت ماهیان امنیت غذایی جیوه سرب 1. Radkhah AR. Prevalence of parasitic diseases as a serious threat to the ornamental fish industry: A study on the prevalence of Argulus parasites in ornamental fishes of Iran. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics. 2019; 6(3) :13-22.##2. Radkhah AR, Eagderi S, Sadeghinejad Masouleh E. Investigation of antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to control diseases and health management in aquaculture systems. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics. 2020; 7(1): 7-15.##3. FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. 2020; doi: 10.4060/ca9229en. ##4. Jia Y, Wang L, Qu Z. Effects on heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fishes: species, tissues, and sizes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 24: 9379-9386.##5. García-Lestón J, Méndez J, Pásaro E, Laffon B. Genotoxic effects of lead: an updated review. Environment International. 2010; 36(6): 623-36.##6. Robards K, Worsfold P. Cadmium: toxicology and analysis. A review. Analyst, 2012; 116: 549-568.##7. Sivaperumal P, Sankar TV, Viswanathan Nair PG. Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards. Food Chemistry. 2007; 102: 612–620.##8. Isangedighi IA, David GS. Heavy Metals Contamination in Fish: Effects on Human Health. Journal of Aquatic Science and Marine Biology. 2019: 2(4): 7-12. ##9. Hashem MA, Nur-A-Tomal MS, Mondal NR, Rahman MA. Hair burning and liming in tanneries is a source of pollution by arsenic, lead, zinc, manganese and iron. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2017; 15(3): 501-06.##10. Pourret O. On the Necessity of Banning the Term “Heavy Metal” from the Scientific Literature. Sustainability. 2018; 10: 2879. doi: 10.3390/su10082879 ##11. Yousefinejad V, Mansouri B, Ramezani Z, Mohammadzadeh N, Akhlaghi M. Evaluation of heavy metals in tobacco and hookah water used in coffee houses in Sanandaj city in 2017. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 22(6) :96-106##12. Jyothi NR. Heavy metal sources and their effects on human health [Online First], IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95370. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/heavy-metal-sources-and-their-effects-on-human-health, 2020. ##13. Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation, Journal of Chemistry. 2019, Article ID 6730305, 14 pages, 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/6730305##14. Martin S, Griswold W. Human health effects of heavy metals. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens. 2009; 15:1-6##15. Rajeshkumar S, Li X. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Toxicol Rep. 2018; 5: 288–95. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.007##16. Radkhah AR. Presence of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems: A study on environmental consequences and provide principled solutions. The second national and specialized conference on environmental research in Iran. Hegmataneh Association for Environmental Assessment, August 7; 2014. Hamedan, 8 p.##17. Masindi V, Muedi KL. Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals, Heavy Metals, Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Refaat F. Aglan, IntechOpen, Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/heavy-metals/environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals. 2018 (June 27th 2018). doi: 10.5772/intechopen.76082##18. Carver A, Gallicchio VS. Heavy metals and cancer. In book: Cancer Causing Substances. 2018. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70348##19. Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD. Distribution and accumulation of mercury in sediments of Kaohsiung River mouth, Taiwan. APCBEE Procedia. 2012; 1: 153–58. doi: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.025##20. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology. 2014; 7(2), 60–72. doi: 10.2478/intox-2014-0009##21. Engwa GA, Ferdinand PU, Nwalo FN. Unachukwu, MN. Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans, Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?, Ozgur Karcioglu and Banu Arslan, IntechOpen, 2019. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com. Accessed on 3 August 2021. ##22. FAO/WHO 2016. Accumulation of heavy metals in fishes of freshwater. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net. Accessed on 3 August 2021. ##23. Markowitz M. Lead Poisoning. Pediatr Rev. 2000; 21(10): 327–35. doi: 10.1542/pir.21-10-327##24. Ahmed A, Baki M, Kundu MA, G.K. Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga river, Bangladesh. SpringerPlus. 2016; 5: 1697. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3357-0##25. Genchi G, Carocci A, Lauria G, Sinicropi MS, Catalano A. Nickel: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(3): 679. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030679##26. Mona T, Heba MA, Eman S, Khadiga SI, Safaa E. 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Pesticides studied in man. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 2015; 672 p.##32. Woody SA, O’Neal SL. Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources. The Nature Concervancy. 2015; 27 pp.##33. NHS, 2021. Vitamins and minerals - Iron – NHS. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk. Accessed on 4 August 2021. ##34. Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R. Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 19(2): 164–74.##35. Nriagu JO, Pacyna JM. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature. 1988; 333: 134-39.##36. Shah AI. Heavy metal impact on aquatic life and human health – an overview. IAIA 17 Conference Proceedings. IA’s Contribution in Addressing Climate Change37th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 4-7 April 2017. Le Centre Sheraton, Montréal, Canada, 2017; 7 p. https://conferences.iaia.org. ##37. Neal AP, Guilarte TR. Mechanisms of heavy metal neurotoxicity: lead and manganese. J Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012; S5:002. doi:10.4172/2157-7609.S5-002##38. Guilarte TR. Manganese and Parkinson’s disease: A critical review and new findings. Environmental Health Perspectics. 2010; 118: 1071-80. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901748##1. Radkhah AR. Prevalence of parasitic diseases as a serious threat to the ornamental fish industry: A study on the prevalence of Argulus parasites in ornamental fishes of Iran. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics. 2019; 6(3) :13-22.##2. Radkhah AR, Eagderi S, Sadeghinejad Masouleh E. Investigation of antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to control diseases and health management in aquaculture systems. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics. 2020; 7(1): 7-15.##3. FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. 2020; doi: 10.4060/ca9229en. ##4. Jia Y, Wang L, Qu Z. Effects on heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fishes: species, tissues, and sizes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 24: 9379-9386.##5. García-Lestón J, Méndez J, Pásaro E, Laffon B. Genotoxic effects of lead: an updated review. Environment International. 2010; 36(6): 623-36.##6. Robards K, Worsfold P. Cadmium: toxicology and analysis. A review. Analyst, 2012; 116: 549-568.##7. Sivaperumal P, Sankar TV, Viswanathan Nair PG. Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards. Food Chemistry. 2007; 102: 612–620.##8. Isangedighi IA, David GS. Heavy Metals Contamination in Fish: Effects on Human Health. Journal of Aquatic Science and Marine Biology. 2019: 2(4): 7-12. ##9. Hashem MA, Nur-A-Tomal MS, Mondal NR, Rahman MA. Hair burning and liming in tanneries is a source of pollution by arsenic, lead, zinc, manganese and iron. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2017; 15(3): 501-06.##10. Pourret O. On the Necessity of Banning the Term “Heavy Metal” from the Scientific Literature. Sustainability. 2018; 10: 2879. doi: 10.3390/su10082879 ##11. Yousefinejad V, Mansouri B, Ramezani Z, Mohammadzadeh N, Akhlaghi M. Evaluation of heavy metals in tobacco and hookah water used in coffee houses in Sanandaj city in 2017. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 22(6) :96-106##12. Jyothi NR. Heavy metal sources and their effects on human health [Online First], IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95370. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/heavy-metal-sources-and-their-effects-on-human-health, 2020. ##13. Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation, Journal of Chemistry. 2019, Article ID 6730305, 14 pages, 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/6730305##14. Martin S, Griswold W. Human health effects of heavy metals. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens. 2009; 15:1-6##15. Rajeshkumar S, Li X. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Toxicol Rep. 2018; 5: 288–95. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.007##16. Radkhah AR. Presence of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems: A study on environmental consequences and provide principled solutions. The second national and specialized conference on environmental research in Iran. Hegmataneh Association for Environmental Assessment, August 7; 2014. Hamedan, 8 p.##17. Masindi V, Muedi KL. Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals, Heavy Metals, Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Refaat F. Aglan, IntechOpen, Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/heavy-metals/environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals. 2018 (June 27th 2018). doi: 10.5772/intechopen.76082##18. Carver A, Gallicchio VS. Heavy metals and cancer. In book: Cancer Causing Substances. 2018. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70348##19. Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD. Distribution and accumulation of mercury in sediments of Kaohsiung River mouth, Taiwan. APCBEE Procedia. 2012; 1: 153–58. doi: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.025##20. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology. 2014; 7(2), 60–72. doi: 10.2478/intox-2014-0009##21. Engwa GA, Ferdinand PU, Nwalo FN. Unachukwu, MN. Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans, Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?, Ozgur Karcioglu and Banu Arslan, IntechOpen, 2019. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com. Accessed on 3 August 2021. ##22. FAO/WHO 2016. Accumulation of heavy metals in fishes of freshwater. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net. Accessed on 3 August 2021. ##23. Markowitz M. Lead Poisoning. 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بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی و خطر غواصی: مروری روایتی Cardiovascular Disease and the Risk of Diving: Narrative Review 1 1 طی دهه‌های اخیر غواصی به یک شغل کاملاً حرفه‌ای مبدل شده است که علاوه بر کاربردهای صنعتی، پژوهشی و نظامی، برای ورزش و تفریح هم انجام می‌شود. در غواصی، توانایی فیزیکی بدن از اهمیت بسیار بالایی برخوردار است و این اهمیت در غواصی حرفه‌ای نمود بیشتری دارد. در این مطالعه مروری به بررسی تحقیقات انجام شده در زمینه بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی و ارتباط آن با فعالیت فیزیکی و همچنین غواصی و استرس‌های احتمالی محیط غواصی پرداخته شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که عواملی مانند توان جسمی، سن، بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی می‌تواند بر غواصی ایمن تأثیرگذار باشد. با این حال افراد مبتلا به بسیاری از بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی با توجه به عوامل محیطی از جمله فشار، استرس حرارتی (معمولاً استرس سرما) و میزان جریان آب قادر به غواصی هستند اما ملاحظاتی را باید در نظر داشته باشند. با توجه به این نکته که عارضه قلبی-عروقی سومین علت شایع مرگ در هنگام غواصی است؛ همکاری پزشکان غواصی و متخصصان قلب و عروق و همچنین داشتن اطلاعات دقیق در مورد وضعیت بیماری و میزان تحمل عوامل محیطی توسط فرد دارای بیماری قلبی-عروقی، همچنین درک درست از محیط غواصی برای غواصی ایمن این افراد امری ضروری است. 2 In recent decades, diving has been introduced as a professional occupation that is performed in addition to industrial, research and military filed, as well as for sports and recreation. In diving, the physical ability of the body is very important and this importance is more evident in professional diving. In this review study, research on cardiovascular diseases and their relationship with physical activity, as well as diving and the possible stressors of the diving environment are reviewed. Findings show that factors such as physical strength, age, cardiovascular disease can affect safe diving. However, people with cardiovascular diseases are able to dive due to environmental factors such as pressure, heat stress (usually cold stress), and water flow, but there are some cautions for them. Considering that cardiovascular diseases are the third most common cause of death while diving; the cooperation of diving physicians and cardiologists, as well as having accurate information about the disease status and tolerance of environmental factors by a person with cardiovascular disease, as well as a proper understanding of the diving environment is essential for safe diving of these people 246 252 2021/08/272021/06/42021/10/182021/05/172021/06/262021/06/232021/05/232021/04/5 1400/1/16 2021/11/272021/12/92021/11/172021/07/22021/08/222021/09/12021/12/92021/11/27 1400/9/6 محمد غلامی Mohammad Gholami کارشناسی ارشد زیست شناسی جانوری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران mohamad.gholami.1529@gmail.com Diving Heart Disease Heat Stress. غواصی بیماری قلبی استرس حرارتی. 1. American Board of Preventive Medicine. https://www.theabpm.org.cfm Accessed May 4, 2010##2. Arborelius, M. Jr., Balldin, U.I., Lilja, B. & Lundgren, C.E.G. (1972) Hemodynamic changes in man during immer-sion with the head above water. Aerospace Med 43, 592-598.##3. Denobele PJ, Caruso JL, deL. Dear G, Pieper CF, Vann RD. Common causes of open-circuit recreational diving fatalities. Undersea Hyperb Med 2008; 35(6):393-406##4. www.scubamed.com Accessed May 4, 2010##5. Pendergast DR, Mollendorf J, Logue C, Samimy S. Evalu-ation of fins used in underwater swimming. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2003;30:57-73.##6. Batchelor GK. An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge Unive. Press , London. pp231-237, 1967.##7. U.S. Navy Diving Manual Rev 6. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC. Pp 3-11-3-12, 2008.##8. Levine, BD: Exercise physiology for the clinician. In Tompson, PD: Exercise and sports Cardiology. McgGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. 3-29.##9. Kuipers H, Verstappen FT, Keizer HA, Geurten P, van Kranenburg G. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiological correlates. Int JSports Med 1985; 6: 197–201##10. U.S. Navy Diving Manual Rev 6, U.S Govt, Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2008 pp 6-18.##11. Tipton, M, Mekjavic, I, Golden, F. Hypothermia. In Bove AA (cd). Bove and Davis’ Diving Medicine. Elsevier 2004, Chapter 13.##12. Sarnoff SJ, Mitchell JH, Gilmore JP, Remensnyder JP. Homeometric autoregulation in the Heart. Cire Res. 1960;8: 1077-91.##13. Slade JB Jr, Hattori T, Ray CS, Bove AA, Cianci P. Pulmonary edema associated with scuba diving : case reports and reviw. Chest; 120: 1686-1694, 2001##14. Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Smith G, et al: Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 217–223.##15. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36th Bethesda Conference: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:2-64.##16. Vignati G, Mauri L, Figini A, Pome’ G, Pellegrini A. Immediate and Late arrhythmia in patients operated on for tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Med Chir. 1998;20:3-6.##17. Szyman’ski P, Klisiewicz A, Lubiszewska B, Lipczyn’ska M, Michalet P, Janas J, Hoffman P. Application of Classic Heart Failure Definitions of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure Symptoms With Preserved Ejection Fraction to Patients With Systemic Right Ventricles. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104:414-8.##18. Vella CA, Robergs RA. A review of the stroke volume response to upright exercise in healthy subjects, Br J Sports Med, 2005, vol. 39 (pg. 190-195)##19. Ackerman MJ, Tester DJ, Porter CJ. Swimming, a gene-specific arrhythmogenic trigger for inherited long QT syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:1088-94.##20. Kaufman ES. Mechanisms and clinical management of inherited channelopathies: Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and short QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6 (8 Suppl):S51-5.##21. Lafay V, Trigano JA, Gardette B, Micoli C, Carre F. Effects of hyperbaric exposures on cardiac pacemakers. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42:212-6##22. Heart Disease and Stroke Statics 2010 Update: A Reoort From the American Heart Association Circulation 2010;121;e46-e215##23. Denoble PJ, Pollpck NW, Vaithiyanathan P, Caruso JL, Dovenbarger JA, Vann RD. Scuba injury death rate among insured DNA members. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 2008;38:182-188##24. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, Arntz H-R, Schubert F, Schroder R. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1684-1690.##25. Wison PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998 May 12;97(18):1837-47.##26. Divers Alert Network. Report on decompression illness, diving fatalities and project dive exploration. Divers Alert Network, Durham, NC, 2004. Pp77-87.##1. American Board of Preventive Medicine. https://www.theabpm.org.cfm Accessed May 4, 2010##2. Arborelius, M. Jr., Balldin, U.I., Lilja, B. & Lundgren, C.E.G. (1972) Hemodynamic changes in man during immer-sion with the head above water. Aerospace Med 43, 592-598.##3. Denobele PJ, Caruso JL, deL. Dear G, Pieper CF, Vann RD. Common causes of open-circuit recreational diving fatalities. Undersea Hyperb Med 2008; 35(6):393-406##4. www.scubamed.com Accessed May 4, 2010##5. Pendergast DR, Mollendorf J, Logue C, Samimy S. Evalu-ation of fins used in underwater swimming. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2003;30:57-73.##6. Batchelor GK. An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge Unive. Press , London. pp231-237, 1967.##7. U.S. Navy Diving Manual Rev 6. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC. Pp 3-11-3-12, 2008.##8. Levine, BD: Exercise physiology for the clinician. In Tompson, PD: Exercise and sports Cardiology. McgGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. 3-29.##9. Kuipers H, Verstappen FT, Keizer HA, Geurten P, van Kranenburg G. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiological correlates. Int JSports Med 1985; 6: 197–201##10. U.S. Navy Diving Manual Rev 6, U.S Govt, Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2008 pp 6-18.##11. Tipton, M, Mekjavic, I, Golden, F. Hypothermia. In Bove AA (cd). Bove and Davis’ Diving Medicine. Elsevier 2004, Chapter 13.##12. Sarnoff SJ, Mitchell JH, Gilmore JP, Remensnyder JP. Homeometric autoregulation in the Heart. Cire Res. 1960;8: 1077-91.##13. Slade JB Jr, Hattori T, Ray CS, Bove AA, Cianci P. Pulmonary edema associated with scuba diving : case reports and reviw. Chest; 120: 1686-1694, 2001##14. Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Smith G, et al: Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 217–223.##15. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36th Bethesda Conference: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:2-64.##16. Vignati G, Mauri L, Figini A, Pome’ G, Pellegrini A. Immediate and Late arrhythmia in patients operated on for tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Med Chir. 1998;20:3-6.##17. Szyman’ski P, Klisiewicz A, Lubiszewska B, Lipczyn’ska M, Michalet P, Janas J, Hoffman P. Application of Classic Heart Failure Definitions of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure Symptoms With Preserved Ejection Fraction to Patients With Systemic Right Ventricles. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104:414-8.##18. Vella CA, Robergs RA. A review of the stroke volume response to upright exercise in healthy subjects, Br J Sports Med, 2005, vol. 39 (pg. 190-195)##19. Ackerman MJ, Tester DJ, Porter CJ. Swimming, a gene-specific arrhythmogenic trigger for inherited long QT syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:1088-94.##20. Kaufman ES. Mechanisms and clinical management of inherited channelopathies: Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and short QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6 (8 Suppl):S51-5.##21. Lafay V, Trigano JA, Gardette B, Micoli C, Carre F. Effects of hyperbaric exposures on cardiac pacemakers. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42:212-6##22. Heart Disease and Stroke Statics 2010 Update: A Reoort From the American Heart Association Circulation 2010;121;e46-e215##23. Denoble PJ, Pollpck NW, Vaithiyanathan P, Caruso JL, Dovenbarger JA, Vann RD. Scuba injury death rate among insured DNA members. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 2008;38:182-188##24. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, Arntz H-R, Schubert F, Schroder R. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1684-1690.##25. Wison PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998 May 12;97(18):1837-47.##26. Divers Alert Network. Report on decompression illness, diving fatalities and project dive exploration. Divers Alert Network, Durham, NC, 2004. Pp77-87. ##