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کووید-19 و آسیب کبدی COVID-19 and Liver Failure 1 1 دیدگاه 2 Viewpoint 1 2 2021/08/20 1400/5/29 2021/08/31 1400/6/9 حامد ابراهیم زاده لیل آبادلو Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز hamedebr7@gmail.com حسین بنازاده باغی Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi مرکز تحقیقات بیماری های عفونی و گرمسیری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران hbannazadeh@tbzmed.ac.ir COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Liver Failure کووید-19 سندرم حاد تنفسی اختلالات کبدی 1. Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR. Covid-19-navigating the uncharted. Mass Medical Soc; 2020.##doi:0.1056/NEJMe2002387##2. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020; 395 (10223):497-506. doi:0.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 ##3. Skok K, Stelzl E, Trauner M, Kessler HH, Lax SF. Post-mortem viral dynamics and tropism in COVID-19 patients in correlation with organ damage. Virchows Archiv. 2020:1-11. doi:0.1007/s00428-020-02903-8 ##4. Dinesh J, Radhika V, Mohammed FA, Ilankumaran K, Mohamed R. COVID-19 and Liver. Journal of hepatology.:S0168-8278. ##5. Kulkarni AV, Kumar P, Tevethia HV, Premkumar M, Arab JP, Candia R, et al. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: liver manifestations and outcomes in COVID‐19. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020; 52(4):584-99. doi:0.1111/apt.15916 ##6. Yadav DK, Singh A, Zhang Q, Bai X, Zhang W, Yadav RK, et al. Involvement of liver in COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2020.##doi:0.1136/gutjnl-2020-322072 ##7. Parasa S, Desai M, Chandrasekar VT, Patel HK, Kennedy KF, Roesch T, et al. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Fecal Viral Shedding in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(6):e2011335-e.##doi:0.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11335 ##8. Saviano A, Wrensch F, Ghany MG, Baumert TF. Liver disease and COVID‐19: from Pathogenesis to Clinical Care. Hepatology. 2020 Dec 17.## ##

نقش روزه‌داری در ماه رمضان طی پاندمی کووید-19 بر سلامت روانی و سیستم ایمنی The Role of Fasting in Ramadan during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Immune System 1 1 سرمقاله 2 Letter 3 4 2021/08/202021/04/14 1400/1/25 2021/08/312021/04/17 1400/1/28 فرزین باقری شیخانگفشه Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران farzinbagheri73@gmail.com علی فتحی آشتیانی Ali Fathi-Ashtiani مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران afa1337@gmail.com Fasting Ramadan COVID-19 Mental Health Immune System روزه داری رمضان کووید-19 سلامت روانی سیستم ایمنی 1. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020; 382(18): 1708-20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032##2. Hosseini Zijoud SR, Jalali Farahani A. Ramadan coincides with the Covid-19 pandemic: What should be done? Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2020;14(3): e7-8. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.117 ##3. Elmajnoun HK, Elhag MR, Mohamed H, Haris PI, Abu-Median AB. Ramadan 2020 and Beyond in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Scientific Evidence for Action. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;15(2):85-110.##doi:10.18502/sjms.v15i5.7147 ##4. Mo'ez AI, Salem ML, Jahrami HA, Madkour MI, BaHammam AS. Ramadan intermittent fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19. Annals of Thoracic Medicine. 2020;15(3):125.##doi:10.4103/atm.ATM_151_20 ##5. Welton S, Minty R, O'Driscoll T, Willms H, Poirier D, Madden S, et al. Intermittent fasting and weight loss: Systematic review. Canadian Family Physician. 2020;66(2):117-25. ##6. Adawi M, Watad A, Brown S, Aazza K, Aazza H, Zouhir M, et al. Ramadan fasting exerts immunomodulatory effects: Insights from a systematic review. Frontiers in immunology. 2017; 8:1144. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01144 ##7. Ahmed DG, Ali IA, Fat-hia HS. Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Psychological Status among Healthy Sudanese Adults Living in Khartoum State. Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2020;1(1): 26-31. ##8. Tartof SY, Qian L, Hong V, Wei R, Nadjafi RF, Fischer H, et al. Obesity and mortality among patients diagnosed with COVID-19: results from an integrated health care organization. Annals of internal medicine. 2020;173(10):773-81. doi:10.7326/M20-3742 ##9. Zhang F, Xiong Y, Wei Y, Hu Y, Wang F, Li G, et al. Obesity predisposes to the risk of higher mortality in young COVID‐19 patients. Journal of medical virology. 2020; 92(11):2536-42.doi:10.1002/jmv.26039 ##10. Gondode P, Sawatkar G, Kamal F, Raipure A, Dabhekar S. Ramadan Fasting and COVID-19 Testing: Lessons learnt from 2020: Pandemic versus Faith. International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences. 2021;8(2):1-2.##. ##

پیش‌بینی پذیرش و تردید در دریافت واکسن کرونا بر اساس تاب‌آوری روانی و عاطفه مثبت و منفی Predicting COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitation Based on Psychological Resilience and Positive and Negative Affect 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پذیرش و تردید در دریافت واکسن کووید- 19 اهمیت بالایی برای سلامت عمومی دارد. درک عوامل تعیین­ کننده اصلی و تأثیرگذار بر ترجیحات و خواسته ­های جامعه، می­تواند به توسعه استراتژی­ های بهبود برنامه واکسیناسیون کمک کند. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر پیش­ بینی پذیرش و تردید در دریافت واکسن کرونا بر اساس تاب­آوری روانی و عاطفه مثبت و منفی است. روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر توصیفی و همبستگی بود که در جمعیت بزرگسال ایرانی به روش نمونه­ گیری در دسترس انجام شد. تعداد 461 نفر در خرداد 1400 به صورت انلاین با تکمیل پرسشنامه ها در مطالعه حضور داشتند. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه­ های دانش، نگرش، کاربست و نگرانی­ ها واکسن کووید-19 (KAPC)، تاب­آوری کانر­-­دیویدسون (CD-RISC) و عاطفه  مثبت و منفی (PANAS) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: بین تاب ­آوری روانی و پذیرش واکسن کرونا رابطه مثبت و بین عاطفه منفی و تردید نسبت به واکسن کرونا نیز رابطه مثبت معناداری وجود دارد. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که تاب­ آوری روانی 14 درصد از واریانس پذیرش واکسن کرونا و عاطفه منفی 25 درصد از واریانس تردید در دریافت واکسن کرونا را تبیین می­ کنند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته­ ها، برنامه ­هایی که برای افزایش میزان واکسیناسیون کووید-19 طراحی می­ شوند، می­ توانند شامل مداخلات در مورد افزایش تاب­ آوری روانی و کاهش عاطفه منفی باشند تا پذیرش بیشتر و تردید کمتری نسبت به واکسن پدید آید. 2 Background and Aim: Acceptance and hesitation of COVID-19 vaccine have great importance for public health. Understanding the key factors that influence vaccine preferences and desires by the community can help develop strategies to improve the vaccination schedule. The present study aimed to predict the acceptance and hesitation of COVID-19 vaccine based on psychological resilience and positive and negative affect. Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study performed on the Iranian adult population by available sampling method. A total of 461 people participated in the study online in June 1400 by completing questionnaires. Data were collected using the Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Concern questionnaires of COVID-19 vaccine (KAPC), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results:  A positive relationship exists between psychological resilience and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and there is a significant positive relationship between negative affect and hesitation about COVID-19 vaccine. Furthermore, the results of regression analysis showed that psychological resilience explained 14% of the variance of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and negative affect explained 25% of the variance of COVID-19 vaccine hesitation acceptance.  Conclusion: According to the findings, programs designed to increase COVID-19 vaccination rate can include interventions to increase psychological resilience and reduce negative affect to create more acceptance and less hesitation about the vaccine. 5 12 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/18 1400/5/27 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/31 1400/6/9 زهره خیرآبادی Zohreh Kheirabadi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شاهرود z.kheirabadi2018@gmail.com سمانه سلطان آبادی Samane Soltanabadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد samane.soltanabadi@gmail.com پردیس جمشید مفید Pardis Jamshid Mofid دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه Pardis.jm7394@yahoo.com سمیرا گواهی Samira Gavahi دانشگاه آزاد واحد عجب شیر ssamiragavahi@gmail.com محمد قاسمی Mohammad Ghasemi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه m.ghasemi59110@chmail.ir منصور علی مهدی Mansoor Alimehdi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی Alimehdi.mansoor@gmail.com Vaccine Acceptance COVID-19 Psychological Resilience Positive and Negative Affect واکسن پذیرش کووید-19 تاب‌آوری روانی عاطفه مثبت و منفی 1. 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میزان رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی و نوع رفتار اجتماعی در طول پاندمی کووید-19 در دانش آموزان دبیرستانی شهر بندرعباس Compliance with Health Protocols and Type of Social Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic in High School Students in Bandar Abbas, Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در طی همه‌گیری بیماری کووید-19 استراتژی اساسی برای کاهش شیوع بیماری، رعایت بهداشت و رفتارهای محافظت شخصی است؛ که در بین افراد جامعه، به خصوص در میان نوجوانان که پای‌بندی کمتری به رعایت موازین بهداشتی دارند؛ توصیه می‌شود. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی رعایت پروتکل‌های بهداشتی مورد پذیرش سازمان بهداشت جهانی و نوع رفتارهای اجتماعی دانش آموزان در طی پاندمی کووید-19 انجام شد. روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی با مشارکت 762 دانش‌آموز دبیرستانی (562 دختر و 200 پسر) در شهر بندرعباس و در طول پاندمی کووید-19 در سال 1399 انجام گرفت. نمونه‌گیری تصادفی به روش خوشه‌ای انجام شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه Dominika Guzek و همکاران و یک اینفوگرافیک منتشر شده از دانشگاه تگزاس جمع‌آوری شد، که بصورت آنلاین در اختیار دانش‌آموزان قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: بیشترین رعایت مربوط به استفاده از ماسک (95/7 %) و کمترین رعایت مربوط به پوشیدن دستکش (31/2 %) در بین دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی بود. بیشترین مدت زمان شستشوی دست‌ها 11تا 20 ثانیه (38/1 %) و بیشترین تعداد دفعات شستن دست‌ها در طول روز 3 تا 5 بار (31/8 %) ارزیابی شد. از نظر انجام رفتارهای اجتماعی اغلب دانش‌آموزان در حد مطلوبی رعایت می‌کردند و با افزایش ریسک ابتلا میزان انجام رفتارهای خطرناک کاهش می‌یافت. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاضر نشان داد که رعایت پروتکل‌های بهداشتی و انجام رفتارهایی با خطر کم ابتلا به کووید-19 در حد بسیار مطلوبی است اما همچنان برخی از رفتارها نیازمند آموزش بیشتری برای اجرای آن در بین دانش‌آموزان است. با همه اینها عادی انگاری رعایت پروتکل‌های بهداشتی و رفتارها خطر بزرگی در این زمینه است. 2 Background and Aim: During the pandemic of COVID-19, the basic strategy to reduce the prevalence of the disease is to observe hygiene and personal protective behaviors; which is recommended for people in the community, especially teenagers, who are less committed to health protocols. The aim of this study was to evaluate the observance of health protocols introduced by the World Health Organization and the type of social behaviors of students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 762 (562 girls and 200 boys) high school students in Bandar Abbas, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Data was collected using a questionnaire by Dominika Guzek et al. and an infographic published by the University of Texas which were made available to students online. Results: among students, the highest compliance was related to the use of masks (95.7%), and the lowest compliance was related to wearing gloves (31.2%). The maximum duration of handwashing was 11 to 20 seconds (38.1%), and the maximum frequency of washing in a day was 3 to 5 (31. 8%). In terms of performing social behaviors, most students observed the desired level, and as the risk of infection increased, the rate of performing dangerous behaviors decreased. Conclusion: The present results showed that adhering to health protocols and performing low-risk behaviors with infection COVID-19 is very desirable, but still some behaviors need more training to implement among students. However, normalization of health protocols and behaviors is a big risk in this regard. 13 19 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/2 1400/5/11 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 نسرین داوری دولت آبادی Nasrin Davaridolatabad دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان ، بندرعباس ، ایران davarinn@gmail.com فائزه ملک زاده Faezeh Malekzadeh دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان ، بندرعباس ، ایران faezehmalekzadeh79@gmail.com فاطمه بهزادی Fatemeh Behzadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان ، بندرعباس ، ایران taranenaz7670@gmail.com فاطمه عباسی Fatemeh Abbasi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان ، بندرعباس ، ایران 0501abbasi@gmail.com علی سلیمی اصل Ali Salimi Asl دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان ، بندرعباس ، ایران shervin7717@gmail.com معصومه محمودی Masoumeh Mahmoudi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان ، بندرعباس ، ایران m.mahmudi6934@yahoo.com COVID-19 Health Protocols Masks Social Behaviors High School. کووید-19 پروتوکل های بهداشتی ماسک رفتار های اجتماعی مدارس دبیرستانی. 1. Guzek D, Skolmowska D, Głąbska D. Analysis of gender-dependent personal protective behaviors in a national sample: polish adolescents’ COVID-19 experience (PLACE-19) study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(16):5770. doi:10.3390/ijerph17165770##2. Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. Journal of aerosol science. 2020; 147:105585. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105585##3. Khan I, Haleem A, Javaid M. Analysing COVID-19 pandemic through cases, deaths, and recoveries. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2020; 10(4):450-69. doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.08.003##4. Yanti B, Mulyadi E. Wahiduddin, dkk. 2020. Community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior towards Social Distancing Policy as a Means of Preventing Transmission of COVID-19In Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia. 8(1):4-14. doi:10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.4-14##5. Changruenngam S, Bicout DJ, Modchang C. How the individual human mobility spatio-temporally shapes the disease transmission dynamics. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 1-13. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68230-9##6. Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand hygiene, mask-wearing behaviors and its associated factors during the COVID-19 epidemic: A cross-sectional study among primary school students in Wuhan, China. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(8):2893. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082893##7. Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. European journal of pediatrics. 2020; 179(8):1267-70. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03674-9##8. Kar SK, Verma N, Saxena SK. Coronavirus infection among children and adolescents. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020:71-79. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_7##9. https://abc7.com/amp/covid-19-activity-risk-chart-calculator-for-assessment/6305611/ .##10. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious diseases of poverty. 2020; 9(1):1-2. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x##11. Xiang M, Zhang Z, Kuwahara K. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents' lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013##12. Machida M, Nakamura I, Saito R, Nakaya T, Hanibuchi T, Takamiya T, et al. Adoption of personal protective measures by ordinary citizens during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 94:139-44. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.014##13. Głąbska D, Skolmowska D, Guzek D. Population-based study of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on hand hygiene behaviors—Polish adolescents’ COVID-19 experience (PLACE-19) study. 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نقش اعتماد بر دریافت یا عدم دریافت واکسن کووید-19 The Role of Trust in Receiving or not Receiving COVID-19 Vaccine 1 1 زمینه و هدف: اعتماد عمومی در دریافت واکسن برای موفقیت جوامع در کنترل کووید-19 ضروری است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین نقش اعتماد در دریافت یا عدم دریافت واکسن کووید-19 در بین مردم استان بوشهر انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر به صورت مقطعی در موج پنجم کروناویروس (سویه دلتا) انجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از توزیع پرسشنامه آنلاین در بین بزرگسالان استان بوشهر (بالاتر از 18 سال) در طی دو هفته (25 جولای تا 8 آگوست 2021) جمع آوری شد. پرسشنامه شامل 5 سوال دموگرافیک و 19 سوال اصلی در قالب سه بعد اعتماد به واکسن، اعتماد به سازندگان واکسن و اعتماد به دولت و مقامات بهداشتی بود. یافته‌ها: تعداد 384 نفر پرسشنامه تکمیل شده را ارائه دادند. میانگین اعتماد به محصول واکسن 08/1±34/3، اعتماد به سازندگان واکسن  0/29±3/12، اعتماد به دولت و مقامات بهداشتی 0/38±3/24 و اعتماد کلی 0/48±3/23 برآورد شد. رابطه بین اعتماد و ابعاد آن با دریافت یا عدم دریافت واکسن تأیید شد (0.05>p). در بین دریافت کنندگان واکسن، اعتماد به واکسن (4/18)، سازندگان (3/18) و مقامات بهداشتی (3/41) در سطح خوبی بود، اما در بین کسانی که واکسن دریافت نکردند اعتماد به واکسن (2/07)، سازندگان (3/03) و مقامات بهداشتی (2/98) به ترتیب ضعیف، متوسط و متوسط ثبت شد. همچنین رابطه بین جنسیت، تحصیلات، سن، بیماری زمینه ای و سابقه ابتلا به کووید-19 با دریافت یا عدم دریافت واکسن نیز تأیید شد (0.05>p). نتیجه‌گیری: در بین پاسخگویان کسانی که اعتماد بالاتری به واکسن، سازندگان و دولت و مقامات بهداشتی داشتند واکسن دریافت کردند که نشان از اهمیت اعتماد در واکسیناسیون دارد. لذا توجه به گزینه‌های اعتمادسازی و کمرنگ کردن ابزارهای بی اعتمادی در جامعه برای موفقیت واکسیناسیون سراسری ضرورت دارد. 2 Background and Aim: Public confidence in receiving the vaccine is essential for the success of communities in controlling COVID-19. The aim of this study was to determine the role of trust in receiving or not receiving COVID-19 vaccine among the people of Bushehr province, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on the fifth wave of coronavirus (delta strain) in Iran. Data were collected using an online questionnaire distributed among adults in Bushehr province (over 18 years old) for two weeks (July 25 to August 8, 2021). The questionnaire included 5 demographic questions and 19 main questions in the form of three dimensions of trust in vaccines, trust in vaccine manufacturers, and trust in government and health authorities. Results: 384 people submitted a completed questionnaire. Mean trust in vaccine products was 3.34±1.08, trust in vaccine manufacturers was 3.12±0.29, trust in government and health officials was 3.24±0.38 and overall trust was 3.23±0.48. The relationship between trust and its dimensions with receiving or not receiving the vaccine was confirmed (p <0.05). Among those who received the vaccine, trust in the vaccine (4.18), manufacturers (3.18), and health officials (3.41) were good, but among those who did not receive the vaccine, trust in the vaccine (2.07) Manufacturers (3.03) and health officials (2.98) were recorded as weak, moderate and moderate, respectively. The relationship between gender, education, age, underlying disease, and history of COVID-19 with or without vaccination was also confirmed (p <0.05). Conclusion: Among the respondents, those who had higher trust in the vaccine, manufacturers, and government and health officials received the vaccine, which shows the importance of trust in vaccination. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the options of building trust for the success of the national vaccination. 20 27 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/22 1400/5/31 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 سکینه حاتمی Sakineh Hatami دانشگاه پیام نور modirane@gmail.com نجمه حاتمی Najmeh Hatami بیمارستان توحید جم hatami.nurse@yahoo.com Vaccination Trust Vaccine COVID-19 واکسیناسیون اعتماد واکسن کووید-19 1. Rapisarda V, Vella F, Ledda C, Barattucci M, Ramaci T. What Prompts Doctors to Recommend COVID-19 Vaccines: Is It a Question of Positive Emotion?. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):578-586. doi:10.3390/vaccines9060578##2. Gerussi V, Peghin M, Palese A, Bressan V, Visintini E, Bontempo G, et al. Vaccine hesitancy among Italian patients recovered from COVID-19 infection towards influenza and Sars-Cov-2 vaccination. Vaccines. 2021;9(2):172-180. doi:10.3390/vaccines9020172##3. Grochowska M, Ratajczak A, Zdunek G, Adamiec A, Waszkiewicz P, Feleszko W. A Comparison of the Level of Acceptance and Hesitancy towards the Influenza Vaccine and the Forthcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in the Medical Community. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (5):475-484. doi:10.3390/vaccines9050475##4. Jennings W, Stoker G, Bunting H, Valgarðsson VO, Gaskell J, Devine D,et al. Lack of Trust, Conspiracy Beliefs, and Social Media Use Predict COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (6): 593-606. doi:10.3390/vaccines9060593##5. Latkin CA, Dayton L, Yi G, Konstantopoulos A, Boodram B. Trust in a COVID-19 vaccine in the US: A social-ecological perspective. Social science & medicine.2021;270:113684. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113684##6. Oecd "Enhancing Public Trust in Covid-19 Vaccination: The Role of Governments", OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), OECD Publishing, Paris. 2021.##7. Verger P, Dubé E. Restoring confidence in vaccines in the COVID-19 era. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2020;19(11): 991-993. doi:10.1080/14760584.2020.1825945##8. Larson HJ, Clarke RM, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Levine Z, Schulz WS, et al. Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2018 Jul 3;14(7):1599-1609. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252##9. Simione L, Vagni M, Gnagnarella C, Bersani G, Pajardi D. Mistrust and beliefs in conspiracy theories differently mediate the effects of psychological factors on propensity for COVID-19 vaccine. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683684##10. Karlsson LC, Lewandowsky S, Antfolk J, Salo P, Lindfelt M, Oksanen T,et al. The association between vaccination confidence, vaccination behavior, and willingness to recommend vaccines among Finnish healthcare workers. PloS one. 2019 Oct 31;14(10):e0224330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224330##11. Muric G, Wu Y, Ferrara E. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy on Social Media: Building a Public Twitter Dataset of Anti-vaccine Content, Vaccine Misinformation and Conspiracies. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.05134. 2021. doi:10.2196/preprints.30642##12. Saleska JL, Choi KR. A behavioral economics perspective on the COVID-19 vaccine amid public mistrust. Translational behavioral medicine. 2021; 11(3):821-5. doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa147##13. Yoda T, Katsuyama H. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination in Japan. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (1):48-55. doi:10.3390/vaccines9010048##14. Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychological medicine. 2020:1-5. doi:10.1017/S0033291720005188##15. Burke PF, Masters D, Massey G. Enablers and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake: an international study of perceptions and intentions. Vaccine. 2021. 39: 5116-5128. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.056##16. Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K,et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature medicine. 2021;27(2):225-233. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9##17. Yin F, Wu Z, Xia X, Ji M, Wang Y, Hu Z. Unfolding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in China. Journal of medical Internet research. 2021;23(1):e26089. doi:10.2196/26089##18. Vardanjani HM, Imanieh MH, Hassani AH, Bagheri-Lankarani K. Public Trust in Healthcare System and Its Correlates during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. Research square. 2020. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-106242/v1##19. Heidari M, Jafari H. Challenges of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: In the fourth wave of pandemic spread. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2021:1-5. doi:10.1017/S1049023X21000777##20. Jafari H, Gharaghani MA. Cultural challenges: The most important challenge of COVID-19 control policies in Iran. 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غربالگری کووید-19 در معتادین متجاهر توسط معاونت بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی تهران COVID-19 Screening in Homeless Drug Addicts by the Deputy of Health of Tehran University of Medical Sciences 1 1 زمینه و هدف: معتادین متجاهر از جمله گروه‌های در معرض خطر بالای ابتلا به کووید-19 هستند. بنابراین تشخیص به هنگام بیماری در این گروه علاوه بر کاهش میرایی در آنان، سبب جلوگیری از انتقال بیماری در سطح جامعه خواهد شد. معاونت بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران تلاش ویژه ای برای غربالگری کووید-19 در معتادین متجاهر انجام داده است که در این مطالعه به نتایج آن اشاره می‌شود. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی از داده های موجود غربالگری کووید-19 در مناطق تحت پوشش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران استفاده شد. داده های گردآوری شده پس از انجام پالایش اولیه، با استفاده از روش های توصیفی نظیر فراوانی و نمودارهای میله ای و خطی مورد تجزیه وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: تعداد 11485 تست PCR در طول دوره مطالعه برای غربالگری کووید-19 در معتادین متجاهر انجام شده بود. نتایج غربالگری، شناسایی 696 مورد کووید-19 مثبت (6/04 درصد کل تست‌ها) در بین معتادین متجاهر بود. درصد موارد مثبت در کمپ های شفق و فشافویه به ترتیب برابر با 9/62 و 3/77 بود. بیشترین تست‌های صورت گرفته در ماه‌های اردیبهشت، خرداد، مرداد و آبان سال 99 بود. نتیجه‌گیری: انجام بیش از 11 هزار تست تشخیصی در گروه معتادین متجاهر، حاکی از اهتمام ویژه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران برای ارائه خدمات عادلانه و تشخیص به هنگام کووید-19 در این گروه آسیب پذیر است. 2 Background and Aim: Homeless drug addicts are one of the high-risk groups for COVID-19 mortality and morbidity. Therefore, early diagnosis in this group, in addition to reducing mortality in them, will prevent the transmission of the disease in the community. Tehran University of Medical Sciences has made a special effort to screen COVID-19 in drug addicts, the results are mentioned here. Methods: In this descriptive study, the available data of Covid-19 screening in the areas covered by Tehran University of Medical Sciences were used. The collected data were analyzed after initial refinement using descriptive methods such as frequency and bar and line graphs. Results: A total of 11485 PCR tests were performed during the study period to screen COVID-19 in drug addicts. The results of screening were 696 positive cases of Covid-19 (6.04% out of the total tests) among drug addicts. The positive cases in Shafaq and Fashafoyeh camps were 9.62 % and 3.77 %, respectively. Most tests were performed in May, June, August and November 2020. Conclusion: Performing more than 11,000 diagnostic tests in the group of addicts, indicates the special efforts of Tehran University of Medical Sciences to provide fair services and early diagnosis of COVID-19 in this vulnerable group. 28 33 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/25 1400/5/3 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 علیرضا شکیب Alireza Shakib shakibalireza47@yahoo.com معصومه سادات موسوی Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi addictiontums@gmail.com سهیلا پناهی Soheila Panahi soheila.panahi@yahoo.com مریم اثنی عشری Maryam Asnaashari maryamasnaahari2009@yahoo.com اعظم سعد آبادی Azam Saadabadi saadabadi61@gmail.com مائده ارشدی Maedeh Arshadi maedeharshadi@gmail.com مجید جنانی Majid Janani majid.jananiii@gmail.com عباس وثوق مقدم Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam پژوهشکده علوم اعصاب، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران avosooghm@sina.tums.ac.ir Homeless addicts COVID-19 Screening. معتادین متجاهر کووید-19 غربالگری 1. 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The prevalence of non-communicable disease in older people in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and ageing. 2019;48(2):204-212. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy186##6. Kluge H, Wickramasinghe K, Rippin HL, Mendes R, Peters DH, Kontsevaya A, et al. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10238): 1678-1680. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31067-9##7. Pal R, Bhadada SK. COVID-19 and non-communicable diseases. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2020; 96(1137):429-430. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137742##8. Dubey MJ, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Biswas P, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. COVID-19 and addiction. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020; 14(5):817-823. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.008##9. Wei Y, Shah R. Substance use disorder in the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review of vulnerabilities and complications. Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13(7):155. doi:10.3390/ph13070155##10. 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Social distancing in covid-19: what are the mental health implications? Bmj. 2020; 369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1379## ##

میزان آمادگی بیمارستان های تابعه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یزد بعد از پیک سوم کرونا در اپیدمی کووید-19 The Readiness of Hospitals Affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences after the Third Peak of COVID-19 in Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: بیمارستان‌ها از مهمترین مراکز در مواجهه با اپیدمی‌ها هستند و آمادگی مناسب این مراکز تضمین کننده پاسخگویی سریع و مدیریت اپیدمی است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین میزان آمادگی بیمارستان‌های تابعه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یزد بعد از پیک سوم کرونا در اپیدمی کووید-19 انجام گرفت. روش‌ها: مطالعه مقطعی حاضر در سال 1400 به تعیین میزان آمادگی 3 بیمارستان پذیرنده بیماران کرونایی وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یزد پرداخت. ابزار گرآوری داده‌ها، چک لیست ارائه شده توسط سازمان جهانی بهداشت ویژه آمادگی بیمارستان‌ها در اپیدمی کووید-19 شامل مشخصات بیمارستان و 11 عنصر با 107 سوال بود که توسط مترون یا دبیر کمیته بحران بیمارستان ها تکمیل شد. یافته‌ها: سه بیمارستان مورد مطالعه از آمادگی 80 درصدی برخوردار بودند. بیمارستان C با مجموع امتیاز 203 از امتیاز کل 214، بالاترین میزان آمادگی را نسبت به دیگر مراکز درمانی داشت. پس آن به ترتیب بیمارستان B و بیمارستان A با 157 و 155 در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. در بررسی هر عنصر کلیدی نتایج نشان داد که در مجموع در سه بیمارستان، کمترین درصد (58 درصد) رعایت مربوط به ارتباطات و تداوم خدمات سلامت ضروری و مراقبت از بیمار است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاضر ضروری است تا بیمارستان‌ها در برنامه‌ریزی‌های آتی برای موج‌های بعدی کرونا و سایر اپیدمی‌ها، اولویت بیشتری برای این حوزه‌ها قائل شوند و نسبت به تجهیز و تدوین دستورالعمل‌هایی در زمینه ارتباطات در شرایط اضطراری اقدام نمایند. در خصوص تداوم خدمات به بیماران نیز برنامه ریزی برای تامین نیروی انسانی متخصص و تامین تجهیزات تشخیصی و درمانی مربوطه و احداث بیمارستان های بحران در استان یزد پیشنهاد می گردد. 2 Background and Aim: Hospitals are one of the most important centers in confront epidemics and the proper preparation of these centers ensures rapid response and epidemic management. The aim of this study was to determine the readiness of hospitals affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences after the third peak of corona in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2021 to determine the readiness of 3 designated Corona hospitals affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences in Iran. The data collection tool was a checklist provided by the World Health Organization on Hospital Readiness in the COVID-19 epidemic, including hospital specifications and 11 items with 107 questions, completed by Matron or the Secretary of the Hospital Crisis Committee. Results: In total, the three hospitals were 80% ready. Hospital C, with a total score of 203 out of 214, had the highest level of readiness compared to other medical centers. Hospital B and Hospital A were next with 157 and 155, respectively. In the study of each key element, the results showed that in three hospitals, the lowest percentage (58%) is related to communication and continuity of essential health services and patient care Conclusion: According to the present results, it is necessary for hospitals to give more priority to these areas in future planning for the next wave of corona and other epidemics, and to equip and develop guidelines in the field of communication. Regarding the continuation of services to patients, planning to provide specialized manpower and related diagnostic and treatment equipment and the construction of crisis hospitals in Yazd province is proposed. 34 40 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/15 1400/4/24 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/22 1400/5/31 سمانه میرزائی Samaneh Mirzaei هانیه دهقان Hanieh Dehghan Chenari محسن قلی نتاج جلودار Mohsen Gholi Nataj روح انگیز نوروزی نیا Roh Angiz Norouzinia خدیجه نصیریانی Khadijeh Nasiriani عادل افتخاری Adel Eftekhari لیلا محمدی نیا Leila Mohammadi Nia محمدحسین دهقانی Mohamad Hoein Dehghani مرکز تحقیقات تروما، بیمارستان شهید رهنمون، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد، یزد، ایران mh.dehghani1199@gmail.com Readiness Epidemic Hospital COVID-19 آمادگی اپیدمی بیمارستان کووید-19 1. Sabbaghian Piroo A, Karimi Esbouei S, Khalifa Gari S, Tabatabai Lotfi SM. WHO Management Guidelines for Hospital Preparation in Epidemics. Center for Hospital Management and Clinical Services Excellence. 2020.##2. Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The lancet. 2020; 395(10228): 931-4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5##3. Rebmann T. Assessing hospital emergency management plans: A guide for infection preventionists. American journal of infection control. 2009; 37 (9):708-14.##doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.04.286##4. Hajavi A, Shojaei Baghini M, Haghani H, Azizi A. Crisis management in medical records department in Kerman and Borujerd teaching hospitals 2006 (Providing model). Journal of Health Administration. 2009; 12(35):9-16.##5. Organization WH. Maintaining essential health services: operational guidance for the COVID-19 context: interim guidance, 1 June 2020. World Health Organization, 2020.##6. Faraji-Khiavi F, Bakhtiari E, Amiri E. Assessment of the Preparedness of Ahvaz Training Hospitals in Confronting Disasters. Depiction of Health. 2019;10(1):54-61.##7. Gupta S, Federman DG. Hospital preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic: experience from department of medicine at Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System. Postgraduate medicine. 2020; 132(6):489-94.doi:10.1080/00325481.2020.1761668##8. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.##9. Kao H-Y, Ko H-Y, Guo P, Chen C-H, Chou S-M. Taiwan's experience in hospital preparedness and response for emerging infectious diseases. Health security. 2017;15(2):175-84.##doi:10.1089/hs.2016.0105##10. Organization WH. Hospital Readiness Checklist for COVID-19. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2020.##11. Education MoHaM. Hospital readiness assessment checklist for infectious disease epidemic crisis management. Deputy of Treatment, Hospital Management Center and Clinical Services Excellence2020.##12. Hosseini SH, Saleh Tabari Y, Assadi T, Ghasemihamedani F, HabibiSaravi R. Hospitals Readiness in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic in Mazandaran Province, Iran 2020. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2021; 31 (196):71-81.##13. Hojat M, Sirati nayyer M, Khaghanizadeh M, Karimi zarchi M. The study of disaster preparedness in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of the Shahed University 2008; 15 (74):1-10.##14. Sedighi arfaei V. Assessment of preparation for Disaster management of Center of Kashan about disaster 1385. National Congress of strategies in Disaster management and Disaster unexpected promotion in Zanjan; 2006:12.##15. Ameriyon A, Delavari AR, Teymorzadeh E. preparation rate three selected border hospitals in crisis. Military medicine journal.2010; 12 (1):19-22. ##16. Zaboli R, Tofighi Sh, Ameriyon H, Moghadasi H. Assessment of preparation rate for Disaster management in Tehran city. Journal of Military Medicine. 2006; 8 (2):103-11. ##17. Khorsand Chobdar M, Rahdar MA. Investigating the Readiness of Hospitals in Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Crisis of COVID-19. Journal Mil Med. 2020;22(6):553-61.##18. Beigi R, Davis G, Hodges J, Akers A. Preparedness planning for pandemic influenza among large US maternity hospitals. Emerging health threats journal. 2009;2(1):7079.##doi:10.3402/ehtj.v2i0.7079##19. Edbert BH, Tamara LT, Eric BB, Dianne W, Gabor DK, Gary BG. Healthcare worker competencies for disaster training. BMC Medical Education 2006; 6 (19). (Online journal). Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com. Accessed December 2007.##doi:10.1186/1472-6920-6-19##20. Hoseinishokoh SM, Arab M, Rahimi A,Rashidiyan A, Sadremomtaz N. Preparation rate the hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services to the earthquake. Journal of Public Health faculty and research Health institute. 2008; 6 (3,4):61-77.##21. Nasiripor AA, Raeesi P, Mahbobi M. Readiness of hospitals in the border province of Kermanshah in dealing with cross-border crisis. Journal of Health Management. 2007; 10 (28):41-8.## ##

تشخیص خودکار و دقیق کووید-19 از تصاویر سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه با استفاده از روش یادگیری عمیق Automatic and Accurate Diagnosis of COVID-19 by Chest CT scan Images Using Deep Learning Method 1 1 زمینه و هدف: سازمان بهداشت جهانی توصیه‌هایی مبنی بر تشخیص به موقع بیماری کووید-19 برای اتخاذ درمان مناسب دارد. در پژوهش حاضر تشخیص خودکار و دقیق بیماری کووید-19 از تصاویر سی تی اسکن بدست آمده از قفسه سینه با استفاده از روش یادگیری عمیق انجام شده است. روش‌ها: مراحل انجام کار در این الگوریتم برای تقسیم بندی و شناسایی تصاویر مربوط به ریه سالم و ریه تحت تاثیر کووید-19 به ترتیب عبارت بودند از انتخاب تصاویر مناسب، پیش پردازش تصاویر شامل حذف نویز تصاویر، استخراج ویژگی‌های تصاویر، در نهایت تقسیم‌بندی و طبقه‌بندی تصاویر با بهره‌گیری از روش تلفیقی یادگیری عمیق و الگوریتم بهینه سازی امواج آب به منظور تشخیص کووید-19 در تصاویر مربوط به ریه. تمامی مدلسازی بر اساس نرم افزار Matlab انجام شد. یافته‌ها: با اعمال الگوریتم بهینه سازی امواج آب به الگوریتم یادگیری عمیق، دقت آن حدود 7 درصد در تشخیص بیماری کووید-19 بهبود داشت. بنابراین، الگوریتم پیشنهادی با دقت متوسط 98 درصد از توانایی بالایی برای استفاده در بالین برای تشخیص دقیق و سریع کووید- 19برخوردار است، که می تواند به کادر پزشکی کمک شایانی کند. نتیجه‌گیری: در مرحله تشخیص کووید-19، از هوش مصنوعی می‌توان برای تشخیص الگوهای تصاویر پزشکی گرفته شده با سی‌تی اسکن استفاده کرد. 2 Background and Aim: The World Health Organization has some recommendations for early diagnosis of COVID-19 for appropriate treatment. In the present study, automatic and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 by chest CT scan images using the deep learning method was performed. Methods: The steps performed in this algorithm for segmentation and identification of images of healthy lungs and lungs affected by COVID-19 were a selection of appropriate images, preprocessing of images including noise reduction, extraction of image properties, finally segmentation and image classification using a combination of the deep learning method and water wave optimization algorithm to detect COVID-19 in lung images. All modeling was done based on Matlab software. Results: By applying the water wave optimization algorithm to the deep learning algorithm, its accuracy improved by some 7% in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Therefore, the proposed algorithm with an average accuracy of 98% has a high ability to be used in the clinic for accurate and rapid diagnosis of COVID-19, which can be of great help to the medical staff. Conclusion: In the diagnosis phase of COVID-19, artificial intelligence can be used to detect patterns of medical images taken by CT scan. 41 48 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/26 1400/5/4 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/23 1400/6/1 نادره تبریزی Nadereh Tabrizi گروه فیزیک، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران nadereh.tabriz@gmail.com سامان ناوخاصی Saman Navkhasi saman.nawkhasi@gmail.com Automatic diagnosis COVID-19 CT scan تشخیص خودکار کووید-19 سی تی اسکن 1. Yang W, Cao Q, Qin L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Pan A, et al. Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China. J Infect. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.016##2. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. China medical treatment expert group for Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease. 2019:1708-20. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.01012##4. Gurwitz, D. (2020), Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS‐CoV‐2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res. doi:10.1002/ddr.21656##5. Chen C, Qi F, Shi K, Li Y, Li J, Chen Y, et al. Thalidomide combined with low-dose glucocorticoid in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. doi:10.1002/ctm2.35##6. Colson P, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;105923 doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923##7. Colson P, Rolain JM, Lagier JC, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;105932(10.1016). doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932##8. Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID 19, Egypt Ministry of Health and Pouulation, 2020.##9. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.##10. Cao J, Hu X, Cheng W, Yu L, Tu W, Liu Q. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2020:1-3. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06037-y##11. Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. Favipiravir versus arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. MedRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432##12. Chen J, Hu C, Chen L, Tang L, Zhu Y, Xu X, et al. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic influenza A (H7N9) infection: a hint for COVID-19 treatment. Engineering. 2020;6(10): 1153-61. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.006##13. Chen J, Fan H, Zhang L, Huang B, Zhu M, Zhou Y, et al. Retrospective analysis of clinical features in 101 death cases with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020.## ##

میزان اضطراب ناشی از کووید-19 در بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس: یک مطالعه مقطعی در موج دوم کروناویروس در شهرستان جهرم Evaluation of Anxiety Caused by COVID-19 in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Second Wave of Coronavirus in Jahrom City, Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پاندمی بیماری کووید-19 می­تواند به عنوان عاملی موثر بر افزایش تظاهرات جسمی و روانی بویژه اضطراب در بیماران ام اس (مولتیپل اسکلروزیس) مطرح باشد. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین میزان اضطراب در بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس در زمان پاندمی کرونا انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه­ مقطعی حاضر در شهرستان جهرم در سال 1399 در بازه زمانی موج دوم کروناویروس انجام شد. به روش سرشماری تعداد 191 نفر از بیماران ابتلای قطعی به ام اس (مولتیپل اسکلروزیس) وارد مطالعه شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات شامل پرسشنامه اطلاعات دموگرافیک و پرسشنامه مقیاس اضطراب کروناویروس (Corona Disease Anxiety Scale) بود. یافته‌ها: میانگین نمره کلی اضطراب در بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس در زمان پاندمی کووید-19 در شهرستان جهرم، 8 از نمره کل 54 بود. میانگین نمره در بعد علائم روانی 6/4 و در بعد علائم جسمانی 1/7 از نمره کل 27 بود که این نمرات نشان‌دهنده قرار گرفتن میزان اضطراب بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس در سطح پایین است. نتیجه‌گیری: بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس در شهرستان جهرم از وضعیت مناسبی از نظر سطح اضطراب در قبال بیماری کووید-19 هستند؛ که می‌تواند نشان خوبی از امکان کم تاثیر گذاشتن شرایط پاندمی بر علائم بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس باشد. 2 Background and Aim: COVID-19 pandemic can be considered an effective factor in increasing physical and psychological manifestations, especially anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of anxiety in patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Jahrom city in 2020 during the second wave of coronavirus in Iran. 191 patients with definite MS (multiple sclerosis) were included in the study by the census. Data collection tools included the demographic data questionnaire and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale. Results: The mean overall score of anxiety in patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jahrom was 8 out of 54. The mean score in the dimension of psychological symptoms was 6.4 and in the dimension of physical symptoms was 1.7 out of 27. These scores indicate that the level of anxiety in patients with MS is low. Conclusion: Patients with MS in Jahrom city are in a good condition in terms of anxiety about COVID-19 disease; which can be a good indication of the low impact of pandemic conditions on the symptoms of patients with MS. 49 56 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/18 1400/2/28 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/6 1400/5/15 احمد رستگاریان Ahmad Rastgarian دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم arastgarian@yahoo.com نوید کلانی Navid Kalani دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم navidkalani@ymail.com فاطمه گلستان Fatemeh Golestan دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم golestanfateme@yahoo.com مهرداد استخر Mehrdad Estakhr دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم navidkalani@ymail.com زهرا قطبی Zahra Ghotbi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم navidkalani@ymail.com ناصر حاتمی Naser Hatami دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم naserohatami@gmail.com مریم جلالی Maryam Jalali دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم jalalimaryam66@yahoo.com Multiple Sclerosis Anxiety COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2. مولتیپل اسکلروزیس اضطراب کووید-19 کروناویروس. 1. Lia Ch, Yi Wang Ch, Hui Wang Y, Hsueh Sh, Chien Ko W, Hsueh P. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020; 55: 1-8 doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105946##2. Ryu S, Chun BC. An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiology and health. 2020; 42-46 doi:10.4178/epih.e2020006##3. Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet. 2020 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5##4. Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI Journal. 2017;16: 1057-72. doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1590199##5. Motolese F, Rossi M, Albergo G, Stelitano D, Vilanova M, Lazzaro V, et al. The psychological impact of Covid-19 pandemc on people with Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020; 11:1-8 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.580507##6. Amato MP, Prestipino E, Bellinvia A. Identifying risk factors for cognitive issues in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics. 2019; 19:333-347 doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1590199##7. Alnajashi H, Jabbad R. Behavioral practices of patients with multiple sclerosis during Covid-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0241103. ##8. Talaat F, Ramadan I, Aly S, Hamdy E. Are multiple sclerosis patients and their caregivers' more anxious and more committed to following the basic preventive measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2020; 46, 102580 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102580##9. Giordano A, Granella F, Lugaresi A, Martinelli V, Trojano M, Confalonieri P, et al. Anxiety and depression in multiple sclerosis patients around diagnosis. 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پیش بینی میزان رفتارهای پیشگیرانه بر اساس سطوح مواجهه با کووید-19، ادراک خطر و اضطراب کووید-19 در دانشجویان و پرسنل یک دانشگاه پزشکی نظامی: یک مطالعه مقطعی Predicting the Rate of Preventive Behaviors based on Levels of Exposure to COVID-19, Risk Perception and COVID-19 Anxiety in Students and Staff of Military University of Medical Sciences: A Cross-sectional Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: رفتارهای پیشگیرانه یکی از مهمترین راهبردهای مبارزه با کووید-19 است. متغیرهای اضطراب کووید-19، سطوح مواجهه با کووید-19 و ادراک خطر جزو پیش بینی کننده های رفتارهای پیشگیرانه است. اما هنوز معلوم نیست که بعد از گذشت یکسال از شیوع کووید-19 در ایران، آیا هنوز این متغیرها نقش مهمی در پیش بینی رفتارهای پیشگیرانه دارند و اگر دارند چه سطحی از این متغیرها و به چه میزان رفتارهای پیشگیرانه کووید-19 را پیش بینی می کنند، هدف پژوهش حاضر پاسخ به این موارد است. روش‌ها: تحقیق از نوع توصیفی همبستگی بود. پرسشنامه محقق ساخته اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، پرسشنامه رفتارهای پیشگیرانه، ادراک خطر و اضطراب کووید-19 توسط 184 دانشجو و پرسنل مرد شاغل در یک دانشگاه پزشکی نظامی در تهران اجرا شد. به علت جلوگیری از شیوع کووید-19 از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس و اجرای اینترنتی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد 6 درصد دانشجویان و پرسنل اضطراب کووید-19 شدید و 36/4 درصد ادراک خطر بالا داشتند و 82/1 درصد افراد به میزان زیاد رفتارهای پیشگیرانه کووید-19 را رعایت می کردند. افرادی که سابقه علایم مشکوک به کووید-19 را داشتند، بیش از افرادی که چنین سابقه ای نداشتند، رفتار پیشگیرانه را رعایت می کردند (z=-2.36, p<0.02). افرادی که میزان ادراک خطر پایین داشتند، در مقایسه با کسانی که ادراک خطر بالا (z=-2.95 p<0.003) یا متوسطی (z=-2.76 p<0.006) داشتند، رفتار پیشگیرانه کووید-19 را کمتر رعایت می کردند. بین کسانی که ادراک خطر متوسط و بالا داشتند، در رعایت رفتار پیشگیرانه کووید-19 تفاوت معناداری دیده نشد. بین متغیرهای سن، وضعیت تاهل، سطوح مختلف تحصیلات، سابقه ابتلا به کووید-19، سابقه تماس نزدیک با فرد مبتلا به کووید-19 و اضطراب کووید-19 با رفتار پیشگیرانه کووید-19 رابطه معناداری مشاهده نگردید. نتایج رگرسیون لجستیک نشان داد تنها متغیر ادراک خطر پایین پیش بین معنادار رفتار پیشگیرانه کووید-19 با نسبت احتمالی 0/21 است (0.21=OR). نتیجه‌گیری: ادراک خطر پایین پیش بین مهمتری برای رفتار پیشگیرانه نسبت به اضطراب کووید-19 و سطوح مواجهه با کروناویروس در دانشجویان و پرسنل مرد شاغل در دانشگاه پزشکی نظامی مورد مطالعه در تهران است. ارایه برنامه های غربالگری و آموزش در جهت افزایش ادراک خطر به منظور ارتقا سلامت در شرایط پاندمی کووید-19 پیشنهاد می شود. 2 Background and Aim: Preventive behaviors are one of the most important strategies to combat COVID-19. COVID-19 anxiety, COVID-19 exposure levels, and risk perception are predictor variables of preventive behaviors. But it is still unclear whether, one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Iran, these variables still play an important role in predicting preventive behaviors, and if so, what level of these variables and to what extent they predict COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The purpose of this study is to answer these questions. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The researcher-made questionnaire of demographic data, preventive behaviors questionnaire, risk perception and anxiety of COVID-19 was administered by 184 male students and staff working in a military medical university in Tehran, Iran. All questionnaires were distribute online. Results: The results showed that 6% of students and staff had high COVID-19 anxiety and 36.4% had high risk perception and 82.1% of them followed COVID-19 preventive behaviors to a large extent. People with a history of suspected symptoms of COVID-19 were less likely to follow COVID-19 preventive behavior than those without a history (z=-2.36, p<0.02). People with low risk perception were more likely to follow COVID-19 preventive behavior than those with high risk perception (z =-2.95 p<0.003) or moderate risk (z=-2.76, p<0.006). There was no significant difference between those with moderate and high risk perception in observing COVID-19 preventive behavior. There was no significant relationship between the variables of age, marital status, different levels of education, history of COVID-19, history of close contact with a person with COVID-19 and COVID-19 anxiety with preventive behavior of COVID-19. The results of logistic regression showed that the only predictor of low risk perception was the significant predictive behavior of COVID-19 with a possible ratio of 0.21 (OR=0.21) Conclusion: Low risk perception is a more important predictor of preventive behavior than COVID-19 anxiety and coronavirus exposure levels in male students and staff working at the Military Medical University studied in Tehran. Screening and training programs are recommended rising risk perception to improve health in the COVID-19 pandemic. 57 64 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/26 1400/2/6 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/1 1400/5/10 سیدحسن سعادت Seyed Hassan Saadat mahdish199698@gmail.com شیما شهیاد Shima Shahyad shima.shahyad@gmail.com محمدمهدی اسدی Mohammad Mahdi Asadi shima.shahyad@gmail.com Preventive Behavior Risk Perception Anxiety COVID-19. رفتار پیشگیرانه ادراک خطر اضطراب کووید-19. 1. Shahyad S, Mohammadi MT. Psychological impacts of Covid-19 outbreak on mental health status of society individuals: a narrative review. Journal of Military Medicine. 2020; 22(2).##2. Carico R, Sheppard J, Thomas C. Community pharmacists and communication in the time of COVID-19: applying the health belief model. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2020. Press, Corrected Proof. 2020; 17. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.017##3. Abd El-Aziz TM, Stockand JD. Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)-an update on the status. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2020:104327. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104327##4. Organization WWH. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. WHO Geneva; 2019.##5. Imtiaz A, Khan NM, Hossain MA. COVID-19 in Bangladesh: measuring differences in individual precautionary behaviors among young adults. Journal of Public Health. 2021:1-12. doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01453-2##6. Khazaee-Pool M, Shahrvsand S, Naghibi SA. Predicting Covid-19 Preventive Behaviors Based on Health Belief Model: An Internet-Based Study in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 30(190):56-66.##7. de Bruin WB, Bennett D. Relationships between initial COVID-19 risk perceptions and protective health behaviors: A national survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020; 59(2):157-67. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.001##8. Zare H, Eisazadeh F. Relationship between Disease Control Perception and Risk Perception with Self-care Behaviors in Patients Discharged from Hospital Due to COVID-19: Path Analysis Study. 2020.##9. Nakhaeizadeh A, Mohammadi S. Assessing the Level of Engagement in Preventive Behaviors and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in Iranian Adults. 2021. doi:10.30699/ajnmc.29.2.160##10. Taghrir MH, Borazjani R, Shiraly R. COVID-19 and Iranian medical students; a survey on their related-knowledge, preventive behaviors and risk perception. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2020; 23(4):249-54. doi:10.34172/aim.2020.06##11. Delshad Noghabi A, Yoshany N, Mohammadzadeh F, Javanbakht S. Predictors of Covid-19 Preventive Behaviors in Iranian Population over 15 Years Old: An Application of Health Belief Model. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 30(191):13-21.##12. Green SB. How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivariate behavioral research. 1991; 26(3):499-510. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7##13. Alipour A, Ghadami A, Alipour Z, Abdollahzadeh H. Preliminary validation of the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. 2020.##14. Nasirzadeh M, Aligol M. Assessmentof Knowledge, Attitude, and Factors Associated with the Preventive Behaviors of Covid-19 in Qom, Iran, in 2020. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2020; 14(7):50-7. doi:10.29252/qums.14.7.50##15. Haque A, Mumtaz S, Khattak O, Mumtaz R, Ahmed A. Comparing the preventive behavior of medical students and physicians in the era of COVID‐19: Novel medical problems demand novel curricular interventions. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 2020; 48(5):473-81.doi:10.1002/bmb.21406##16. Ozdemir S, Ng S, Chaudhry I, Finkelstein EA. Adoption of Preventive Behaviour Strategies and Public Perceptions About COVID-19 in Singapore. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2020. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.199##17. Uddin S, Imam T, Khushi M, Khan A, Moni MA. How socio-demographic status and personal did attributes influence compliance to COVID-19 preventive behaviours during the early outbreak in Japan? Lessons for pandemic management. Personality and Individual Differences. 2021; 175:110692. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110692##18. Lau JT, Kim JH, Tsui HY, Griffiths S. Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2007; 7(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-18##19. Tabibi Z, Abedini E, Gholipour F, Hojjat SK, Amini M. The Influence of Demographic Features and Psychological Constructs on Observing Government-Advised Preventive Measures for COVID-19: The Case of Iran. Journal of Iranian Medical Council. 2021; 4(1):39-48. doi:10.18502/jimc.v4i1.5741##20. Kim Y-J, Cho J-H. Correlation between preventive health behaviors and psycho-social health based on the leisure activities of South Koreans in the COVID-19 crisis. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(11):4066. doi:10.3390/ijerph17114066##21. Jahanshahi AA, Dinani MM, Madavani AN, Li J, Zhang SX. The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic-More distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.20052571##22. Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A. Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020; 51:102076. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102076##23. Hou F, Bi F, Jiao R, Luo D, Song K. Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health. 2020; 20 (1): 1-11. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09738-7## ##

اضطراب کووید-۱۹ در بیماران دیابتی: اثر عملکرد عصب روانشناختی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی COVID-19 Anxiety in Diabetic Patients: The Effect of Neuropsychological Function and Self-Care Behaviors 1 1 زمینه و هدف: بسیاری از بیماری­های جسمانی تحت تاثیر عوامل شناختی و رفتاری هستند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثر عملکرد عصب روانشناختی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی بر اضطراب کرونا در بیماران دیابتی انجام شد. روش‌ها: این پژوهش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری شامل زنان مبتلا به بیماری دیابت نوع دو در انجمن دیابت ایران در شهر ارومیه در بهار سال 1400 بود. انتخاب نمونه با روش تصادفی ساده انجام شد. از پرسشنامه اضطراب کرونا علیپور و همکاران (1398)، پرسشنامه عملکرد عصب روانشناختی نجانی (2013) و پرسشنامه رفتار خودمراقبتی توبرت و گلاسگو (1994) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی 165 زن مبتلا به بیماری دیابت نوع دو 18/4±45/7 سال بود. بین عملکرد عصب روانشناختی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی با اضطراب کرونا رابطه منفی وجود داشت. عملکرد عصب روانشناختی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی به ترتیب اثر 0/20 و 0/25 منفی را بر اضطراب کرونا داشتند. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این پژوهش تاکیدی بر موثر بودن نقش عوامل شناختی بر اضطراب کرونا در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع دوم دارد. 2 Background and Aim: Many physical diseases are affected by cognitive and behavioral factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of neuropsychological function and self-care behaviors on COVID-19 anxiety in diabetic patients. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included women with type 2 diabetes in the Iranian Diabetes Association in Urmia in the spring of 2021. Sample selection was done by simple random method. Corona Anxiety Questionnaire of Alipour et al (2019), Neuropsychological Function Questionnaire of Nejati (2013) and Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire of Toobert and Glasgow (1994) were used. Results: The mean age of 165 women with type 2 diabetes was 45.7±18.4 years. There was a negative relationship between neuropsychological function and self-care behaviors with COVID-19 anxiety. Neuropsychological function and self-care behaviors had a negative effect of 0.20 and 0.25 on COVID-19 anxiety, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the role of cognitive factors on COVID-19 anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes. 65 70 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/28 1400/5/6 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/31 1400/6/9 فرشید بی باک Farshid Bibak farshid8980@gmail.com مسعود نجاری Massoud Najari Najari.Massoud@yahoo. سعید جباری Saeed Jabari saeid_j_m@yahoo.com علیرضا سنگانی Alireza Sangani گروه آسیب شناختی روانشناسی فرهنگی، مرکز پژوهشی علوم روانشناختی فارابی، مازندران، ایران sangany.psycho@gmail.com COVID-19 Anxiety Psychological Nerve Function Self-Care Behaviors Diabetes. کووید-19 اضطراب عملکرد عصب روانشناختی رفتارهای خودمراقبتی دیابت. 1. Mousavi M, DashtBozorgi Z. Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy (ACT) on the Hardness and Perceived Stress Coefficient among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot. 2017; 5 (4) :311-319 doi:10.30699/acadpub.ijhehp.5.4.311##2. Kioskli K, Winkley K, McCracken LM. Might psychological flexibility processes and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) apply in adults with painful diabetic neuropathy? A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 2019; 13:66-73. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.07.002##3. Eseadi C, Onwuka GT, Otu MS, Umoke PC, Onyechi KC, Okere AU, et al. Effects of rational emotive cognitive behavioral coaching on depression among type 2 diabetic inpatients. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 2017; 35(4):363-82. doi:10.1007/s10942-017-0266-2##4. Gilbert M, Pullano G, Pinotti F, Valdano E, Poletto C, Boëlle PY, et al. Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020; 395 (10227): 871-7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30411-6##5. Macatee RJ, Correa KA, Carrillo VL, Berenz E, Shankman SA. Distress Tolerance as a Familial Vulnerability for Distress-Misery Disorders. Behavior Therapy. 2020; 51(6):905-16. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.12.008##6. Zhang F, Shang Z, Ma H, Jia Y, Sun L, Guo X, et al. High risk of infection caused posttraumatic stress symptoms in individuals with poor sleep quality: A study on influence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China. MedRxiv. 2020; 45-51. doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.20034504##7. Ezazi Bojnourdi E, Ghadampour S, Moradi Shakib A, Ghazbanzadeh R. Predicting Corona Anxiety based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Health Hardiness and Death Anxiety in Diabetic Patients. IJPN. 2020; 8 (2):34-44.##8. Lee SA, Jobe MC, Mathis AA, Gibbons JA. Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2020; 74:102268. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268##9. Jungmann SM, Witthöft M. Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of anxiety disorders. 2020; 73:102239. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239##10. Kawagoe T, Onoda K, Yamaguchi S. Associations among executive function, cardiorespiratory fitness, and brain network properties in older adults. Scientific reports. 2017; 7 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1038/srep40107##11. Lavigne-Cerván R, Costa-López B, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Real-Fernández M, Sánchez-Muñoz de León M, Navarro-Soria I. Consequences of COVID-19 confinement on anxiety, sleep and executive functions of children and adolescents in Spain. Frontiers in psychology. 2021; 12:334. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565516##12. Brenkel M, Shulman K, Hazan E, Herrmann N, Owen AM. Assessing capacity in the elderly: Comparing the MoCA with a novel computerized battery of executive function. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders extra. 2017; 7(2):249-56. doi:10.1159/000478008##13. Navarro-Soria I, Real-Fernández M, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Costa-López B, Sánchez M, Lavigne R. Consequences of confinement due to COVID-19 in spain on anxiety, sleep and executive functioning of children and adolescents with ADHD. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2487. doi:10.3390/su13052487##14. Morowati -Sharifabad M, Rouhani Tonekaboni N, Baghianimoghadam M. Predictors of self-care behaviors among diabetic patients referred to yazd diabetes research centre based on extended health belief model. JSSU. 2007; 15(3):85-96##15. Hailu FB, Moen A, Hjortdahl P. Diabetes self-management education (DSME)-Effect on knowledge, self-care behavior, and self-efficacy among type 2 diabetes patients in Ethiopia: A controlled clinical trial. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy. 2019; 12:2489. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S223123##16. Banerjee M, Chakraborty S, Pal R. Diabetes self-management amid COVID-19 pandemic. 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مقایسه تاثیر ورزش، موسیقی و عمل به باورهای دینی در اضطراب ناشی از کرونا در کادر درمان Comparison of the Effect of Exercise, Music and Practice of Religious Beliefs on Anxiety Caused by COVID-19 in Medical Staff 1 1 زمینه و هدف: انتقال سریع بیماری کووید-19 و افزایش مرگ و میر ناشی از آن باعث افزایش اضطراب در کادر درمان شده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسه تاثیر ورزش، عمل به باورهای دینی و گوش دادن به موسیقی بر اضطراب ناشی از کرونا در کادر درمان است. روش‌ها: این پژوهش به شیوه نیمه تجربی از نوع پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با 6 گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل انجام شد. جامعه تحقیق کادر درمان بیمارستان­­های جنوب ایران (استان­های فارس، کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، چهارمحال و بختیاری و خوزستان) بود که به بیماران کرونایی خدمات­ رسانی می­کردند. حجم نمونه 77 نفر بود که به صورت تصادفی خوشه‌ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه اضطراب ناشی از کرونا بود که در دو مرحله پیش آزمون و پس آزمون به صورت آنلاین اجرا شد. یافته‌ها: بین نمرات پیش آزمون و پس آزمون در گروه­های داوطلبانه ورزش، داوطلبانه انجام اعمال دینی، داوطلبانه گوش دادن به موسیقی و تصادفی ورزش تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد که نشان دهنده تاثیر آنها بر کاهش اضطراب ناشی از کرونا در کادر درمان است. بین نمرات پیش­ آزمون و پس­آزمون گروه­ کنترل، گروه تصادفی انجام اعمال دینی و گروه تصادفی گوش دادن به موسیقی تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد. نتایج آزمون آنوا و LSD نشان داد که گروه داوطلبانه انجام اعمال دینی بیشترین تاثیر را بر کاهش اضطراب ناشی از کرونا دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: انجام ورزش و فعالیت ­بدنی به علت غالب بودن جنبه جسمانی و فیزیولوژیکی آن چه در صورت میل و خواسته کادر درمان باشد و چه بر اساس میل آنان نباشد موجب کاهش اضطراب در کادر درمان می ­شود. اما عمل به باورهای دینی و گوش دادن به موسیقی به دلیل غالب بودن بعد روحی و اعتقادی آن تنها وقتی که بر اساس خواسته و میل فرد باشد موجب کاهش اضطراب کادر درمان می ­شود. 2 Background and Aim: Rapid transmission of COVID-19 and its rising mortality increased anxiety in medical staff. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of exercise, practice of religious beliefs and listening to music on COVID-19 anxiety in the medical staff. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed in a pre-test and post-test with 6 experimental groups and a control group. The study population was the medical staff of hospitals in the south of Iran (Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari and Khuzestan provinces) that provided services to COVID-19 patients. The sample size was 77 who were randomly selected in clusters sampling. The research tool was the COVID-19 Anxiety which was administered online in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Results: There is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in the groups of voluntary exercise, voluntary religious practice, voluntary listening to music and casual exercise, which shows their effect on reducing COVID-19 anxiety in the medical staff. There is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the control group, the casual group performing religious practices and the casual group listening to music. The results of ANOVA and LSD test showed that the voluntary group performing religious practice has the greatest effect on reducing COVID-19 anxiety.   Conclusion:  Exercise and physical activity due to the predominance of its physical and physiological aspects, whether it is the will of the medical staff or not according to their desire, reduces anxiety in them. However, practicing religious beliefs and listening to music, due to the predominance of its spiritual dimension, reduces the anxiety of the medical staff only when it is based on one's desires. 71 79 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/10 1400/5/19 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 عباس نقی زاده باقی Abbas Naghizadeh Baghi گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و وروانشناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران a.naghizadeh@uma.ac.ir صمد گودرزی Samad Goodarzi دانشگاه تهران s.goodarzi@ut.ac.ir مجید جاوید Majid Javid دانشگاه تهران javid.majid@ut.ac.ir Anxiety COVID-19 Exercise Religiosity Medical staff اضطراب کووید-19 ورزش دینداری کادر درمان 1. Tsamakis K, Rizos E, Manolis AJ, Chaidou S, Kympouropoulos S, Spartalis E, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health of healthcare professionals. Exp Ther Med. 2020; 19(6):3451-3. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8646##2. Weilenmann S, Ernst J, Petry H, Sazpinar O, Pfaltz MC, Gehrke S, et al. Health Care WorkersMental Health During the First Weeks of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Switzerland: A Cross-Sectional Study. medRxiv. 2020; doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20088625##3. Bajema KL, Oster AM, McGovern OL, Lindstrom S, Stenger MR, Anderson TC, et al. Persons evaluated for 2019 novel coronavirus-United States, January 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(6):166. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6906e1##4. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):e14. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X##5. Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Firth J, Cosco T, Veronese N, et al. An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2017;249:102-8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020##6. Beck EN, Wang MTY, Intzandt BN, Almeida QJ, Ehgoetz Martens KA. Sensory focused exercise improves anxiety in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (4):e0230803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230803##7. Marlier M, Van Dyck D, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Babiak K, Willem A. Interrelation of sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health in disadvantaged communities: A SEM-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140196##8. Naderi S, Naderi S, Delavar A, Dortaj F. The effect of physical exercise on anxiety among the victims of child abuse. Sport Sci Health. 2019;15(3):519-25. doi:10.1007/s11332-019-00538-0##9. Aguiñaga S, Ehlers DK, Salerno EA, Fanning J, Motl RW, McAuley E. Home-based physical activity program improves depression and anxiety in older adults. J Phys Act Heal. 2018;20:1-5.##10. Psychou D, Kokaridas D, Koulouris N, Theodorakis Y, Krommidas C, Psycho C. Impact of exercise intervention on anxiety levels and mood profile of Greek prison inmates. 2020; doi:10.14198/jhse.2021.161.13##11. Panahi H, Khodaverdizadeh S. Tourism Development and Economic Growth Markov Switching Model. J Tour Plan Dev. 2015;4(14):8-25. ##12. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017##13. Li Z, Liu S, Wang L, Smith L. Mind-Body Exercise for Anxiety and Depression in COPD Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1):22. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010022##14. Bartley CA, Hay M, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: aerobic exercise for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry. 2013;45:34-9. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.016##15. Pearsall R, Smith DJ, Pelosi A, Geddes J. Exercise therapy in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):117. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-117##16. Arent SM, Walker AJ, Arent MA. The Effects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression. Handb Sport Psychol. 2020;872-90. doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch42##17. Abdel-Khalek AM, Nuño L, Gómez-Benito J, Lester D. The Relationship Between Religiosity and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis. J Relig Health. 2019; 58 (5): 1847-56. doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00881-z##18. Safara M, Salmabadi M. The Moderating Role of Religiosity in Relationship between Number of Children and Anxiety of Mothers with a Single Child and two or more Children. J Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat (i.e, Res Relig & Heal. 2019 25;5(1 SE-Articles):7-18. ##19. Yeary KHK, Ounpraseuth S, Moore P, Bursac Z, Greene P. Religion, social capital, and health. Rev Relig Res. 2012;54(3):331-47. doi:10.1007/s13644-011-0048-8##20. Ramírez LF, Palacios-Espinosa X, Dyar C, Lytle A, Levy SR. The relationships among aging stereotypes, aging anxiety, social support, religiosity, and expected health among Colombians. J Adult Dev. 2019;26(1):57-70. doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9299-8##21. Paglione HB, Oliveira PC de, Mucci S, Roza B de A, Schirmer J. Quality of life, religiosity, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in liver transplantation candidates. Rev da Esc Enferm da USP. 2019;53. doi:10.1590/s1980-220x2018010203459##22. Jansen KL, Motley R, Hovey J. Anxiety, depression and students' religiosity. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2010;13(3):267-71. doi:10.1080/13674670903352837##23. Lupo MK, Strous RD. Religiosity, anxiety and depression among Israeli medical students. Isr Med Assoc J. 2011;13(10):613-8.##24. Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Salehi M, Kazemi N. The Effectiveness of Music Therapy and Relaxation on Blood Pressure and Pulse in the Elderly with Hypertension. Aging Psychol. 2017;2(4):293-303. ##25. Seinfeld S, Bergstrom I, Pomes A, Arroyo-Palacios J, Vico F, Slater M, et al. 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عوامل موثر بر استرس شغلی در پرستاران مراقبت کننده از بیماران کووید-19 Evaluation of Factors Affecting Job Stress in Nurses Caring for COVID-19 Patients 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پاندمی کووید-19 با شیوع گسترده خود حرفه‌ پرستاری را با عوامل استرس‌زای شغلی ویژه‌ای مواجه ساخت. استرس ‌شغلی اثر مهمی بر عملکرد پرستاران داشته و ارائه مراقبت‌های باکیفیت و ایمن را به مخاطره می‌اندازد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین عوامل موثر بر استرس ‌شغلی در پرستاران مراقبت‌کننده از بیماران کووید-19 انجام شد. روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی در 6 ماهه اول سال 1399 انجام شد. 90 نفر از پرستاران مراقبت‌کننده از بیماران کووید-19 به روش سرشماری انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها با پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته استرسورهای شغلی پرستاران (دارای روایی با نمره کسب شده بین 0/7 تا 1 در بعد CVI و پایایی با آلفا کرونباخ 84%) که به صورت آنلاین در اختیار پرستاران قرار گرفت، جمع‌آوری شدند. یافته‌ها: 37 نفر از پرستاران مرد (41/1%) و 53 نفر (58/9%) زن بودند. میانگین سن پرستاران 6/32±31/39 سال (محدوده 45-21 سال) و میانگین سابقه خدمت 5/31±10/82 بود. عوامل مدیریتی، فردی، فیزیکی، مراقبت از بیمار و بین‌فردی به ترتیب جزء منابع استرس‌زا در پرستاران مراقبت‌کننده از بیماران کووید-19 شناخته شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: از آنجا که در مطالعه حاضر عوامل مدیریتی به عنوان بیشترین منبع استرس‌زا شناخته شد، ارجح است در سطوح مدیریتی برنامه‌ریزی‌ برای کاهش عوامل استرس‌زا در پرستاران و به دنبال آن ارتقاء کیفیت مراقبت‌های پرستاری از بیماران کووید-19 انجام گیرد.  2 Background and Aim: The Covid-19 pandemic, with its widespread prevalence, confronted the nursing profession with specific occupational stressors. Job stress has a significant effect on nurses' performance and jeopardizes the provision of high quality and safe care. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting job stress in nurses caring for Covid-19 patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the first 6 months of 2020. 90 nurses caring for Covid-19 patients were selected by census method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire on nurses' occupational stressors (validity score between 0.7 and 1 and reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 84%) which was provided to nurses online. Results: 37 (41.1%) nurses were male and 53 (58.9%) were female. The mean age of nurses was 31.39±6.32 years (range 21-45 years) and the mean job history was 10.82±5.31 years. Managerial, personal, physical, patient care and interpersonal factors were identified as sources of stress in nurses caring for Covid-19 patients, respectively. Conclusion: Since managerial factors were recognized as the most source of stressors, it is preferable to plan on the managerial level to reduce stressors in nurses and subsequently improve the quality of nursing care for COVID-19 patients. 80 88 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/24 1400/2/4 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 رسول رئیسی Rasoul Raesi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد Raesi.br881@gmail.com زهرا عباسی Zahra Abbasi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد AbbasiSHZ@mums.ac.ir سام ساغری Sam Saghari دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی تهران واحد علوم پزشکی sammy.saqhari@gmail.com سعید بکایی Saied Bokaie دانشگاه تهران Sdbokaie@gmail.com مهدی راعی Mehdi Raei دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج) mehdi_r_d@yahoo.com کیاوش هوشمندی Kiavash Hushmandi گروه بهداشت و کنترل مواد غذایی، بخش اپیدمیولوژی و بیماریهای مشترک، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران kiavash.hushmandi@gmail.com Job Stress Nurse Patient COVID-19. استرس ‌شغلی پرستار بیمار کووید-19. ## ##

طراحی و کارایی پروتئین فیوژنL-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L‌-Rib- استرپتوکوکوس آگالاکتیه علیه کووید-19 Design and efficacy of L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-RIb-Streptococcus agalactiae fusion protein against COVID-19 1 1 زمینه و هدف: کروناویروس جدید یا سندرم حاد تنفسی کرونا ویروس 2 (SARS-CoV-2) در اواخر سال 2019 به‌عنوان عامل بیماری تنفسی به نام بیماری کووید-19 شناسایی شد. چندین روش دارو درمانی برای درمان بیماری کووید-19 مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند که تاکنون هیچ کدام تاثیر قطعی نداشته است. درمان در موارد خفیف تا شدید بیماری متفاوت است. در موارد خفیف بیماری، درمان به‌صورت مراقبتی بوده تا علائم بیماری کاهش یابد و در موارد شدید، بیمار باید بستری شود تا درمان‌های متفاوتی برای او انجام گیرد. داروهای متعددی برای درمان وجود دارد که بسیاری از آنها همچنان در حال ارزیابی هستند، و هنوز درمان قطعی و مشخصی برای کووید-19 وجود ندارد. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه تلاش بر آن بود تا روش‌های مختلف درمان از جمله استفاده از پروتئین فیوژنL-CapA-L-CapC  Anticancer-L­-Rib- در درمان کووید-19 از لحاظ بیوانفورماتیکی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در این بررسی بر استفاده از داروهای ضدویروسی پپتیدهای باکتریایی تأکید شده است تا درمان مناسب در راستای مهار این کروناویروس معرفی گردد. یافته‌ها: با استفاده از پایگاه داده NCBI توالی پروتئین فیوژنL-CapA-L-CapC  Anticancer-L­-Rib- و اسپایک ویروس استخراج گردید. سپس با استفاده از نرم افزارهای متعدد از جمله SWISS-MODEL و Expasy، مدل ساختاری پروتئین و کیفیت آن مشخص شد. همچنین خاصیت ایمنی‌زایی پروتئین فیوژنL-CapA-L-CapC  Anticancer-L­-Rib- ارزیابی شد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج بیوانفورماتیکی پروتئین فیوژنL-CapA-L-CapC  Anticancer-L­-Rib- دارای ساختار متراکم و پیچیده بوده و علاوه بر خاصیت ضدسرطانی و ضدویروسی می‌تواند در درمان کووید-19 مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Background and Aim: SARS-CoV-2 was identified in late 2019 as a respiratory disease agent called COVID-19. Several drug therapies have been studied to treat COVID-19, none of which have had a definite effect so far. In mild cases of the disease, treatment is careful to reduce the symptoms of the disease, and in severe cases, the patient must be hospitalized to receive different treatments. There are several medications available, many of which are still being evaluated, and there is still no definitive cure for COVID-19 Methods: In this study, an attempt is made to investigate various treatment methods, including the use of L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib-fusion protein in the treatment of COVID-19 in terms of bioinformatics. In this study, the use of bacterial peptides antiviral drugs is emphasized to introduce appropriate treatment to control SARS-CoV-2 Results: L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib- fusion protein and Spike virus sequences were extracted using NCBI database. Then, using various software such as SWISS-MODEL and Expasy, the structural model of the protein and its quality were determined. The immunogenicity of L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib fusion protein was also evaluated. Conclusion: Based on the bioinformatics results, L-CapA-L-CapC Anticancer-L-Rib fusion protein has a dense and complex structure and in addition to its anti-cancer and anti-viral properties, it can be used in the treatment of COVID-19. 89 95 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/25 1400/6/3 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 المیرا بابکان راد Elmira Babakanrad آزاد ebrahimelmira110@gmail.com طاهر محمدیان Taher Mohamadian استادیار گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شهر قدس، تهران، ایران tmohammadian@qodsiau.ac.ir داود اسماعیلی Davoud Esmaeili بقیه ا... esm114@gmail.com پیام بهزادی Payam Behzadi آزاد behzadipayam@shahryariau.ac.ir Coronavirus COVID-19 Bioinformatics Antibiotics. کروناویروس کووید-19 آنتی‌بیوتیک بیوانفورماتیک. 1. Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. 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Macrolide treatment for COVID-19: Will this be the way forward? Bioscience Trends. 2020; 14:159-160. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03058##6. Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ, et al. Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea: the application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020; 35(6). doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e79##7. Chandwani A, Shuter J. Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of HIV-1 infection: a review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2008; 4(5):1023-33. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S3285##8. Du YX, Chen XP. Favipiravir: pharmacokinetics and concerns about clinical trials for 2019‐nCoV infection. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020; 108(2):242-7. doi:10.1002/cpt.1844##9. Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 2020; 14:58-60. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.01012##10. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research. 2020; 178:104787- 104791. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787##11. Liu B, Li M, Zhou Z, Guan X, Xiang Y. Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? Journal of autoimmunity. 2020; 111:102452. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102452##12. Russell B, Moss C, George G, Santaolalla A, Cope A, Papa S, et al. Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence. ECancer Medical Science. 2020; 27:1014-1022. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022##13. Sallard E, Lescure FX, Yazdanpanah Y, Mentre F, Peiffer-Smadja N. Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19. 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مروری بر انواع تکنیک‌های تشخیص سریع کووید-19 A Review on Rapid Detection Methods of COVID-19 1 1 به منظور پیشگیری از گسترش هر چه بیشتر پاندمی کووید-19 ناشی از سندرم تنفسی حاد کروناویروس2 (SARS-CoV-2)، ضرورت توسعه روش های تشخیصی سریع و قابل اعتماد در جوامع علمی مطرح است. با توجه به اینکه در حال حاضر هیچ داروی ضد ویروسی مؤثری برای کووید-19 وجود ندارد، مهم ترین استراتژی فعلی، شناسایی مبتلایان در اسرع وقت است. لذا، دانشمندان و محققان در حال انجام آزمایشاتی برای تشخیص سریع ناقلین بدون علامت کووید-19 هستند که با تشخیص سریع و دقیق آن، نقش مهمی در کنترل و پیشگیری بیشتر این همه گیری ایفا نمایند. با وجود ناشناخته بودن برخی از جنبه های مشخصات ساختاری و مولکولی SARS-CoV-2، استراتژی‌های مختلفی در تشخیص صحیح کووید-19 توسط آزمایشگاه های تحقیقاتی و شرکت های پزشکی ارائه شده که در مطالعه حاضر برخی از آنها ارائه شده اند. طبق مطالعات انجام شده، تاکنون تست های سریع آنتی ژن و آنتی بادی، آزمایشات سرولوژی ایمونوآنزیمی و آزمایش های مولکولی مبتنی بر RT‑PCR پرکاربردترین و معتبرترین روش های تشخیصی سراسر جهان هستند. علاوه بر روش­های متداول ذکر شده، سایر روش­ها از جمله؛ تکنیک­های مبتنی بر تکثیر ایزوترمال اسید نوکلئیک، روش­های مبتنی بر کریسپر (CRISPR/Cas)، تکنیک نسل جدید توالی یابی (NGS) و حسگرهای زیستی در زمینه های تحقیقاتی شناسایی این ویروس استفاده می شوند. در مطالعه حاضر فناوری ها و تکنیک های اخیر مؤسسات تحقیقاتی مختلف و همچنین دستگاه­ها و کیت­های تجاری تولید شده شرکت­ها برای تشخیص کووید-19 ارائه شده است تا با آشنایی این روش های تشخیصی کارآمد، گامی مهم در پیشبرد اهداف علمی پژوهشی برداشته شود. 2 In order to prevent the further spread of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, there is a need to develop rapid and reliable diagnostic tests. Given that there is currently no effective antiviral drug for COVID-19, the most important current strategy is to identify patients as soon as possible. Therefore, scientists and researchers are conducting experiments for rapid detection of asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19, to control and prevention of this epidemic. Although some aspects of the structural and molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are unknown, various strategies for the correct diagnosis of COVID-19 have been proposed by research laboratories and medical companies, some of which are presented in the present study. According to studies, rapid antigen and antibody tests, immunoenzymatic serological tests, and RT‑PCR-based molecular tests are the most widely used and valid diagnostic methods worldwide. In addition to these common methods, other methods include; techniques based on nucleic acid isothermal amplification, CRISPR/Cas based methods, new generation sequencing (NGS) techniques and biosensors are used in research fields to identify SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, the recent technologies and techniques of various research institutes, as well as devices and commercial kits produced by companies for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are presented, so that familiarity with these efficient diagnostic methods is an important step in advancing scientific goals. 96 110 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/252021/07/29 1400/5/7 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 مهتاب مشرف Mahtab Moshref m_9372@yahoo.com مژگان تقدیسی Mozhgan Taghdisi mozh.taghdisi@gmail.com سیدمحمد جزائری Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri jazayeri42@gmail.com ندا سلیمانی Neda Soleimani N_soleimani@sbu.ac.ir سیدمحمدجلیل ذریه زهرا Seyed Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra zorrieh@yahoo.com مینا زیارتی Mina Ziarati mziarati2@gmail.com لاله یزدانپناه گهرریزی Laleh Yazdanpanah Goharrizi l_yazdanpanah@yahoo.com مائده طالبی Maedeh Talebi maede.talebi65@gmail.com سید ساجده موسوی Seyedeh Sajedeh Mousavi COVID-19 Diagnostic methods Molecular tests Serological tests کووید-19 روش های تشخیصی آزمایش های مولکولی آزمایش های سرولوژیک 1. 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شناسایی خطرات، ارزیابی و مدیریت خطر کووید-19 در محیط‌های کاری: مروری روایتی Risk Identification, Assessment, and Risk Management of COVID-19 in Workplaces: A Narrative Review 1 1 با توجه به گسترش بیماری کووید-19 در کل جهان (پاندمی)، ابعاد مختلف از جمله سلامتی و اقتصاد جوامع تحت تاثیر قرار گرفته است. محافظت از کارگران در برابر آلوده شدن به کووید-19 چالش‌های اساسی را به وجود آورده که برای رفع این چالش‌ها باید درباره چگونگی شیوع این بیماری و چگونگی پیشگیری از آن چیزهای زیادی آموخت. مواجهه با کووید-19 یک خطر است زیرا می‌تواند باعث ایجاد بیماری گردد. آنالیز خطر، استفاده سیستماتیک از اطلاعات در دسترس برای شناسایی خطرات و تخمین خطر برای افراد، محیط زیست، دارایی‌ها و ارزش‌ها است. بعد از آنالیز خطر، ارزشیابی خطر باید انجام شود. ارزشیابی خطر شامل مقایسه‌ نتایج آنالیز خطر با معیارهای پذیرش خطر است. بعد از ارزشیابی خطر باید خطر‌هایی که غیرقابل تحمل هستند با استفاده از اقدامات کنترلی، حذف یا کاهش یابند. تمامی این مراحل در یک سیستم یا یک فعالیت و شناسایی و معرفی اقدامات کنترل خطر برای کاهش آسیب‌ به افراد، محیط زیست، دارایی‌ها و ارزش‌ها را مدیریت خطر گویند. در مطالعه مروری حاضر شناسایی خطرات، ارزیابی و مدیریت خطر بیماری کووید-19 در محیط های کاری با دسته بندی مطالعات انجام شد. نتایج این مطالعه می تواند متخصصین را در زمینه شناسایی خطرات مرتبط با کووید-19، ارزیابی خطر و ارائه راهکارهای کنترل خطر در چارچوب مدیریت خطر کمک نماید و اطلاعات مفیدی را برای انجام این کار در دسترس آنها قرار دهد. 2 Due to the spread of COVID-19 worldwide (pandemic), various dimensions including the health and economy of communities have been affected. Protecting workers from COVID-19 contamination poses major challenges that need to be addressed in order to learn more about how the disease has spread and how to prevent it. Exposure to COVID-19 is a risk because it can cause disease. Risk analysis is the systematic use of available data to identify risks and assess risks to individuals, the environment, assets and values. After risk analysis, a risk assessment should be performed. Risk assessment involves comparing the results of risk analysis with risk acceptance criteria. After the risk assessment, risks that are unbearable should be eliminated or reduced using control measures. All of these steps in a system or activity and identifying and introducing risk control measures to reduce harm to people, the environment, assets and values ​​are called risk management. In the present review study, risk identification, assessment and risk management of COVID-19 in work environments were performed by categorizing studies. The results of this study can help experts in identifying the risks associated with COVID-19, risk assessment and provide risk control strategies in the context of risk management and provide them with useful information to do so. 111 123 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/252021/07/292021/08/4 1400/5/13 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 محمد جواد شیخ مظفری Mohammad javad Sheikhmozafari دانشگاه تربیت مدرس mj.sheikhmozafari@yahoo.com عمران احمدی Omran Ahmadi گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران o.ahmadi@modares.ac.ir COVID-19 Risk Identification Risk Assessment Risk Management کووید-19 شناسایی خطر ارزیابی خطر مدیریت خطر. 1. (WHO) WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) information. 2020. 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ریسک فاکتورهای کووید-19 در بین کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی: مروری سیستماتیک COVID-19 Risk Factors among Health Care Workers: A Systematic Review 1 1 زمینه و هدف: باتوجه به اینکه کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی با بیماران آلوده به کروناویروس و افراد سالم ارتباط مستقیم دارند، بنابراین اطمینان از ایمنی این افراد نه تنها در محافظت از آنها در برابر ویروس بلکه در جلوگیری از انتشار ویروس در جامعه نیز اهمیت دارد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین ریسک فاکتورهای کووید-19 در بین کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی انجام گردید. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه مروری سیستماتیک، مقالات مرتبط با ریسک فاکتورهای کووید-19 در بین کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی بررسی شد. جستجوی مقالات، با تمرکز بر روی ریسک فاکتورهای کووید-19 و کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی و از ترکیب کلیدواژه­ های مناسب، بدون اعمال محدودیت در نوع مطالعه و سال، در پایگاه داده­ های علمی Pubmed، MEDLINE, Embase ، Google Scholar و EBSCOHost انجام شد. یافته‌ها: از 1750 مقاله جمع آوری شده، پس از حذف مقالات تکراری، و بررسی عنوان، چکیده و متن کامل دیگر مقالات، تعداد 15 مقاله برای استخراج اطلاعات باقی ماند. بر اساس این مقالات، ریسک فاکتورهای کووید-19 در بین کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی شامل مواجهه با افراد آلوده، عدم یا کمبود وسایل حفاظت فردی مناسب، بار کاری زیاد، کنترل ضعیف عفونت و تماس مستقیم با سطوح آلوده، عدم رعایت بهداشت دست و شرایط پیشین پزشکی (فشار خون بالا، دیابت، بیماری های قلبی عروقی، بیماری مزمن ریوی، نقص ایمنی) بود. نتیجه‌گیری: در مورد بیماری کووید-19، کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی با خطر شغلی از آسیب و مرگ روبرو هستند لذا توسعه اقدامات سریع و پایدار برای محافظت همه جانبه کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی موردنیاز است.   2 Background and Aim: Health care workers have direct contact with COVID-19 infected patients and healthy people, so ensuring the safety of health care workers is important not only to protect them against the coronavirus but also to prevent the spread of the coronavirus in the community. The aim of this review was to determine the risk factors of COVID-19 among health care workers. Methods: In this systematic review, papers related to COVID-19 risk factors among health care workers were assessed. Search for papers was done with focusing on the risk factors of COVID-19 and healthcare professionals and combining appropriate keywords, without limiting the type of study and publishing year, in the scientific databases Pubmed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar and EBSCOHost. Results: Out of 1750 papers, after removing duplicate papers and reviewing title, abstract and full text, 15 papers remained for data extraction. According to these papers, the risk factors of COVID-19 among health care workers include exposure to infected people, lack of appropriate personal protective equipment, heavy workload, poor infection control and direct contact with contaminated surfaces, lack of hand hygiene and underlying disease (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and immunodeficiency). Conclusion: In the COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers are exposed to the occupational risk of morbidity and mortality, so the development of rapid and sustainable measures for comprehensive protection of health care workers is needed. 124 130 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/252021/07/292021/08/42021/05/10 1400/2/20 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 رجبعلی حکم آبادی Rajabali Hokmabadi گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران abi.hse2006@gmail.com Risk factor COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Healthcare workers. ریسک فاکتور کووید-19 کروناویروس کادر درمان. 1. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019; 17(3):181-92. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9##2. 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کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در آزمایشگاه تشخیص طبی: مروری برای کووید-19 Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Clinical Laboratory: A Review for COVID-19 1 1 در اواخر سال 2019 با شیوع بیماری نوظهور کووید-19 و در ادامه با پاندمی آن، مردم سراسر جهان درگیر شدند. به همین دلیل محققان حوزه‌های مختلف، به دنبال حل مشکلات مرتبط با کنترل و مدیریت بحران هستند. قدرت انتقال کروناویروس جدید باعث جلب نظر کارشناسان به سمت استفاده از هوش مصنوعی برای مقابله با این همه گیری شده است. هوش مصنوعی اشاره به نرم افزارهایی دارد که علاوه بر تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها می تواند قدرت تصمیم گیری داشته باشد، در واقع تقلیدی از هوش انسان متخصص است. در این مطالعه به بررسی استفاده های هوش مصنوعی در زمان پاندمی بیماری کووید-19 پرداخته شده است. مزیت های استفاده از هوش مصنوعی در بیماری کووید-19 در حیطه های شناسایی سریع و درمان، کمک به تشخیص سریع، مانیتورینگ مراحل درمان، اپیدمولوژی و ردیابی مناطق آلوده، پیش بینی وضعیت پاندمی، مدیریت سیستم دارویی، کاهش حجم کار پرسنل درمانی، پیش بینی و نظارت بر شیوع کووید-19، پیگیری افراد مبتلا، برنامه ریزی و طراحی واکسن بصورت جداگانه بحث شده است. همچنین پتانسیل بالایی برای کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در آزمایشگاهای بالینی و تحقیقاتی براورد شده است. یکی دیگر از پتانسیل های استفاده از هوش مصنوعی در زمینه پیش بینی جهش ها میباشد که ممکن است در آینده در ویروس ها ایجاد شود و باعث بروز علائم و عوارض جدید بیماری گردد. 2 In late 2019, people around the world became involved with the outbreak of the emerging COVID-19 and its subsequent pandemic. For this reason, researchers in various fields are looking to solve problems related to crisis control and management. The strong transmission power of the SARS-CoV-2 has led experts to use artificial intelligence to combat the pandemic. Artificial intelligence refers to software that, in addition to analyzing data, can have decision-making power, in fact, it is an imitation of expert human intelligence. This study investigates the use of artificial intelligence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Advantages of using artificial intelligence in COVID-19 are presented in the areas of rapid detection and treatment, assistance with rapid diagnosis, monitoring of treatment stages, epidemiology and tracking of infected areas, pandemic status prediction, drug system management, reducing the workload of medical personnel, predicting and monitoring of COVID-19 outbreaks, follow-up of patients, vaccine planning and design. Also, high potential for the application of artificial intelligence in clinical and research laboratories has been estimated. Another potential use of artificial intelligence is to predict mutations that may occur in coronaviruses in the future and cause new symptoms and complications of the disease. 131 141 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/252021/07/292021/08/42021/05/102021/07/28 1400/5/6 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/31 1400/6/9 مهدی پولادی Mehdi Pooladi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران mehdi.pooladi7@gmail.com ملیحه انتظاری Maliheh Entezari مرکز تحقیقات علوم همگرای پزشکی فرهیختگان، بیمارستان فرهیختگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران medicine.med2000@yahoo.com غزال سلیمانی Ghazal Soleymani دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران ghazalsoleymani1997@gmail.com فرناز قائمی Farnaz Ghaemi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران farnazghmi@gmail.com مهدی راعی Mehdi Raei دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج) mehdi_r_d@yahoo.com مهشاد کلانتری Mahshad Kalantari دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علوم پزشکی تهران mahshadk73@yahoo.com COVID-19 Artificial Intelligence Clinical Laboratory SARS-CoV-2. کووید-19 هوش مصنوعی آزمایشگاه تشخیص طبی کروناویروس. ## ##

راهبردهای ارتقای سلامت روانی کودکان و نوجوانان در طی پاندمی کووید-19: مروری روایتی Strategies to Promote the Mental Health of Children and Teenagers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تعطیلی مدارس، قرنطینه خانگی و تغییر در روابط اجتماعی در زمان پاندمی کووید-19 از عوامل مهم و تاثیرگذار بر سلامت جسمی و روانی کودکان و نوجوانان بوده و از طرق مختلف در این افراد که آسیب­ پذیری بالایی دارند باعث ایجاد مشکلات روان­شناختی متعدد می­ گردد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی، شناخت و ارائه مداخلات روان­شناختی تاثیرگذار بر سلامت روانی کودکان و نوجوانان انجام شد. روش‌ها: این مطالعه مروری روایتی به بررسی تحقیقات انجام شده در زمینه پیامدها و ارائه مداخلات روان­شناختی برای سلامت روانی کودکان و نوجوانان در زمان پاندمی کووید-19 از تاریخ 21 ژولای 2020 تا 25 دسامبر 2021 پرداخته است. بدین منظور، این تحقیق با استفاده از کلیدواژه‌های پاندمی کووید-19، سلامت روانی کودکان و نوجوانان و مداخلات روان­شناختی در کودکان و نوجوانان در بحران­ها با جستجو در سایت­های معتبر پاب­مد، ساینس دایرکت، اسکوپوس، گوگل اسکالر انجام گردید. یافته‌ها: در مجموع، از تعداد 128 مقاله به­دست آمده، تعداد 46 مقاله مورد مطالعه نهایی قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج به­دست آمده، فاکتورهایی مانند ترس طولانی­مدت از ابتلا به ویروس، کاهش ارتباط با افراد در فضای آموزشی، کمبود فضای مناسب خانه، احساس ناکامی و کسالت، و نهایتاً مشکلات مالی والدین از مهم­ترین عواملی هستند که ممکن است تأثیرات قابل توجهی بر روی سلامت روانی کودکان و نوجوانان ایجاد نمایند. نتیجه‌گیری: از آنجایی که ریشه بیشتر اختلالات روان­شناختی در دوران حساس کودکی است و کودکان و نوجوانان در یک دوره بسیار حساس رشد روانی خود قرار دارند، مراقبت از سلامت روانی این افراد در طی بحران­ هایی مثل پاندمی کووید-19 بسیار حائز اهمیت است. بنابراین، با بررسی و شناسایی به ­موقع اختلالات سلامت روانی در کودکان و نوجوانان و به­دنبال آن علت­یابی این آسیب­ها در طی پاندمی کووید-19 و نهایتاً، با ارائه راهکارهای سودمند و مداخلات بازدارنده می­توان از بروز این اختلالات در کودکان و نوجوانان در طی این پاندمی جلوگیری نمود. 2 Background and Aim: School closures, home quarantine, and change in social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic are the most important factors that influence physical and mental health status in children and teenagers and cause numerous psychological problems in these people who are highly vulnerable. The aim of the current study was to assess, identify and present the psychological interventions affecting the mental health status of children and teenagers. Methods: This narrative review examines published papers on the consequences and presentation of psychological interventions for the mental health of children and teenagers during the COVID-19 pandemic from July 21, 2020, to December 25, 2021. A comprehensive search was done using the keywords of COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of children and teenagers, and psychological interventions in crises on scientific databases of Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar. Results: In total, out of 128 papers, 46 papers were analyzed. According to the results, factors such as long-term fear of infectious with SARS-CoV-2, reduced communication with people in the educational environment, lack of adequate home space, feelings of failure and boredom, and finally financial problems of parents are the most important factors that may have significant effects on the mental health of children and teenagers. Conclusion: Since most psychological disorders are rooted in childhood and children and teenagers are in a very sensitive period of their mental development, mental health cares during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic is very important. Therefore, by early examination and identification of mental health disorders in children and teenagers and subsequently, identify the causes of these disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, and finally, by providing useful solutions and preventive interventions, the occurrence of these disorders may be prevented in children and teenagers during this pandemic. 142 152 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/252021/07/292021/08/42021/05/102021/07/282021/04/25 1400/2/5 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/5 1400/5/14 شیما شهیاد Shima Shahyad دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله shima.shahyad@gmail.com محمدتقی محمدی Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi گروه فیزیولوژی و فیزیک پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله، تهران، ایران Mohammadi.mohammadt@yahoo.com Pandemic COVID-19 Mental health Children Psychological disorders. پاندمی کووید-19 سلامت روانی کودکان اختلالات روان‌شناختی 1. 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واکسن‌های موجود موثر بر پیشگیری از ابتلا به کووید-19 در سراسر جهان: مروری روایتی Available Effective Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19: A Narrative Review 1 1 با آغاز بیماری نوظهور کووید-19 در اواخر دسامبر 2019 در چین و گسترش سریع آن به سراسر جهان، دانشمندان برای ساخت و توسعه واکسن، تحقیقات خود را آغاز کردند. عامل بیماری کووید-19، کروناویروس SARS-CoV-2 است. یکی از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های ساختمانی این ویروس وجود پروتئین اسپایک در سطح آن است. همین پروتئین اسپایک به عنوان یک هدف مناسب برای تهیه انواع واکسن علیه بیماری کووید-19 مورد توجه بسیاری از دانشمندان قرار گرفته است. پروتئین اسپایک SARS-CoV-2 به طور مستقیم به گیرنده ACE2 در سطح سلول‌های اپیتلیال آلوئولار انسانی (AEC) میزبان متصل می‌شود که این گیرنده، ورود و تکثیر ویروس را تسهیل می‌کند. تا آگوست 2021، برای مقابله با این پاندمی بیش از 150 واکسن در مراحل مختلف پژوهشی و کارآزمایی‌های بالینی در حال توسعه هستند. عمده این واکسن‌ها بر پایه عامل عفونی ضعیف‌شده یا mRNA ساخته می‌شوند که می‌توانند سیستم ایمنی سلولی و همورال را وادار به ساخت آنتی‌بادی نمایند تا در صورت مواجهه با SARS-CoV-2 احتمال مرگ و میر و عوارض شدید کاهش یابد. با معرفی اولین واکسن موثر علیه کووید-19 توسط یک شرکت امریکایی - آلمانی با عنوان فایزر- بیو اِن تک در آذرماه 1399، یعنی 11 ماه بعد از ثبت اولین مورد ابتلا به کووید-19، دانشمندان توانستند مسیر چند ساله تولید یک واکسن جدید را در کمتر از یک سال طی کنند و امیدها برای نجات انسان و بازگشت به زندگی عادی پررنگ‌تر شود. بعد از آن شرکت‌های معتبر دیگری در جهان نیز به معرفی واکسن پرداختند از جمله مدرنا، جانسون اند جانسون، آسترازنکا- آکسفورد، اسپوتنیک وی، کواکسین، نواواکس، سینوواک و سینوفارم. البته همه این واکسن‌ها، از سازمان‌های معتبری همچون FDA و WHO تاییدیه نهایی نگرفته اند. کشور ایران نیز در این راستا تلاش‌هایی را برای ساخت و توسعه واکسن انجام داده است. با ارائه این واکسن‌ها، تا 20 آگوست 2021 (29 مرداد 1400) حدود 5 میلیارد دوز واکسن در سراسر جهان تزریق شده است و واکسیناسیون سراسری همچنان ادامه دارد. از کشورهای پیشرو در تزریق واکسن می‌توان به ترتیب به چین، هند، آمریکا، برزیل و ژاپن اشاره کرد. چالش عمده‌ای که در مقابل واکسن‌های موجود مطرح است، جهش‌های متنوع SARS-CoV-2 است که منجر به ایجاد گونه‌های جدیدی می‌شود و ممکن است در برابر واکسن مقاوم باشند. لذا تلاش‌های علمی برای توسعه و ارتقا واکسن‌ها همچنان ادامه دارد. 2 With the onset of the emerging coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in late December 2019 in China and its rapid spread around the world, scientists began research to develop and produce an effective vaccine. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One of the most important structural features of this coronavirus is the presence of spike protein on its surface. This spike protein has been considered by many scientists as a suitable target for the development of vaccines against COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds directly to the ACE2 receptor on the surface of human alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), which facilitates virus entry and replication. By August 2021, more than 150 vaccines are developing in various stages of research and clinical trials to combat the pandemic. Most of these vaccines are based on attenuated infectious agent or mRNA, which can induce cellular and humoral immune systems to make antibodies to reduce the risk of death and severe complications when exposed to SARS-CoV-2. With the introduction of the first effective vaccine against COVID-19 by an American-German company called Pfizer–BioNTech on December, 2020, nine months after the first case of COVID-19, scientists were able to complete the multi-year process of producing a new vaccine in less than 10 months and the hopes for saving human beings and returning to normal life came alive. Other reputable companies around the world have since introduced the vaccine, including Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, Covaxin, Novavax, Sinovac, and Sinopharm. However, most of these vaccines have not received final approval from reputable organizations such as the FDA and WHO. Iran has also made efforts to develop and produce vaccines in this regard. With the introduction of these vaccines, by August 11, 2021, about 4.4 billion doses of vaccine have been injected worldwide, and global vaccination continues. Leading countries in vaccination include China, India, the United States, Brazil, and Japan, respectively. The major challenge facing existing vaccines is the variety of SARS-CoV-2 mutations that lead to the development of new strains that may be resistant to the vaccine. Therefore, scientific efforts to develop and upgrade vaccines continue. 153 162 2021/08/202021/04/142021/08/182021/08/22021/08/222021/07/252021/07/152021/07/262021/05/182021/04/262021/07/282021/08/102021/04/242021/08/252021/07/292021/08/42021/05/102021/07/282021/04/252021/03/16 1399/12/26 2021/08/312021/04/172021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/222021/08/232021/08/62021/08/12021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/312021/08/52021/04/15 1400/1/26 علیرضا جلالی فراهانی Alireza Jalali Farahani استاد بیهوشی قلب، دانشکده پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات آترواسکلروزیس، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران سارا عاشورزاده فلاح Sara Ashourzadeh Fallah دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران زینب خاشعی Zeinab Khashei دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران فاطمه حیدرزاده Fatemeh Heidarzadeh دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران فاطمه صادقی Fatemeh Sadeghi دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران پوریا مسعودی Pouria Masoudi دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سمیرا غلامی Samira Gholami دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران مریم مهریزی Maryam Mehrizi دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران مرضیه حاجی زاده Marziyeh Hajizadeh دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران محمدحسین شهرآبادی MohammadHossein Shahrabadi دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سید مرتضی حسینی آرا Seyed Morteza Hosseiniara دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران فرناز علی میرزالو Farnaz Alimirzalou دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سید علیرضا رحیمی Seyed Alireza Rahimi دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سید رضا حسینی آرا Reza Hosseiniara مرکز تحقیقات تروما در عملیات پلیس، معاونت بهداشت، امداد و درمان، نیروی انتظامی، تهران، ایران شهیده رستمی Shahideh Rostami دانشجوی پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران sh.rostami1986@gmail.com SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccination Immunogenicity. کروناویروس کووید-19 واکسن واکسیناسیون ایمنی‌زایی. 1. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (access august 12, 2021)##2. 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