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کاربرد استراتژی‌های کنترل مدیریتی در ارتقای ایمنی شغلی کارکنان نیروی دریایی در مواجهه با پرتوهای راداری Application of Administrative Control Strategies in Promoting Occupational Safety of Naval Personnel in Exposure to Radar Radiation 1 1 سرمقاله 2 Letter to the Editor 116 118 2021/04/27 1400/2/7 2021/05/10 1400/2/20 ویدا زراوشانی Vida Zaroushani دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین v.zaroushani@qums.ac.ir فرحناز خواجه نصیری Farahnaz Khajehnasiri گروه پزشکی اجتماعی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران khajenasiri@tums.ac.ir Radar Electromagnetic radiation Navy Marine Medicine Safety Management رادار پرتوی الکترومغناطیس نیروی دریایی طب دریا مدیریت ایمنی 1. Khavanin A, Jonidi Jafari A, Ahmadi S, Zaroushani V. A Review on Administrative Controls to Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation based on recommendations of International Organizations. Iran Occupational Health J. 2018;15(3):134-43.##2. Zaroushani V, Khavanin A, Mortazavi SB. Nonthermal Effects of Radar Exposure on Human: A Review Article. Iran J Health, Safety Environment. 2014; 1(1):43-52 ##3. Zaroushani V, Safari Variani A, Ahmadi S. Risk of Cancer in Occupational Exposure to Radar Radiation: A Systematic Review. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2019; 16(4):43-52.##4. Safari Variani A, Saboori S, Shahsavari S, Yari S, Zaroushani V. Effect of Occupational Exposure to Radar Radiation on Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prevention. 2019; 20(11):3211-9. doi:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3211 ##5. International Labour Organization. Safety in the use of radiofrequency dielectric heaters and sealers: A practical guide. International Labour Office, Geneva. 1998. ##6. Zaroushani V, Jarrahi SZM, Rahimi S. Occupational Cancer Protection by Most Recommended International Administrative Control. Asian Pacific J Environment and Cancer. 2020;3(1):1-7. doi:10.31557/apjec.2020.3.1.1-7 ##7. Katherine BF. Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields and Reassessment of FCC Radiofrequency Exposure Limits and Policies. 2020; 85 (63): 18131-51.## ##

تأثیر تمرینات آبی بر تعادل و کیفیت زندگی در مقایسه با تمرینات روی زمین یا مراقبت‌های معمول در بیماران پارکینسونی: مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل The Effect of Water-based Exercise on Balance and Quality of Life Compared to Land-Based Exercise and Usual Care in Parkinson's Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پارکینسون یکی از مهم‌ترین بیماری‌های مرتبط با سیستم عصبی در بزرگسالان است که امروزه به دومین بیماری پر خطر پس از آلزایمر تبدیل شده است، لذا هدف از این پژوهش مرور نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل مطالعاتی است که به تأثیر تمرینات ورزشی آبی روی تعادل و کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به پارکینسون پرداخته‌اند. روش‌ها: طرح تحقیق حاضر از نوع مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل بر مطالعات درباره افراد مبتلا به پارکینسون از نوع ناشناخته بود. جستجوی مقالات زبان فارسی در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی Sid و Magiran، مقالات زبان انگلیسی در پایگاه‌های Science direct, PubMed, Scopus, و Google Scholar بدون محدودیت زمانی تا آوریل سال 2021 با کلید واژه‌های مرتبط با "پارکینسون"، "کیفیت زندگی"، "تعادل" انجام شد. فقط تحقیقات کارآزمایی بالینی وارد مطالعه شدند که نمونه‌های آن‌ها بیماران پارکینسون بزرگسال بودند و به مقایسه تمرینات ورزشی در آب در مقابل مراقبت روزمره یا در برابر ورزش خارج از محیط آبی پرداخته بودند. مولفه‌های اصلی مورد بررسی، تعادل و کیفیت زندگی بیماران پارکینسون بود. میانگین اختلاف (MD) با 95٪ فاصله اطمینان (CI) محاسبه شد و ناهمگنی با استفاده از آزمون 2I ارزیابی شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از نرم افزار نسخه 5/4 Rev Man موسسه کوکران استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: بر اساس معیارهای ورود و خروج 2 مقاله­ فارسی و 9 مقاله­ انگلیسی از 161 مطالعه، مورد بررسی جامع قرار گرفت. تعداد شرکت‌کنندگان در مطالعات مربوط به تعادل بیماران پارکینسونی شامل 294 نفر و کیفیت زندگی 116 نفر بود. سن شرکت‌کنندگان از 47 تا 71 سال (میانگین 63/2سال) متغیر بود. زمان جلسات از 45 تا 60 دقیقه، دفعات شرکت در جلسات در طول هفته از دو تا پنج جلسه و طول دوره تمرینات از 4 تا 12 هفته متغیر بود. نتایج فراتحلیل نشان داد که تمرینات آبی نسبت به تمرینات زمینی در مقیاس 39 PDQباعث تفاوت معنی‌دار اندکی در کیفیت زندگی بین بیماران پارکینسون (0/15- تا 9/76-)CI  95%، 4/96- MD شد. همچنین تمرینات آبی نسبت به تمرینات زمینی (در مولفه تعادل با مقیاس تعادل برگ BBS) باعث تفاوت معنی‌دار قابل توجهی (6/08 تا2/10)CI  95%، 4/09 MDشد. نتیجه‌گیری: ورزش‌های آبی در بهبود تعادل و کیفیت زندگی افراد مبتلا به پارکینسون کارآمدتر از ورزش خشکی و مراقبت‌های معمول است. لذا در کنار ورزش­های روزمره در خشکی، تمرین در آب می‌تواند به افزایش کیفیت زندگی و تعادل این بیماران کمک کند و درمانگران از آن در برنامه‌های تمرینی خود برای بیماران استفاده کنند. 2 Background and Aim: Parkinson's disease is one of the most important diseases related to the nervous system in adults, which has become the second most dangerous disease after Alzheimer's disease. The purpose of this study is a systematic and meta-analysis review of studies that have examined the effect of water-based exercise on balance and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Search for Persian language articles was done in Sid and Magiran databases, and for English language articles was done in Science direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases without time limit until April 2021 with keywords related to "Parkinson", "quality of life", "balance". Only clinical trials in adult Parkinson's patients were included in this review, that comparing water-based exercise versus daily care or land-based exercise. The main variables were balance and quality of life in Parkinson's patients. The mean difference (MD) was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI) and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. To analyze the data, Cochran Institute Rev Man 4.5 software was used. Results: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 Persian articles and 9 English articles out of 161 studies were comprehensively reviewed. The number of Parkinson's patients in the balance studies was 294 and in the quality of life studies was 116. The age of the participants ranged from 47 to 71 years (mean 63.2 years). The duration of the sessions ranged from 45 to 60 minutes, the number of sessions per week varied from 2 to 5 sessions and the duration of the training period was from 4 to 12 weeks. The results of meta-analysis showed that water-based exercise compared to land-based exercise at 39 PDQ scale caused a slightly significant difference in quality of life between Parkinson's patients (-0.15 to -9.76), 95% CI, -4.96 MD. Also, water-based exercise compared to land-based exercise (in balance component with BBS Berg balance scale) caused a significant difference (2.10 to 6.08) 95% CI, 4.09 MD. Conclusion: Water-based exercise is more effective in improving balance and quality of life in people with Parkinson's than land-based exercise and routine care. Therefore, in addition to daily exercise on land, exercise in water can help increase the quality of life and balance of these patients and therapists can use it in exercise programs for patients.    119 127 2021/04/272021/05/6 1400/2/16 2021/05/102021/05/28 1400/3/7 ایمان کرد Iman Kord دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان imaaankord@gmail.com محمد سیداحمدی Mohammad Seyedahmadi گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ولایت، ایرانشهر، ایران Mseyedahmadi@gmail.com محسن غفرانی Mohsen Ghofrani دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان m_ghofrani2000@ped.usb.ac.ir Water-based Exercise Land-based Exercise Parkinson's disease Quality of Life Balance تمرینات آبی تمرینات روی زمین بیماری پارکینسون کیفیت زندگی تعادل 1. Borek LLJPT. Parkinson disease: phenomenology and treatment of the most common psychiatric symptoms. 2008;25(3):73-.##2. 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Physical therapy.2009;89(2):162-8. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080045##14. Keus SH, Bloem BR, Hendriks EJ, Bredero‐Cohen AB, Munneke M. Evidence‐based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson's disease with recommendations for practice and research. 2007;22(4):451-60. doi:10.1002/mds.21244##15. Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Avanzino L, Pelosin EJP, disorders r. Rehabilitation for Parkinson's disease: Current outlook and future challenges. 2016; 22: S60-S4. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.005##16. Reynolds GO, Otto M, Ellis T, Cronin‐Golomb A. The Therapeutic Potential of Exercise to Improve Mood, Cognition, and Sleep in Parkinson's Disease. 2016; 31(1):23-38. doi:10.1002/mds.26484##17. Taheri H, Pejhan A, Taherzadeh J, Seyedahmadi M, Keavanloo F. Effect of a Physical Therapy Program Based on Balance and Gait in Patients with Parkinson. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2011; 29(153):1-9.##18. Taherzadeh J, Taheri H, Pejhan A, Seyedahmadi M, Keyvanloo F. 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Baatile J, Langbein W, Weaver F, Maloney C, Jost MJJorr, development. Effect of exercise on perceived quality of life of individuals with Parkinson's disease. 2000;37(5):529-34.##25. Rodrigues de Paula F, Teixeira‐Salmela LF, Coelho de Morais Faria CD, Rocha de Brito P, Cardoso FJMdojotMDS. Impact of an exercise program on physical, emotional, and social aspects of quality of life of individuals with Parkinson's disease. 2006; 21(8):1073-7. doi:10.1002/mds.20763##26. Kurt EE, Büyükturan B, Büyükturan Ö, Erdem HR, Tuncay F. Effects of Ai Chi on balance, quality of life, functional mobility, and motor impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. 2018;40(7):791-7. doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1276972##27. Palamara G, Gotti F, Maestri R, Bera R, Gargantini R, Bossio F, et al. Land plus aquatic therapy versus land-based rehabilitation alone for the treatment of balance dysfunction in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled study with 6-month follow-up. 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پیش‌بینی انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی بر اساس ابعاد سلامت اجتماعی در کارکنان مرکز آموزش تخصص‌های دریایی باقرالعلوم Predicting the Motivation of Sports Participation Based on the Social Health Dimensions in the Staff of the Baqerul Uloom Marine Specialties Training Center 1 1 زمینه و هدف: مشارکت ورزشی با فراهم آوردن حمایت‌های عاطفی و روانی نقش مؤثری در ارتقای سلامت اجتماعی ایفا می‌کند. از این رو، هدف از پژوهش حاضر، تعیین رابطه سلامت اجتماعی با انگیزه‌ مشارکت ورزشی کارکنان در مرکز آموزش تخصص‌های دریایی باقرالعلوم بود. روش‌ها: روش پژوهش توصیفی- همبستگی بود که به‌صورت میدانی انجام شد. جامعه آماری را کارکنان مرکز آموزش تخصص‌های دریایی باقرالعلوم در شهر رشت تشکیل دادند. روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده بود که بر اساس جدول مورگان 285 نفر انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه سلامت اجتماعی کییز (2004) و پرسشنامه انگیزه مشارکت گیل (1983) بود که توسط افراد شرکت‌کننده تکمیل شد. یافته‌ها: بین مشارکت ورزشی با مولفه‌های شکوفایی اجتماعی (R=0.15)، همبستگی اجتماعی (R=0.34)، انسجام اجتماعی (R=0.49)، پذیرش اجتماعی (R=0.26) و مشارکت اجتماعی (R=0.27) رابطه معنادار ثبت شد. بنابراین رابطه مثبت و معناداری بین سلامت اجتماعی با انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی در کارکنان مرکز آموزش تخصص‌های دریایی باقرالعلوم وجود دارد (0.05p<). همچنین مؤلفه‌های همبستگی اجتماعی و انسجام اجتماعی توانایی پیش‌بینی متغیر انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی را دارا هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به رابطه مثبت و معنادار بین سلامت اجتماعی و انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی در کارکنان نیروی دریایی؛ پیشنهاد می‌شود با برگزاری مسابقات ورزشی و پیرو آن بالا بردن انگیزه‌های مشارکت ورزشی در جهت ارتقای ‌سلامت اجتماعی کارکنان تلاش گردد. 2 Background and Aim: Sports participation plays an effective role in promoting social health by providing emotional and psychological support. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between social health and motivation of staff participation in the Baqerul Uloom Marine Specialties Training Center. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included the staff of the Baqer al-Uloom Marine Specialties Training Center in Rasht city, Iran. The sampling method was simple random and 285 people were selected based on Morgan table. The research tools were Keyes Social Health Questionnaire (2004) and Gill Participation Motivation Questionnaire (1983) which were completed by the participants. Results: Between sports participation with social health dimensions include social prosperity (R:0.15), social solidarity (R:0.34), social cohesion (R:0.49), social acceptance (R:0.26) and social participation (R:0.27) significant relationship was recorded. Therefore, there is a positive and significant relationship between social health and motivation for sports participation in the staff of Baqerul Uloom Marine Specialties Training Center (p <0.05). The dimensions of social solidarity and social cohesion also have the ability to predict the variable of motivation for sports participation. Conclusion: Considering the positive and significant relationship between social health and motivation for sports participation in naval personnel; it is suggested that efforts be made to promote the social health of employees by holding sports competitions and consequently increase the motivation of sports participation. 128 135 2021/04/272021/05/62021/04/30 1400/2/10 2021/05/102021/05/282021/05/29 1400/3/8 سیاوش خداپرست siavash khodaparast گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران s.khodaparast@yahoo.com جاوید پورعبدی Javid Pourabdi کارشناس ارشد مدیریت ورزشی،دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا(ع)،مشهد،ایران javid.pour@yahho.com وحید بخشعلی پور Vahid Bakhshalipour آموزشکده فنی و حرفه ای سما سیاهکل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد لاهیجان، سیاهکل، ایران vahidbakhshalipour@yahoo.com Social Health Motivation Sport Navy Baqerul Uloom Marine Specialties Training Center. سلامت اجتماعی انگیزه ورزش نیروی دریایی مرکز آموزش تخصص‌های دریایی باقرالعلوم. 1. Cheon H. The Structural Relationship between Exercise Frequency, Social Health, and Happiness in Adolescents. Sustainability. 2021; 13(3): 1050 doi:10.3390/su13031050##2. Ponomarev I. The influence of social justice crisis on social health and spiritual security of young students (a case study of the south of Russia). International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2019; 8: 250-257.‌##3. Zhou X, Krishnan A. What predicts exercise maintenance and well-being? Examining the influence of health-related psychographic factors and social media communication. Health communication. 2019; 34(6): 589-597.‌ doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1428851##4. Hayek S. Association of exercise intolerance with emotional distress, attainment of social roles, and health-related quality of life among adult survivors of childhood cancer. JAMA oncology. 2020; 6(8): 1194-1202.‌ doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2054##5. Mohammadzadeh F, Mohammadzadeh F, Mohammadzadeh H. Religion and social health: A study of the relationship between religiosity and social health (Case study: Students of Payame Noor Marand University). Social Sciences (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad). 2016; 26 (12): 137-168.##6. Cho H, Hussain R, Kan H. The role of social support and its influence on exercise participation: the perspective of self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior. The Social Science Journal. 2020.‌ doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1756176##7. Anderson AR. Enjoying nature, exercise, social interaction, and affect: A daily diary study. Journal of Health Psychology. 2020. doi:10.1177/1359105320977642##8. Javadi S. The role of social health on the motivation of sports participation of students participating in intramural sports olympiads. Master's thesis, Mashhad, Imam Reza International University.##9. Ghodratnama A, Heydarinezhad S. The relationship between the motivation of sport participation and the physical activity of students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, sports management studies. 2013; 18 (5): 189-202. ##10. Sung Y. Relationship among Physical Activity, Social Capital and Quality of Life in Elderly Participating in Physical Activity. The Korean Journal of Physical Education. 2018; 57: 23-36. doi:10.23949/kjpe.2018.01.57.1.3##11. Alivardinia A, Armanmehr W. Sports and delinquency: An experimental test of Hirsch's social bond theory. Research in sports management and motor behavior. Motor Science and Sports. 2013; 12 (6): 133-141.##12. Reshadatjoo S, Khademi M. The effect of intra-school sports olympiad on the mental health of female high school students in Tehran. Third National Conference on Sustainable Development in Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Studies. 2015.##13. Keyes CL, Shapiro AD. Social Well-Being in the United States: A Descriptive Epidemiology. In Brim, Orville Gilbert; Ryff, Carol D.; and Kessler, Ronald C. (Eds) How Healthy Are We? A National Study of Well-Being at Midlife. U.S. University of Chicago Press. 2006.##14. Maknawi H, Rashidi H, Rashidi Nia M. the role of mediating role of sport participation motivation on the relationship between collective self-efficacy beliefs and job satisfaction in staff members of the Chief of Police Chief of Khuzestan province. Quarterly journal of disciplinary knowledge of Khuzestan. 2017; 6(19): 137-166.##15. Pire M, Ahar S, Mahmoudi A. Comparison of gender differences in the motivation of sports participation of athlete students. Training and Evaluation. 2015; 29 (8): 109-123.##16. Oyibo K, Adaji I, Vassileva J. Social cognitive determinants of exercise behavior in the context of behavior modeling: a mixed method approach. Digital health. 2018.‌ doi:10.1177/2055207618811555##17. Moreno-Murcia JA, Belando N, Huéscar E, Torres MD. Social support, physical exercise and life satisfaction in women. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología. 2017; 49(3): 194-202.‌ doi:10.1016/j.rlp.2016.08.002##18. Novak D, Ivana M, Snezana RJ, Štefan L, Tomislav K. The influence of social capital domains on self-rated health among Serbian high-school students? A school-based cross-sectional study. Monten J Sport Sci Med. 2016; 5:33-8. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007184##19. Norris L A, Didymus F F, Kaiseler M. Understanding social networks and social support resources with sports coaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2020; 48.‌ doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101665##20. Schüttoff U, Pawlowski T, Downward P, Lechner M. Sports participation and social capital formation during adolescence. Social science quarterly. 2018; 99(2): 683-698.‌ doi:10.1111/ssqu.12453##21. Thorpe H. Action sports, social media, and new technologies: Towards a research agenda. Communication & Sport. 2017; 5(5): 554-578.‌ doi:10.1177/2167479516638125##22. Howie EK, Daniels BT, Guagliano JM. Promoting Physical Activity Through Youth Sports Programs: It's Social. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2018. doi:10.1177/1559827618754842##23. Linver M R, Roth JL, Brooks-Gunn J. Patterns of adolescents' participation in organized activities: Are sports best when combined with other activities? Developmental psychology. 2009; 45(2): 354. doi:10.1037/a0014133.## ##

عوامل بازدارنده آرامش پرستاران در بحران: مطالعه کیفی Hindering Factors of Nurses' Calm in Crisis: A Qualitative Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در وقوع بحران‌های طبیعی یا انسان‌ساز، اهمیت بهره‌وری نیروهای فعّال در مدیریت بحران و به ویژه پرستاران چند برابر است چرا که هم حفظ جان این افراد به جهت استمرار امداد و نجات اهمیت دارد و هم فعالیت صحیح این افراد باعث توفیق عملیات امداد، نجات، و درمان خواهد شد. حفظ آرامش پرستاران در بحران، تضمین‌کننده سلامت و بهره‌وری منابع انسانی است. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ هدف تعیین عوامل بازدارنده آرامش پرستاران در بحران انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعه از ﻧﻮع ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮردی در ﺑﺎزه زﻣﺎﻧﯽ آذر ﺗﺎ اﺳﻔﻨﺪﻣﺎه 1398 در شهر تهران انجام شد. از 15 نفر پرستار خبره ﺑﺨﺶ اورژاﻧﺲ ترومای ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن بقیه الله (عج) و 15 نفر از پرستاران مجرب مرکز اورژانس کشور ﮐﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر و ارائه ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‌ﻫﺎی ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ را داشتند، ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ اﻧﻔﺮادی به عمل آمد. با استفاده از مدل تحلیل سه شاخگی آسیب شناسی سازمانی (عوامل ساختاری، زمینه‌ای، محتوایی) و مصاحبه با خبرگان مجرب نسبت به شناسایی عوامل بازدارنده آرامش پرستاران در شرایط بحرانی اقدام شد. در نهایت اولویت‌بندی عوامل بازدارنده آرامش پرستاران با آزمون فریدمن انجام و اقدامات اصلاحی مرتبط با این عوامل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: سه درون ﻣﺎیﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ بعنوان عوامل بازدارنده آرامش پرستاران در شرایط بحرانی تعیین شد. این سه درون مایه اصلی شامل عوامل منجر به آشفتگی در احساسات، عوامل منجر به آشفتگی در شناخت و عوامل منجر به آشفتگی در رفتار است. زیرشاخه‌های هر کدام از سه درون مایه شامل عوامل ساختاری، زمینه‌ای و محتوایی است. آلوده شدن پرستاران به عوامل ویروسی، شیمیایی و میکروبی، ناهماهنگی بین مدیران و دستگاه‌های متولی مدیریت بحران، نا آشنایی با مدیریت بحران، اشکال در کمیت و کیفیت تجهیزات و دارو، و مشکلات سازه‌ای بیمارستانی به عنوان مهم‌ترین عوامل بازدارنده آرامش پرستاران در بحران شناسایی شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: عوامل متعدد ساختاری، زمینه‌ای، و محتوایی باعث عدم آرامش پرستاران در شرایط بحرانی شده است که با اجرای صحیح دستورالعمل‌های مرتبط با مدیریت بحران و همچنین توانمندسازی و توسعه صلاحیت‌های پرستاران می‌توان اثر این عوامل را تا حد زیادی کاهش داد.   2 Background and Aim: In the occurrence of natural or man-made crises, the productivity of human forces in crisis management, especially nurses, have enormous importance because saving the lives of nurses is crucial for continued relief and rescue and the correct activities make operations of relief, rescue, and healing successfully. Keeping nurses calm in a crisis guarantees the health and productivity of human resources. The current study was done to determine the hindering factors of nurses' calm in a crisis. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from November 2019-February 2020 in Tehran, Iran. Interviews were recorded from 15 expert nurses in the trauma ward of Baqiyatallah hospital and 15 experienced nurses in the National Medical Emergency Organization. Using the three-pronged analysis model of organizational pathology (structural, contextual, content factors) and interviewing experts, the factors that inhibit nurses' calm in critical situations were identified. Finally, prioritization of the hindering factors of nurses' calm in crisis was performed by Friedman test and corrective measures related to these factors were examined. Results: Three main themes were identified as the hindering factors of nurses' calm in a crisis. These three main themes include factors that lead to emotional turmoil, cognitive confusion, and behavioral perturbation. The sub-categories of each of the three themes include structural, contextual, and content factors. Infection of nurses with viral, chemical and microbial agents, inconsistencies between managers and agencies in charge of crisis management, unfamiliarity with crisis management, problems in the quantity and quality of equipment and medicine, and problems with hospital structures are identified as the most important factors hindering nurses' calm in a crisis. Conclusion: Numerous structural, contextual, and content factors have caused nurses to be disrupted in crisis, which can be greatly reduced by the correct implementation of instructions related to crisis management and empowerment and development of nurses' competencies. 136 144 2021/04/272021/05/62021/04/302021/04/10 1400/1/21 2021/05/102021/05/282021/05/292021/05/26 1400/3/5 نادر اکبری Nader Akbari مدیریت پدافند غیرعامل، موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی، کرج، ایران n.akbari123@gmail.com اسفندیار آزاد Esfandiar Azad مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری, پژوهشکده سبک زندگی , دانشگاه علوم بزشکی بقیه الله الاعظم، ﺗﻬﺮان، ایﺮان esazad@yahoo.com نجمه معتمد Najme Motamed موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی motamed62@yahoo.com Nurses Crisis Emotional Turmoil Cognitive Confusion Behavioral perturbation. پرستاران بحران آشفتگی در احساسات آشفتگی در شناخت آشفتگی در رفتار. 1. Jahanbakhsh M, Tavakoli N, Hadadpour A. Designing Victim Medical Record a Step Toward Crisis Management. Health Inform Manag J. 2011; 7 (4): 400-09.##2. Ebadi M, Shrifi far S. Utilization of Jennings model in crisismanagement strategies in the military nursing. J Nurse & Physician Within War. 2014; 23 (24): 40-6.##3. Wenji Z, Turale S, Stone TE, Petrini MA. Chinese nurses› relief experiences following two earthquakes: implications for disaster education and policy development. Nurse Educ Pract. 2015;15(1):75-81. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2014.06.011##4. Shahabi N, Nejati Z, Zaboli R, Khlilifar S. Assessment of clinicalskills of nurses in crisis handling in military hospitals. Ebnesina. 2016; 17 (4):52-7.##5. Azad, E, Yousef A'azami2. Factors Causing Stress from the Perspective of Quran and Hadith. Journal of Military Medicine. 2017;18(4): 299-307##6. Alzahrani F, Kyratsis Y. Emergency nurse disaster preparednessduring mass gatherings: a cross-sectional survey of emergency nurses› perceptions in hospitals in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. BMJ Open. 2017; 7 (4):e013563. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013563##7. Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Azami-Aghdash S, Kazemi A, ZiapourB. Crisis management aspects of bam catastrophic earthquake. Health Promotion Perspectives J. 2015;5(1):3-13. doi:10.15171/hpp.2015.002##8. Yan Y, Turale S, Stone T, Petrini M. Disaster nursing skills, knowledge and attitudes required in earthquake relief: Implications for nursing education. International Nurs Review. 2015;62(3):351-9. doi:10.1111/inr.12175##9. Montes-Berges B, Augusto-Landa J-M. Emotional intelligence and affective intensity as life satisfaction and psychological well-being predictors on nursing professionals. Journal of Professional Nursing. 2014; 30(1):80-8. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.12.012##10. Wood DP, Cowan ML. Crisis intervention following disasters: Are we doing enough? (A second look). The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2007;9(6):598-602. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(91)90122-Z##11. Wenji Z, Turale S, Stone TE, Petrini MA. Chinese nurses› relief experiences following two earthquakes: implications for disaster education and policy development. Nurse Educ Pract. 2015; 15 (1): 75-81. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2014.06.011##12. Shareinia H, Khalilian R, Bloochi T, Javadi H, Hosseini M. Relationship between job satisfaction and burnout among prehospital emergency staff. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management. 2016; 6 (1 & 2): 53-63. doi:10.29252/ijnv.6.2.9##13. Khavari SH, Moslehi S, Panahi A. Crisis Management at Hospitals Affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Health Information Management. 2008;3(2):35-41.##14. Jalalinia SF, Alhani F. Pathology of Training TheCourse on Emergency, and Crisis Management in Nursing Curriculum: a Qualitative Study. Iran J Med Educ. 2011;11(3):254-68##15. Dorostiyan A, Dorostiyan E. Earthquake, Crisis Management and the effect of psycho-social interventions on reducing survivors' anxiety. Journal of the earth. 2011;21(6):11-25##16. Edbert BH, Tamara LT, Eric BB, Dianne W, Gabor DK, Gary. BG. Healthcare worker competencies for disaster training. BMC medical Education. 2006;6(19). doi:10.1186/1472-6920-6-19##17. Ahmadi F. Job stress in terms of nursing. Conference Proceedings of Occupational hazards among health staff. 2003.##18. Tyson PD, Pongruengphant R. Five-year follow-up study of stress among nurses in public and private hospitals in Thailand. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2004;41(3):247-54. doi:10.1016/S0020-7489(03)00134-2##19. Vahey C, Doris AH, Linda SM. Nurse Burnout and Patient Satisfaction. Medical Care. 2004;42(2). doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000109126.50398.5a##20. Garfield R, Al Ward NJ. Where are we and where shall we go in nursing and emergencies? Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2008; 23(Suppl 1): 9-10. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00024031## ##

تعیین تاثیر حفاظتی موکوس اپیدرمی برخی ماهیان خلیج فارس در مقابل عوامل بیماری‌زا Determining the Protective Effect of Epidermal Mucus in Some Persian Gulf Fishes against Pathogens 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به افزایش روزافزون مقاومت باکتریایی نسبت به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها و عوارض جانبی داروهای شیمیایی، گرایش به استفاده از منابع طبیعی افزایش یافته است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی فعالیت ضدباکتریایی و ضدقارچی موکوس اپیدرمی برخی ماهیان خلیج فارس بود.   روش‌ها: در مطالعه آزمایشگاهی حاضر، موکوس 4 گونه ماهی Netuma bilineata، Solea elongata، Euryglossa orientalis و Muraenesox cinereus بر اساس روش Ross (2000) جمع‌آوری شد. فعالیت ضدباکتریایی و ضدقارچی آن با روش انتشار دیسک و حداقل غلظت بازدارندگی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: فعالیت ضدباکتریایی عصاره اتیل استاتی موکوس 4 گونه ماهی در مقابل باکتری‌های گرم منفی توانایی مهار رشد بیشتری نسبت به باکتری‌های گرم مثبت نشان داد، در حالی که عصاره آبی هیچ گونه توانایی در مهار رشد باکتری‌های گرم منفی و مثبت نداشت. در فعالیت ضدقارچی عصاره آبی موکوس 4 گونه ماهی توانایی بیشتری در مهار رشد قارچ‌ها نشان داد. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های حاصل از این مطالعه می‌تواند نویدبخش استفاده از موکوس ماهیان به‌عنوان یک منبع غنی برای یافتن پپتیدهای ضدباکتریایی جدید جهت کاربرد در آبزی‌پروری و پزشکی باشد.   2 Background and Aim: Due to the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and side effects of chemical drugs, the tendency to use natural resources has increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of epidermal mucus in some fish of the Persian Gulf. Methods: In the present laboratory study, mucus of 4 species of Netuma bilineata, Solea elongata, uryglossa orientalis and Muraenesox cinereus were collected according to Ross (2000) method. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of mucus of 4 species of fish had more growth inhibitory effects against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria, while the aqueous extract had no ability to inhibit the growth of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In antifungal activity, the aqueous extract showed more growth inhibitory effects than ethyl acetate extract of mucus of 4 species of fish. Conclusion: The results of this study can be promising for the use of fish mucus as a rich source for finding new antibacterial peptides for use in aquaculture and medicine. 145 152 2021/04/272021/05/62021/04/302021/04/102021/05/7 1400/2/17 2021/05/102021/05/282021/05/292021/05/262021/07/2 1400/4/11 فاطمه گل دوست بس Fatemeh Gol Doost Bas دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com نرگس امراللهی بیوکی Narges Amrollahi Biuki گروه زیست شناسی دریا، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران amrollahi@hormozgan.ac.ir سولماز سلیمانی Soolmaz Soleimani دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com مرتضی یوسف زادی Morteza Yousefzadi دانشگاه هرمزگان soleimanisoolmaz@gmail.com Antibacterial capacity Antifungal capacity Fish skin mucus Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Persian Gulf. ظرفیت ضدباکتریایی ظرفیت ضدقارچی موکوس پوستی ماهی حداقل غلظت کشندگی خلیج فارس. 1. Cabello FC, Godfrey HP, Buschmann AH, Dölz HJ. Aquaculture as yet another environmental gateway to the development and globalisation of antimicrobial resistance. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2016; 16 (7): e127-e33. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00100-6##2. Robinson TP, Wertheim HF, Kakkar M, Kariuki S, Bu D, Price LB. Animal production and antimicrobial resistance in the clinic. The Lancet. 2016;387 (10014):e1-e3. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00730-8##3. Organization WH. 2019 antibacterial agents in clinical development: an analysis of the antibacterial clinical development pipeline. 2019.##4. Masso-Silva JA, Diamond G. Antimicrobial peptides from fish. Pharmaceuticals. 2014;7(3):265-310. doi:10.3390/ph7030265##5. Rajanbabu V, Chen J-Y. Applications of antimicrobial peptides from fish and perspectives for the future. Peptides. 2011;32(2):415-20. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.005##6. Magnadóttir B. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & shellfish immunology. 2006;20(2):137-51. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.006##7. Shiry N, Khoshnoodifar K, Alavinia SJ. Cutaneous mucosal immune-parameters and intestinal immune-relevant genes expression in streptococcal-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A comparative study with the administration of florfenicol and olive leaf extract. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2020; 107: 403-10. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.023##8. Ángeles Esteban M. An overview of the immunological defenses in fish skin. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2012;6(2):236-31. doi:10.5402/2012/853470##9. Park IY, Park CB, Kim MS, Kim SC. Parasin I, an antimicrobial peptide derived from histone H2A in the catfish, Parasilurus asotus. FEBS letters. 1998; 437 (3):258-62. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01238-1##10. Carpenter KE, Krupp F, Jones DA. Living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates: Food & Agriculture Org.; 1997.##11. Coad W. Check list and bibliography of Persian Gulf fish. 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سنجش خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی عصاره جلبک Sargassum glaucescens و بهینه‌سازی استخراج ترکیبات آنتی‌اکسیدانی آن با شبکه عصبی مصنوعی Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Brown Algae (Sargassum Glaucescens) Extract and Optimization of Extraction of Its Antioxidant Compounds with Artificial Neural Network 1 1 زمینه و هدف: جلبک­ های دریایی منابع مناسبی از مواد فعال زیستی هستند. در مطالعه حاضر بهینه‌سازی عوامل موثر (زمان، دما و غلظت حلال) بر استخراج ترکیبات آنتی‌اکسیدانی عصاره جلبک قهوه‌ای سارگاسوم گلاسسنس سواحل چابهار با شبکه عصبی مصنوعی انجام شد. روش‌ها: عصاره جلبک سارگاسوم با متانول در سه زمان (1، 3 و 5 ساعت)، سه دما (24، 47 و 70 درجه سانتی گراد) و سه غلظت (60، 80 و 100 درصد) استخراج شد. روش مهار رادیکال آزاد برای سنجش خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی آن استفاده گردید. میزان ترکیبات فنلی کل طبق روش استاندارد سنجش شد. از شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی (پرسپترون چند لایه با تابع فعالیت تانژانت هایپربولیک) با 1 لایه پنهان و 5 نورون برای بهینه‌سازی استخراج ترکیبات آنتی‌اکسیدانی عصاره جلبک سارگاسوم استفاده گردید.    یافته‌ها: میزان ترکیبات فنلی کل در عصاره جلبک سارگاسوم 0/56±3/2 بر حسب میلی‌گرم اسید گالیک بر گرم عصاره بود. شبکه عصبی مصنوعی خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی جلبک سارگاسوم را با ضریب تعیین 0/9439=R2 و خطای جذر میانگین مربعات را 1/465654 پیش‌بینی کرد. همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری میان خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی مشاهده‌ای و پیش‌بینی شده ثبت گردید. شرایط بهینه استخراج ترکیبات آنتی‌اکسیدانی بر اساس روش شبکه عصبی مصنوعی در غلظت 100 درصد، دمای 70 درجه سانتی‌گراد و زمان 5 ساعت بود.   نتیجه‌گیری: طبق یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر شبکه عصبی مصنوعی توانایی پیش‌بینی شرایط بهینه استخراج عصاره جلبک سارگاسوم برای تعیین خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی را با استفاده از پرسپترون چند لایه با تانژانت هایپربولیک دارا می‌باشد. میزان زیاد ترکیبات فنلی کل در عصاره جلبک سارگاسوم ممکن است دلیل خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی آن باشد.   2 Background and Aim: Marine algae is one of the best sources of bioactive substances. In the present study, optimization of effective factors (time, temperature and solvent concentration) on the extraction of antioxidant compounds of extract of brown algae Sargassum glaucescens in Chabahar beaches with the artificial neural network was conducted. Methods: Sargassum algae was extracted with methanol at three times (1, 3 and 5 hours), three temperatures (24, 47 and 70 ° C) and three concentrations (60, 80 and 100%). DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used to evaluate its antioxidant properties. Total phenolic compounds were measured according to the standard method. Artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptron with hyperbolic tangent function) with 1 latent layer and 5 neurons were used to optimize the extraction of antioxidant compounds from sargassum algae extract. Results: The amount of total phenolic compounds in the extract of Sargasom algae was 3.2±0.56 mg Galic acid/g extract. The artificial neural network predicted the antioxidant properties of sargassum algae with a coefficient of determination of R2=0.9439 and Root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.465654. A positive and significant correlation was observed between observed and predicted antioxidant properties. The optimal extraction conditions of antioxidant compounds based on the artificial neural network method were 100% concentration, temperature 70 ° C and time 5 hours. Conclusion: According to the present findings, the artificial neural network has good potential to predict the optimal extraction conditions of sargassum algae to determine the antioxidant properties using a multilayer perceptron with hyperbolic tangent. High concentration of total phenolic compounds in sargassum algae extract may be the reason for its antioxidant properties. 153 161 2021/04/272021/05/62021/04/302021/04/102021/05/72021/05/15 1400/2/25 2021/05/102021/05/282021/05/292021/05/262021/07/22021/07/2 1400/4/11 افره نصرتی Afreh Nosrati دانشگاه nosrati@cmu.ac.ir علی طاهری Ali Taheri دانشیار گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم دریایی، دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار، چابهار، ایران taherienator@gmail.com چکاوک خواجه امیری Chekavak Khajehamiri دانشگاه دریانوردی چابهار ch.khajehamiri@gmail.com Marine algae Sargassum glaucescens Antioxidant Artificial Neural Networks Chabahar. جلبک دریایی سارگاسوم گلاسسنس آنتی‌اکسیدان شبکه عصبی مصنوعی چابهار. 1. Cavas L, Yurdakoc K. An investigation on the antioxidant status of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var Cylindracea (sonder) verlaque, huisman, et boudouresque (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta). 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ارزیابی اثرات عصاره الکلی گیاه خار مریم بر عملکرد کبدی و رشد ماهی کپور معمولی Evaluation of the Effects of Silybum marianum Methanolic Extract on Liver Function and Growth Parameters in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: گیاه خار مریم (Silybum marianum) یکی از گیاهانی است که جنبه‌های دارویی مؤثری برای آن قائل شده‌اند. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین اثر عصاره الکلی گیاه خار مریم بر عملکرد رشد و فعالیت آنزیم‌های کبدی در ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio) بود.   روش‌ها: تعداد 180 قطعه بچه ماهی با میانگین وزنی 21/1±10/40 گرم در یک طرح تصادفی با 4 تیمار آزمایشی و 3 تکرار (با تعداد 15 قطعه در هر تکرار) مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. تیمار شاهد (بدون عصاره الکلی) و تیمارهای آزمایشی سه گروه دیگر به ترتیب دارای 5/2، 5 و 10 گرم عصاره گیاه خار مریم به ازای هر کیلوگرم غذا بود. هر 15 روز یک‌بار بعد از بیهوشی، زیست‌سنجی و شاخص‌های رشد ماهیان محاسبه می ­شد. فعالیت آنزیم‌های کبدی در پایان دوره آزمایش (روز 90)، در خون سنجش شد. یافته‌ها: بیشترین وزن انتهایی (1/34±46/20)، افزایش وزن بدن (1/50±36/30) و نرخ رشد ویژه (0/12±1/55) در تیمار حاوی 10 گرم عصاره الکلی گیاه خار مریم در کیلوگرم جیره غذایی مشاهده شد که در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری داشت (0.05>P). همچنین بیشترین و کمترین ضریب تبدیل غذایی به ترتیب در تیمار شاهد (0/11±1/75) و در تیمار حاوی 10 گرم عصاره (0/12±1/25) مشاهده شد (0.05>P). میزان آنزیم‌های آلکالین فسفاتاز (ALP)، آلانین آمینو ترانسفراز (ALT) و آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز (AST) در تیمار حاوی 10 گرم عصاره نسبت به تیمارهای دیگر کمتر بود ولی اختلاف معنی‌داری میان این آنزیم‌ها در تیمارهای مختلف مشاهده نشد (0.05<P).   نتیجه‌گیری: طبق یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر، استفاده خوراکی از عصاره الکلی گیاه خار مریم موجب بهبود عملکرد رشد و همچنین فعالیت آنزیم‌های کبدی ماهی کپور معمولی شد. 2 Background and Aim: Silybum marianum is a plant with effective medicinal agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Silybum marianum methanolic extract on liver function and growth parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Methods: 180 fish with an average weight of 10.40±1.12 g were treated in a randomized design in 4 groups with 3 replications (15 fish per replication). The control had treatment without alcoholic extract and the treatments of the other three groups had 2.5, 5 and 10 g of Silybum marianum extract per kg of food, respectively. Every 15 days after anesthesia, biometrics and growth indices were assessed in all fish. Liver enzyme function was measured in the blood at the end of the study (day 90).   Results: The highest final weight (46.20±1.34), body weight gain (36.30±1.50) and specific growth rate (1.55±0.12) in the treatment containing 10 g of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum was observed, that had a significant difference in comparison to the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the highest and lowest feed conversion ratios were observed in the control treatment (1.75±0.11) and in the treatment containing 10 g of extract (1.25±0.12), respectively (P<0.05). The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes in the treatment containing 10 g of extract were lower than other treatments, but no significant difference was observed between these enzymes in different treatments (P<0.05).   Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, consumption of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum by common carp improved growth performance as well as the liver enzymes function. 162 168 2021/04/272021/05/62021/04/302021/04/102021/05/72021/05/152021/05/6 1400/2/16 2021/05/102021/05/282021/05/292021/05/262021/07/22021/07/22021/05/26 1400/3/5 رضا نهاوندی Reza Nahavandi سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران rezanahavandi91@gmail.com محدثه احمدی Mohadeseh Ahmadi دانشگاه آزاد آزاد شهر، گرگان، ایران sadeghic.a_shilat@yahoo.com حسین جعفری Hossein Jafari مرکز تحقیقات طب دریا jafarih55@yahoo.com علی صادقی Ali Sadeghi دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان sadeghi.a_shilat@yahoo.com عبدالرضا جهانبخشی Abdolreza Jahanbakhshi مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، چابهار، ایران. abdolreza.jahanbakhshi@yahoo.com سعید تمدنی جهرمی Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندرعباس، ایران. stamadoni@gmail.com سجاد پورمظفر Sajjad Pourmozaffar پژوهشکده اکولوژی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندر لنگه، ایران Sajjad5550@gmail.com Ethanolic extract Silybum marianum Cyprinus carpio Growth Liver enzymes. عصاره الکلی گیاه خار مریم ماهی کپور معمولی رشد آنزیم‌های کبدی. 1. Bianchi MC, Chopin F, Farme T, Franz N, Fuentevilla C, Garibaldi L, Laurenti AL. FAO: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy. 2014; 1-230.##2. Gatlin D.M, Li P, Wang X. Potentiol application of prebiotics in aquaculture. 8th International symposium on aquaculture nutrition. 2006; 371-378.##3. Yin XL, Li ZJ, Yang K, Lin HZ, Guo ZX. Effect of guava leaves on growth and the non-specific immune response of Penaeus monodon. Fish & shellfish immunology. 2014; 40 (1):190-196. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.001##4. Gholipourkhani H, Jamali F, Jafaryan H. Dietary effect of Lippia citrodora essential oil on some hematological, biochemical, growth and body composition of Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Aquatic. 2019; 6: 1-15.##5. Sonmez A.Y, Bilen S, Alak G, Hisar O. Growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed diets supplemented with sage, mint and thyme oils, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018; 41: 165-175. doi:10.1007/s10695-014-0014-9##6. Pazir MK, Javadzadeh Pourshalkohi N, Rohani A. Evaluation of growth, survival, and health indices of Litopenaeus vannamei: Boone, 1931 fed diets containing different percentages of garlic powder (Allium sativum). Fisheries Science and Technology. 2018; 7 (4): 287-293.##7. Tooiserkani F, Hormati A, Moradi H, Ali asl F. A. Glimpse of Silybum marianum from the perspective of iranian traditional medicine and modern studies. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2019; 13 (1): 78-86. doi:10.29252/qums.13.1.78##8. Vogel G, Trost W, Braatz R, Seeger R. Pharmacodynamics, site and mechanism of action of silimarin. Arznemitel. Forschung. 2005; 2: 5-18.##9. Mukkaramshah S.M, Ali F, Khan M, Farid A. Evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of white and blue capitulum and whole plant of silybum marianum. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2014; 12: 139-146.##10. Hall J.E. Textbook of medical physiology, New York. 2010; 99-106.##11. Bhardwaj S, Srivastava M.K, Kapoor U. 90 days oral toxicity of imidacloprid in female rats: morphological, biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2012; 40: 1185-1190. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.009##12. Dadras H, Hayatbakhsh M.R, Shelton W, Golpour A. Effects of dietary administration of rose hip and safflower on growth performance, haematological and innate immune response of Beluga (Huso huso). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2016; 59: 109-114. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.033##13. Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, Dapas F, Caffau C, Zilli M. Long-term (23 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients. Journal of hepatology. 1997; 26 (4): 871-879. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(97)80255-3##14. Taghvaei T, Bahar A, Hosseini V, Maleki I, Kasrai M. Efficacy of silymarin on treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 23 (98) :164-171##15. Hajizadeh Moghaddam A, Ahmadi Avendi E, Sayraf R, Zare M. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of silymarin and nanosilymarin on hepatotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2017; 23 (4):345-351. doi:10.21859/hums-23048##16. Ebrahimi R, Mohammadabadi T, Sari M, Salari S, Zamiri M, Beigi Nasiri M. Effect of silymarin against lead induced oxidative stress in broiler chicken.Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research. 2013; 5(4): 302-312.##17. Alishahi M, Soltani M, Mesbah M, Rad AE. Effects of dietary Silybum marianum extract on immune parameters of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Veterinary Research. 2011; 66 (3): 255-86.##18. Harikrishnan R, Nisha R, Balasundaram C. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture. 2014; 41-50. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00023-1##19. Solimani V, Banaii M, Nematdoost B. Preclinical evaluation of the use of marshmallow extract on the activity of some hepatopancreatic enzymes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquatic ecology. 2017; 4: 41-52.##20. Jamroz D, Wiliczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Orda J, Skorupińska J. Use of active substances of plant origin in chicken diets based on maize and locally grown cereals. British poultry science. 2005; 46(4): 485-93. doi:10.1080/00071660500191056##21. Aanya M, Betancor M, Monroig O. Effects of dietary limonene and thymol on the growth and nutritional physiology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 2019; 488: 217-226. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.01.036##22. Adeli A, Shamloofar M, Akrami R. Effect of Lemon Verbena, Aloysia triphylla, Extracting dietary on growth performance, proximate composition and some liver enzymes of Rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Animal Physiology and Development. 2019; 3: 27-36.##23. Akrami R, Gharaei A, Galeshi A. Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa) power on growth, innate immune response and hemato-biochemical parameters of beluga (Huso huso) juvenile. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2018; 45: 828-834. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.005##24. Fallahzadeh MK, Dormanesh B, Sagheb MM, Roozbeh J, Vessal G, Pakfetrat M, et al. Effect of addition of silymarin to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2012; 60 (6): 896-903 doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.06.005## ##

اثرات پربیوتیک قارچ صدفی (Pleurotus ostreaus) بر پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی سرم خون بچه‌ماهی تیلاپیا (Oreochromis niloticus) در مواجهه با نیترات نقره Prebiotic Effects of Pleurotus Ostreaus on Biochemical Parameters of Serum of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Exposed to Silver nitrate (AgNO3) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: کیفیت نامناسب آب و وجود آلاینده‌هایی همچون نیترات نقره در آب می‌تواند باعث ایجاد استرس در ماهیان شده و با کاهش عملکرد ایمنی ماهیان سبب به خطر افتادن سلامتی آنها گردد. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر تعیین تأثیر سطوح مختلف پربیوتیک قارچ صدفی (Pleurotus ostreatus) بر شاخص‌های ایمنی سرم ماهی تیلاپیا مواجه شده با سم نیترات نقره بود.   روش‌ها: تعداد 120 بچه ماهی تیلاپیا به مدت 42 روز در 4 گروه آزمایشی (هر گروه: 10عدد ماهی) با 3 تکرار شامل تیمار 1) شاهد، فاقد پربیوتیک قارچ صدفی، تیمار 2) غذای حاوی 0/05، تیمار 3) غذای حاوی 0/1 و تیمار 4) غذای حاوی 0/2 درصد پربیوتیک قارچ صدفی تقسیم شدند. به هر کدام از گروه‌ها غلظت 0/5ppm سم نیترات نقره به مدت 16 روز اضافه گردید. در پایان شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی ماهیان در سرم سنجش شد.   یافته‌ها: شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی سرم در گروه‌های تغذیه شده با قارچ صدفی (0/05، 0/1 و 0/2 درصد پربیوتیک قارچ صدفی) که در معرض سم نیترات نقره بودند، با گروه شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری داشتند (0.05>P). استفاده از قارچ صدفی اثر مثبتی بر شاخص­های بیوشیمیایی سرم داشت و در میان این شاخص­ها؛ بر سطح آنزیم AST، آلبومین، گلوکز و پروتئین کل اثرات بهتری را نشان داد. نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه نشان داد که سطح 0/2 درصد پربیوتیک قارچ صدفی، می‌تواند تا حدی اثر سم نیترات نقره را در ماهی تیلاپیا خنثی کند. 2 Background and Aim: Inadequate quality of water and the presence of contaminants such as silver nitrate in water can cause stress in fish and endanger their life by reducing the immune system function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different prebiotic levels of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on some immune parameters of tilapia serum exposed to silver nitrate toxin. Methods: 120 tilapia were treated for 42 days in 4 groups with 3 replications (n=10). These groups were 1) control, no oyster mushroom prebiotics, 2) food containing 0.05%, 3) food containing 0.1% and 4) food containing 0.2% prebiotic oyster mushrooms. Silver nitrate toxin with a concentration of 0.5 ppm was added to each group for 16 days. Finally, the biochemical parameters of fish in serum were measured. Results: Serum biochemical parameters in the control group were significantly different from the groups fed with oyster mushrooms (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% oyster mushroom prebiotics) that were exposed to silver nitrate toxin (P<0.05). The use of oyster mushrooms prebiotics had a positive effect on serum biochemical parameters; more effects were observed on AST, albumin, glucose and total protein levels.   Conclusion: This study showed that the level of 0.2% prebiotic oyster mushroom can partially neutralize the effect of silver nitrate toxin in tilapia. 169 179 2021/04/272021/05/62021/04/302021/04/102021/05/72021/05/152021/05/62021/05/3 1400/2/13 2021/05/102021/05/282021/05/292021/05/262021/07/22021/07/22021/05/262021/07/2 1400/4/11 فرحناز کاکاوند Farahnaz Kakavand دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. kakavand1393@gmail.com مریم رضایی شادگان Maryam Rezaieshadegan دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران rezaie.m26@gmail.com عاطفه ایری Atefeh Iri دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. iri1375@yahoo.com سید علی اکبر هدایتی Seuued Aliakbar Hedayati دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. marinebiology1@gmail.com Prebiotic Silver nitrate Tilapia Pleurotus ostreatas. پربیوتیک نیترات نقره ماهی تیلاپیا قارچ صدفی. 1. 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