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خودمراقبتی: گامی مهم در پیشگیری از مشکلات ارگونومیک در دریانوردان Self-care: An Important Step in Preventing Ergonomic Problems in Seafarers 1 1 سرمقاله 2 Letter to the Editor 1 2 2021/04/8 1400/1/19 2022/02/20 1400/12/1 سقراط عمری شکفتیک Soqrat Omari Shekaftik گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران soqratamary@gmail.com مرادعلی زارعی پور Moradali Zareipour گروه بهداشت عمومی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خوی، خوی، ایران z.morad@yahoo.com Self-care Ergonomic problems Seafarers خود مراقبتی مشکلات ارگونومیک دریانوردان ​​​​​​​ 1. Rabie T, Klopper HC, Watson MJ. Relation of socio-economic status to the independent application of self-care in older persons of South Africa. Health. 2016; 21:155-61. doi:10.1016/j.hsag.2015.02.007##2. Zighaimat F, Malakouti M, Ebadi A, Jafari H, Asgari A, Nobakht M. Frequency of musculoskeletal complaints of motorboats staffs and its relationship with demographic characteristics. J Mil Med. 2011;13(3):141-5. ##3. Chen MF, Wang RH, Hung SL. Predicting health-promoting self-care behaviors in people with pre-diabetes by applying Bandura social learning theory. Applied Nursing Research. 2015;28(4):299-304.##doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2015.01.001 ##4. Pourtaghi G, Valipour F, Jabbari M, Ghasemi M. Investigation of musculoskeletal disorders and its relationship with ergonomic working conditions in small marine personnel. Journal of Military Health Promotion. 2020;1(1):42-9. ##5. Klussmann A, Liebers F, Brandstädt F, Schust M, Serafin P, Schäfer A, et al. Validation of newly developed and redesigned key indicator methods for assessment of different working conditions with physical workloads based on mixed-methods design: a study protocol. BMJ open. 2017;7(8):e015412. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015412 ##6. Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 2010;35(6):725-40. doi:10.1139/H10-079 ##7. Denis D, St-Vincent M, Imbeau D, Jette C, Nastasia I. Intervention practices in musculoskeletal disorder prevention: a critical literature review. Applied ergonomics. 2008;39(1):1-14. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2007.02.002 ##8.Omari Shekaftik S, Vosoughi S, Sedghi Noushabadi Z, Hosseini F.Comparative assessment of manual load lifting tasks in three methods: KIM-LHC,WISHA and SNOOK tables:Case study in printing industry. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal. 2019;11(4):1-11. doi:10.18502/tkj.v11i4.3646 ##9. Abedini R. Guide to occupational health conditions and radiation control in fishing and maritime jobs. Tehran: Environmental and Occupational Health Center; 2014.## ##

اپیدمیولوژی، پاتوژنز و تشخیص آسیب تروماتیک مغزی در افراد نظامی- مروری روایتی Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Traumatic Brain Injury in Military Personnel - A Narrative Review 1 1 علل عمده آسیب تروماتیک مغزی (TBI) در موارد نظامی شامل ضربه شدید سر، قرار گرفتن در معرض مواد منفجره و آسیب‌های نافذ بالستیک است.TBI  نظامی ممکن است منجر به یک سری پیامدهای ناگوار، از جمله سردرد، سرگیجه، استفراغ و اختلال هوشیاری، اختلال استرس پس از سانحه (PTSD)، افسردگی، تحریک‌پذیری، تمایل به خودکشی در فرد نظامی شود. TBI همچنین ممکن است کیفیت زندگی جانبازان را کاهش دهد و تأثیر جدی بر عملکردهای اجتماعی آنها بگذارد. از نظر مکانیسم‌های پاتوفیزیولوژیک، آسیب انفجار و امواج ضربه‌ای ایجاد شده توسط سلاح‌های انفجاری شایع ترین مکانیسم آسیب درTBI  نظامی هستند. این آسیب انفجاری از نظر پاتولوژیک به صورت وازواسپاسم، آسیب آکسون و میکروواسکولار، پرخونی، خونریزی و ادم سلول‌های مغزی ظاهر می‌شود و تشخیص پاتولوژیک آن بیشتر بر آسیب آکسونی تروماتیک چند کانونی (multifocal traumatic axonal injury ) و هایپرفسفوریلاسیون پروتئین Tau متمرکز است. هایپرفسفوریلاسیون پروتئین Tau بعنوان مکانیسم اصلی ایجاد علائم عصبی پس از TBI مطرح است، اگرچه شواهد هنوز کافی نیست. مکانیسم پاتوژنز بعدی در TBI نظامی، آسیب سد خونی مغزی است که احتمالاً با التهاب اطراف عروقی و فرآیندهای خودایمنی و آسیب اکسیداتیو مرتبط است که نفوذپذیری سد خونی مغزی را افزایش داده و متابولیسم انرژی در سلول‌های مغز را مختل می‌کند و همچنین تعادل غلظت یون در داخل و خارج سلول های بافت مغز بهم می‌خورد که در نهایت به ادم وازوژنیک پس از TBI منجر می‌شود.   گزارش شده که غیرقابل پیش‌بینی بودن تغییرات پاتولوژیک و تاخیر در ارزیابی پس از آسیب، عوامل اصلی هستند که تشخیص زودهنگام TBI  نظامی را محدود می‌کنند. با این وجود تکنیک‌های تصویربرداری پیشرفته و نشانگرهای زیستی برای تشخیص زودهنگام TBI نظامی، مفید گزارش شده‌اند. امروزه، مداخلات فوری در بیماران مبتلا به آسیب تروماتیک مغزی با وجود فناوری‌های مختلف جدید، همچنان یک چالش بالینی است. برای بهبود کامل صدمات در سیستم عصبی و توانمند ساختن افراد نظامی برای بازیابی عملکردهای اجتماعی، توسعه فناوری‌ها برای تشخیص و درمان ضروری است. 2 Major causes of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in military cases include severe head trauma, exposure to explosives, and penetrating ballistic injuries. Military TBI may lead to a number of adverse consequences, including headache, dizziness, vomiting and impaired consciousness, PTSD, depression, irritability, the tendency to commit suicide. TBI may also reduce the quality of life of veterans and have a serious impact on their social functioning. In terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, blast damage and shock waves produced by explosive weapons are the most common damage mechanisms in military TBI. This explosive lesion manifests itself pathologically as vasospasm, axonal and microvascular damage, congestion, hemorrhage, and brain cell edema, and its pathological diagnosis focuses more on multifocal traumatic axonal injury and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In fact, Tau protein phosphorylation is thought to be the main mechanism leading to neurological symptoms after TBI, although the evidence is still insufficient. The next pathogenesis mechanism in military TBI is cerebral blood vessel damage, possibly associated with perivascular inflammation and autoimmune processes and oxidative damage, which increases cerebral blood vessel permeability and impairs energy metabolism in brain cells, as well as ion concentration balance within. It breaks down outside the brain tissue cells, eventually leading to vasogenic edema after TBI. Unpredictability of pathological changes and delay in post-injury assessment have been reported to be major factors limiting early detection of military TBI. However, advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers have been reported to be useful for early detection of military TBI. Today, immediate interventions in patients with TBI, despite various new technologies, remain a clinical challenge. To fully repair injuries to the nervous system and to enable military personnel to recover from their social functions, the development of technologies for appropriate diagnosis and treatment is essential. 3 15 2021/04/82022/01/9 1400/10/19 2022/02/202022/03/5 1400/12/14 رضا اسلامی Reza Eslami استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات طب هوافضا، دانشکده طب هوافضا و زیرسطحی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی آجا، تهران، ایران سید مرتضی حسینی آرا Seyed Morteza Hosseiniara دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران صادق زارعی Sadegh Zarei گروه بیوشیمی بالینی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران فرزاد عباسپور Farzad Abbaspour دانشکده پرستاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور، اهواز، ایران سید رضا حسینی آرا Reza Hosseiniara گروه بیوشیمی بالینی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران hosseiniara7@gmail.com Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology Pathogenesis Military Personnel. آسیب تروماتیک مغزی اپیدمیولوژی پاتوژنز افراد نظامی. 1. 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خطر انسانی ناشی از ساکسی‌ توکسین: بروز، منبع، سمیت و روش‌های تشخیص Human Risk of Saxitoxins Poisoning: Incidence, Source, Toxicity and Diagnostic Methods 1 1 سیانوباکتری‌ها، میکروارگانیسم‌های فتوسنتزی همه‌جایی هستند که باعث ایجاد بلوم در آب‌های سطحی می‌شوند؛ در بین آنها برخی گونه‌ها وجود دارد که باعث به خطر انداختن سلامت انسان و حیوانات دیگر می‌گردند. تا به امروز بیش از 65 نوروتوکسین سیانوباکتریایی کشف شده که ساکسی‌توکسین‌ها (Saxitoxins: STXs) از معروفترین آنها است که واریانت‌های بسیاری دارند. ساکسی‌توکسین‌ها کانال‌های یونی با دریچه‌ ولتاژی را مورد هدف قرار می‌دهند که باعث بلوک ماهیچه‌های اسکلتی یا تنفسی شده و باعث مرگ در اثر عدم توانایی تنفس می‌شوند. ساکسی‌توکسین‌ها با تجمع در منابع غذایی دریایی مثل حلزون‌ صدف‌دار و ماهی‌ باله‌ای باعث مسمومیت رده‌ بالاتر غذایی آنها می‌شوند که پستانداران آبزی و انسان‌ها می‌باشند. بروز ساکسی‌توکسین در چندین منطقه‌ مختلف از جمله خلیج فارس، استرالیا، آمریکای شمالی و جنوبی گزارش شده است که با توجه به میزان کشندگی بالای این نوع مسمومیت باید بسیار مورد توجه قرار گیرد. علاوه بر خطر سلامتی که بر انسان‌ها دارد، برای جانوران حیات‌وحش، مخصوصاً آبزیان، نیز بسیار خطرناک است. با توجه به سمیت بالای ساکسی‌توکسین و گزارش آن در داخل کشور، باید اقدامات پیشگیرانه و کنترلی دقیق‌تر و وسیع‌تری در مورد این سم خطرناک انجام پذیرد که با توجه به روش‌های حساس تشخیصی انجام این اقدامات تا حدودی سهولت پیدا کرده است. 2 Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous photosynthetic microorganisms that cause blooms in surface waters; some species endanger the health of humans and other animals. To date, more than 65 cyanobacterial neurotoxins have been discovered, of which Saxitoxins (STXs) is the most well-known and have many variants. Saxotoxins target voltage-gated ion channels that cause skeletal or respiratory muscle block and cause death due to the inability to breathe. Saxotoxins, by accumulating in marine food sources such as snails, shellfish, and finfish, cause poisoning of aquatic mammals and humans. The incidence of saxitoxin has been reported in several different regions, including the Persian Gulf, Australia, and North and South America, which should be given special attention due to the high lethality of this type of poisoning. In addition to the risk to human health, it is also very dangerous for wildlife, especially aquatic animals. Due to the high toxicity of saxitoxin and some reports in Iran, more precise and extensive preventive and control measures should be taken for this dangerous toxin, which has been somewhat facilitated due to sensitive diagnostic methods. 16 25 2021/04/82022/01/92021/07/4 1400/4/13 2022/02/202022/03/52022/03/5 1400/12/14 رضا برزگر نائینی Reza Barzegari Naeeni دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران reza.barzegari@ut.ac.ir جعفر امانی Jafar Amani دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران jafar.amani@gmail.com محمد نوبخت Mohammad Nobakht دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران mono343@yahoo.com علی کشاورز للکامی Ali keshavarz lelekami دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران Keshavarza1396@gmail.com سید علی میرحسینی Seyed Ali Mirhosseini مرکز تحقیقات میکروبیولوژی کاربردی، مؤسسه زیست‌شناسی سیستم‌ها و مسمومیت‌ها، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه‌الله، تهران، ایران ali.mirh@gmail.com حمیده محمود زاده حسینی Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران hosseini361@yahoo.com Saxitoxin Food Poisoning Food Safety Shellfish ساکسی‌توکسین مسمومیت غذایی امنیت غذایی حلزون صدف‌دار. 1.Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, et al. 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پیش‌بینی کیفیت خواب از طریق سلامت روان در دریانوردان شهر بوشهر Predicting Sleep Quality through Mental Health in Iranian Sailors in Bushehr 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیتی که کیفیت خواب در همه ابعاد کیفیت زندگی دارد؛ پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی پیش‌بینی کیفیت خواب بر اساس سلامت روان در دریانوردان انجام شد. روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی- همبستگی بود که در سال 1400 و در شهر بوشهر انجام گرفت. جامعه آماری شامل 60 نفر از دریانوردان 40 تا 50 سال شهر بوشهر بودند. نمونه گیری به صورت در دسترس انجام شد. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه های سلامت روان گلدبرگ (GHQ-12) و کیفیت خواب پیتزبورگ (PSQI) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی دریانوردان 9/46 سال بود. بین سلامت روان و کیفیت خواب رابطه مثبت معناداری وجود داشت. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که سلامت روان 37 درصد از واریانس کیفیت خواب را تبیین می‌کند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به شیوع الگوی نامطلوب کیفیت خواب در دریانوردان و اهمیت 37 درصدی سلامت روان در ارتقای کیفیت خواب دریانوردان، راهکارها و مداخلاتی برای ارتقای سلامت روان در دریانوردان اتخاذ شود تا از عوارض کوتاه مدت و دراز مدت کمبود کیفیت خواب مصون بمانند. 2 Background and Aim: Considering the importance of sleep quality in all aspects of quality of life; the aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of sleep quality based on mental health in sailors. Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study conducted in 2022, in Bushehr, a coastal city in the south of Iran. The statistical population included 60 sailors aged 40 to 50 years in Bushehr. Sampling was done by the availability method. 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) (Goldberg & Williams, 1988) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to collect data. Results: The mean age of sailors was 46.9 years. There was a significant positive relationship between mental health and sleep quality. The results of regression analysis showed that mental health explains 37% of the variance in sleep quality. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of unfavorable patterns of sleep quality in sailors and the 37% importance of mental health in improving the quality of sailors' sleep, strategies and interventions to promote mental health in sailors should be adopted to avoid short-term and long-term effects of lack of sleep quality. 26 32 2021/04/82022/01/92021/07/42021/10/1 1400/7/9 2022/02/202022/03/52022/03/52022/03/6 1400/12/15 فاطمه عیسی زاده Fatemeh Eisazadeh دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی سلامت، دانشگاه پیام نور، امارات متحده عربی f.eisazadeh74@gmail.com Sleep Quality Mental Health Sailors. کیفیت خواب سلامت روان دریانوردان. 1. Zareipour MA, Fattahi Ardakani M, Zamaniahari S, Sotoudeh A. Prevention of Common Health Problems in Seafarers with Self-Care Training. Journal of Marine Medicine. 2021; 2(4): 205-209##2. Youn I, Lee J. Seafarers' Physical Activity and Sleep Patterns: Results from Asia-Pacific Sea Routes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17: 66-72. doi:10.3390/ijerph17197266##3. Shattuck NL, Matsangas P. Gender Differences in Sailor Well-Being, Sleep-Related Behaviors, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance in the United States Navy. Sleep. 2020; 43: 313-318. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.817##4. Cox RC, Tuck B, Olatunji BO. The role of eveningness in obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Cross-sectional and prospective approaches. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 10: 10-16. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.060##5. Dalir M. The Role of Obsessive Beliefs including Responsibility, Perfectionism, and Importance of Thoughts in Sleep Quality. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi. 2020; 9(1): 1-8.##6. Chow CM. Sleep and Wellbeing, Now and in the Future. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17: 1-4. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082883##7. Ahmadian Chashemi N, Mirrezaie SM, Nouhi S, Khastar H. Evaluating the Relationship between Sleep Disturbances and Sexual Quality of Life among Female Shift Working Nurses. Journal of Knowledge & Health. 2018; 13(1): 19-25##8. Henderson AA, Horan KA. 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Novelty in Clinical Medicine, 2022; 1(2): 101-107. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.327145.1010.##14. Jafari Nodoushan Z, Mirhosseini H, Yamola M, Bidaki R, Hasibi E, Jafari A, et al. Effect of Neurofeedback on Anxiety, Dyslexia, and Dysgraphia in Elementary Students Afflicted with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- a Pilot Study. Novelty in Clinical Medicine, 2022; 1(2): 81-88. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.327848.1018##15. World Health Organization Report. Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization: 2001. https://www.who.int/whr/2001.##16. Gee S B, Croucher M, Matthew J, Beveridge J. Measuring Outcomes in Mental Health Services for Older People: An evaluation of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for elderly people. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 2010; 57(2): 155- 174. doi:10.1080/10349121003750711##17. Golboni F, Mahmoodi H, Baghi V, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Valiee S, Dalvand P, et al. Prevalence of Depression among Iranian Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Novelty in Clinical Medicine, 2022; 1(2): 70-80. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.327342.1014##18. Karimi R, Abedini R, Arshadi N. The relationship of sleep quality with mental health and job burnout. Contemporary Psychology. 2018; 13 (2): 121-129. doi:10.29252/bjcp.13.2.121##19. Amri S, Mousavi, M. Factors Improving the Quality and Safety Level of Deck Officers Performance in Tanker Ships (National Iranians Tanker Company). 2019; 4 (4): 43-56.##20. Barsan E, Surugiu F, Dragomir C. Factors of Human Resources Competitiveness in Maritime Transport. International. Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 2019; 6 (1): 56-74.##21. Castells M, Ordas S, Moncunill J. Model Course to Revalidate Deck Officers Competences Using Simulators. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. 2020; 15 (1): 163-185. doi:10.1007/s13437-015-0092-2##22. Delavar A. Educational and psychological Research. Payam Noor University: 2003. [Persian]##23. Goldberg D P. The Detection of psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Muadsley Monograph, Oxford: Oxford University press 1972; 21.##24. Yaghubi H, Karimi M, Omidi A, Barouti E, Abedi M. Validity and Factor Structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 12) in University Students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2012; 6(2): 153-160.##25. Aminpour H, Zare H. Psychological tests. Aeezh: 2013. [Persian]##26. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric research and practice. Psychiatry Research. 1989; 28: 193-213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4##27. Kakoui H, Zare S, Akhlaghi A, Panahi D. Assessing the sleep quality of professional drivers in terminals Intercity (Case study: Tehran). Quarterly Journal of Traffic Management Studies. 2010; 5(16): 1-10.##28. Amini A, Shirvani H, Bazgir B. 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ارزیابی رضایت‌مندی بیماران از خدمات ارائه شده در یکی از درمانگاه‌های نیروی دریایی در سال 1399: یک مطالعه مقطعی Survey of the Patients' Satisfaction with Provided Services in an Iranian Naval Clinic in 2020: A Cross-sectional Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: رضایتمندی بیماران، به عنوان یکی از ابزارهای کارآمد در ارزیابی کیفیت درمانی و برنامه­ریزی در جهت ارتقای نظام سلامت، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، تعیین میزان رضایت بیماران از خدمات ارائه شده در یکی از درمانگاه­های نیروی دریایی بود. روش‌ها: مطالعه مقطعی حاضر در یکی از درمانگاه ­های نیروی دریایی در سال 1399 انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری به روش در دسترس بود و تعداد 203 بیمار وارد مطالعه شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات؛ پرسشنامه رضایتمندی بیماران با 48 سوال بود که روایی و پایایی آن تایید گردید. این پرسشنامه رضایت بیماران را در دو قسمت درمانی با ابعاد خدمات پزشکی، پرستاری، بهداشت و نظافت و غیردرمانی شامل خدمات پذیرش، برخورد کارکنان، وضعیت تغذیه، امکانات رفاهی، داروخانه و رعایت شئونات مذهبی مورد ارزشیابی قرار داد. یافته‌ها: رضایت مراجعین از خدمات ارائه شده در بخش درمانی 73/4 درصد و در بخش غیردرمانی 70/7 درصد (در سطح خوب) بود. بیشترین و کمترین میزان رضایتمندی در بخش درمانی مربوط به خدمات پزشکی (75/5 درصد) و پرستاری (69/9 درصد) و بیشترین و کمترین میزان رضایتمندی در بخش غیردرمانی مربوط به خدمات پذیرش (79/1 درصد) و تغذیه (59/9 درصد) بود. سن، وضعیت تاهل و دفعات مراجعه با رضایتمندی بیمار ارتباط آماری معنی‌داری داشت. جنسیت، تحصیلات، علت مراجعه و بیمه با رضایتمندی بیمار، ارتباط معنی‌داری نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر، بیانگر رضایت بیشتر دریافت‌کنندگان خدمات در بخش درمانی نسبت به بخش غیردرمانی است. به‌نظر می‌رسد جهت بهبود وضعیت خدمات درمانی و غیردرمانی درمانگاه و افزایش میزان رضایتمندی باید تجهیز امکانات رفاهی به ویژه تاکید بر ارتقای خدمات تغذیه­ای و تأمین نیروی انسانی متعهد و مجرب مورد توجه مدیران و برنامه‌ریزان قرار گیرد. 2 Background and Aim: Patient satisfaction, as one of the effective tools in evaluating the quality of healthcare and planning to improve the health system, is of great importance. The aim of this study was to determine the level of patient satisfaction with the provided services in one of the Iranian naval clinics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in an Iranian naval clinic in 2020. A sampling method was available and 203 patients were included in the study. The data collection tool was the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire with 48 questions, with confirmed validity and reliability. This questionnaire evaluated patients' satisfaction in two parts of treatment services including medical, nursing, health, and cleaning services, and non-treatment services including admission services, staff, nutritional status, welfare facilities, pharmacy, and religious observance. Results: Patients' satisfaction with the services provided in the medical sectors was 73.4% and in the non-medical sectors was 70.7% (good level). The highest and lowest levels of satisfaction in the medical sectors were related to medical (75.5%) and nursing services (69.9%) and the highest and lowest levels of satisfaction in the non-medical sectors were related to admission services (79.1%) and nutrition (59.9%). There was a significant relationship between age, marital status, and previous referrals to the clinic with patient satisfaction. There was no significant relationship between gender, education, the reason for referring to the clinic, and insurance with patient satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the patients were more satisfied with the medical services compared to the non-medical ones. It seems that managers and planners should focus on improving the clinic's condition and increasing their satisfaction with the provision of well-equipped and well-trained staff, with a particular emphasis on improving nutritional services. 39 47 2021/04/82022/01/92021/07/42021/10/12021/02/6 1399/11/18 2022/02/202022/03/52022/03/52022/03/62022/03/1 1400/12/10 محسن عباسی فرج زاده Mohsen Abbasi Farajzadeh کمیته تحقیقات دانشجوئی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله )عج( ، تهران، ایران mohsen10_fam@yahoo.com سیداحمد میرجوادی SayedAhmad Mirjavadi کمیته تحقیقات دانشجوئی، دانشکده پرستاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله(عج)، تهران، ایران. sayedahmad1076@gmail.com امیر واحدیان عظیمی Amir Vahedian Azimi مرکز تحقیقات تروما، دانشکده پرستاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران amirvahedian63@gmail.com حمید عنایتی Hamid Enayati لیلا کریمی Leila Karimi مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، انستیتو سبک زندگی، دانشکده پرستاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران leilakarimi1487@gmail.com Patient Satisfaction Clinic Navy. بیمار رضایتمندی درمانگاه نیروی دریایی. 1. Zahednezhad H, Poursharifi Ha, Babapour J. Relationship between health locus of control, slip memory and physician-patient relationship with adherence in Type II diabetic patients. SSU_Journals. 2012;20(2):249-58.##2. Faridpour S, Aghlmand S, Feyzi J. A study on the healthcare service elements effects on patients'satisfaction among the university, social security, and private clinics in urmia. The Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2015;13(5):404-16. ##3. Kazemeini S, Mohammadi F, Owlia F. Evaluation of Satisfication Rate of Patients Admitted to Yazd Shaheed Sadoughi Burn Clinic in First Nine Months of the year 2011. Tolooebehdasht. 2013;11(4):91-102.##4. Akbari H, Akbari H, Mohammadian M. Inpatient Satisfaction and Effecting Factors: Findings from a Large Sample Size Cross Sectional Study. Health Research Journal. 2016;1(1):23-32. doi:10.20286/hrj-010124##5. Noorossana R, Rezaeian S, Moradi S, Rezaeian Z. 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Surveying the Out-Patient Service in Taleghani Clinic are Patients Satisfied. Research in Medicine. 2003;27(3):209-15.##19. Ameryoun A, Ebrahimnia M, Soltani Zm, Aghighi A, Jafarzadeh A. Localization of patients'satisfaction questionnaire clinicized at a military clinic. Journal of Nurse and Physician within war 2017;4(13):187-95.##20. taghavi larijani t, najafi f. Patient Satisfaction Survey of Nursing Care and Services in Iran: A systematic review. Education and Ethics in Nursing. 2019;8(1):54-65. doi:10.52547/ethicnurs.8.1.2.54##21. Sadjadian A, Kaviani A, Yunesian M, Montazeri A. Patient satisfaction: a descriptive study of a breast care clinic in Iran. 2009.##22. Khamis K, Njau B. Patients' level of satisfaction on quality of health care at Mwananyamala clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC health services research. 2014;14(1):400. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-400##23. Amerion A, Ebrahimnia M, Karimi Zarchi A, Sh T, Zaboli R, Rafati H. 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همبستگی بین انگیزش مشارکت در فعالیت‌های ورزشی با سلامت روانی، شادکامی و کیفیت زندگی کارکنان مرکز آموزش علوم دریایی باقرالعلوم Correlation between Sports Participation Motivation with Mental Health, Happiness and Quality of Life in the Staff of Baqerul Uloom Marine Science Training Center 1 1 زمینه و هدف: سلامتی و احساس شادکامی، از ضروری‌ترین نیازهای روانی انسان بوده و بر کیفیت زندگی تأثیرگذار است. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی همبستگی بین انگیزش مشارکت در فعالیت های ورزشی با سلامت روانی، شادکامی و کیفیت زندگی کارکنان مرکز آموزش علوم دریایی باقرالعلوم انجام شد. روش‌ها: پژوهش به روش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بر روی 285 کارمند در سال 1400 در مرکز آموزش علوم دریایی باقرالعلوم انجام گرفت. ابزار جمع آوری داده­ها، پرسشنامه انگیزه مشارکت گیل (PMQ)، پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ (GQH-28)، پرسشنامه شادکامی آکسفورد (OHI) و پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی (WHOQOL-BREF) بودند. یافته‌ها: میانگین انگیزش مشارکت ورزشی؛ 2/69، سلامت روانی؛ 21/51، شادکامی؛ 68/21 و کیفیت زندگی؛ 2/41 در کارکنان مرکز آموزش علوم دریایی باقرالعلوم محاسبه شد. شدت همبستگی بین انگیزش مشارکت ورزشی با سلامت روانی (0/54)، شادکامی (0/48)، کیفیت زندگی (0/58) معنی‌دار براورد شد (P˂0.01). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاضر نشان داد که استفاده از فعالیت های ورزشی می‌تواند در سلامت روانی، شادکامی و کیفیت زندگی در کارکنان مرکز آموزش علوم دریایی باقرالعلوم اثرگذار باشد. لذا پیشنهاد می‌شود به عنوان یکی از روش‌های طب مکمل، جهت افزایش سلامت روانی، شادکامی و بهبود کیفیت زندگی در کارکنان مورد توجه قرار گیرد. 2 Background and Aim: Health and happiness are among the most essential psychological needs of human beings and affect the quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Sports Participation Motivation with mental health, happiness and quality of life in the staff of the Baqerul Uloom Marine Science Training Center. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was performed on 285 employees in 2022 in Baqerul Uloom Marine Science Training Center, Iran. Data collection tools were Gill Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GQH-28), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHI) and Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: The mean score for Sports Participation Motivation was 2.69, for mental health was 21.51, for Happiness was 68.21 and for quality of life was 2.41 in the staff of Baqerul Uloom Marine Science Training Center. The intensity of the correlation between sports participation motivation and mental health (0.54), happiness (0.48), quality of life (0.58) was considered significant (P˂0.01). Conclusion: The present results showed that the use of sports activities can be effective in mental health, happiness and quality of life in the staff of Baqerul Uloom Marine Science Training Center. Therefore, it is suggested as a method of complementary medicine to increase mental health, happiness and improve the quality of life of employees. 48 55 2021/04/82022/01/92021/07/42021/10/12021/02/62021/07/19 1400/4/28 2022/02/202022/03/52022/03/52022/03/62022/03/12022/03/2 1400/12/11 وحید بخشعلی پور Vahid Bakhshalipour آموزشکده فنی و حرفه ای سما سیاهکل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، سیاهکل ، ایران vahidbakhshalipour@yahoo.com سیاوش خداپرست Siavash Khodaparast گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران s.khodaparast@yahoo.com مازیار کلاشی Maziyar Kalashi گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران kalashi.m@yahoo.com امین فرخی Amin Farokhi کارشناسی ارشد تربیت بدنی، کارشناس امور تربیت بدنی پایگاه دریایی ارتش، شهر سیرجان faraokh ami@yahoo.com Health Happiness Quality of Life Navy سلامت شادکامی کیفیت زندگی نیروی دریایی. 1. Jafari A, Tavassoli E. The relationship between health literacy and general health of staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Health Literacy. 2020; 5(1): 23-31. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2020.46111.1096##2. Shahrezagamasaei M, Shahyad S. Prevalence of Internet Addiction during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Psycho-Demographic Risk Factors in a Sample of Iranian People. Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(2): 108-115. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.328045.1020##3. Kushlev K, Heintzelman S, Lutes L, Wirtz D, Kanippayoor J, Leitner D, et al. Does happiness improve health? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Science. 2020; 31(7): 807-821.‌ doi:10.1177/0956797620919673##4. Trautmann S, Goodwin L, Höfler M, Jacobi F, Strehle J, Zimmermann P, et al. Prevalence and severity of mental disorders in military personnel: a standardised comparison with civilians. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences. 2017;26(2): 199-208. doi:10.1017/S204579601600024X##5. Jafari Nodoushan Z, Mirhosseini H, Yamola M, Bidaki R, Hasibi E, Jafari A, et al. Effect of Neurofeedback on Anxiety, Dyslexia, and Dysgraphia in Elementary Students Afflicted with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- a Pilot Study. Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(2): 81-88. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.327848.1018##6. Bieda A, Hirschfeld G, Schönfeld P, Brailovskaia J, Lin M, Margraf J. Happiness, life satisfaction and positive mental health: Investigating reciprocal effects over four years in a Chinese student sample. Journal of Research in Personality. 2019; 78: 198-209. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.012##7. Burns R, Crisp D. Prioritizing Happiness has Important Implications for Mental Health, but Perhaps only if you already are Happy. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2021;45: 1-16.‌ doi:10.1007/s11482-020-09891-6##8. Khoubfekr H, Shayesteh M, Sharafi I, Rahmanian V. The Epidemiology of Dysentery in South Khorasan Province, Iran in 2016-2020. Novelty in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 1(2): 101-107. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2022.327145.1010.‌##9. Uchiyama K, Washida N, Muraoka K, Morimoto K, Kasai T, Yamaki K, et al. Exercise capacity and association with quality of life in peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2019; 39(1): 66-73.‌ doi:10.3747/pdi.2018.00075##10. Naz I, Ozalevli, S, Ozkan, S, Sahin H. Efficacy of a structured exercise program for improving functional capacity and quality of life in patients with stage 3 and 4 sarcoidosis. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention. 2018; 38(2): 124-130.‌ doi:10.1097/HCR.0000000000000307##11. Andersen M, Ottesen L, Thing L. The social and psychological health outcomes of team sport participation in adults: An integrative review of research. Scandinavian journal of public health. 2019; 47(8): 832-850. doi:10.1177/1403494818791405##12. Donoho C J, LeardMann C, O'Malley C, Walter K, Riviere L, Curry J, Adler A. Depression among military spouses: Demographic, military, and service member psychological health risk factors. Depression and anxiety. 2018; 35(12):1137-1144.‌ doi:10.1002/da.22820##13. Hosseini S, Zarei E, Abhari A. Psychological effects of long term army naval missions on their families a qualitative study. Journal of Military Medicine. 2012;14(2):113-21.##14. Zohrabi A, Mohammadyari S, Mohebi A. The Importance of Physical Education in the Health and Lifestyle of Aja Employees based on the Supreme Leader's Viewpoint. Military Management Quarterly. 2019; 19(75): 95-106.##15. sanei, S., hosseini nia, S. An Investigation of the Relationship between Constraining Factors and Students' Participation in Extracurricular Sport Activities at Military University with Mixed Research Method. Sport Physiology & Management Investigations. 2018; 9(4): 147-162.##16. Gill DL, TE Deter. Development of the sport orientation questionnaire". 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The effectiveness of exercise-based telemedicine on pain, physical activity and quality of life in the treatment of chronic pain: a systematic review. J telemedicine and telecare. 2018; 24(8): 511-526.‌ doi:10.1177/1357633X17716576## ##

شناسایی عوامل موثر بر مدیریت استرس شغلی در کارکنان نیروی دریایی: مطالعه‌ای کیفی Identifying Factors Affecting Job Stress Management in Iranian Navy Staff: A Qualitative Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ‌عوامل استرس زا و فشارهای روانی شغلی منجر به کاهش سلامت جسمی، بهره‌وری و عملکرد مناسب پرسنل می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی و شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر مدیریت استرس شغلی در کارکنان نیروی دریایی با استفاده از روش گراند تئوری بود. روش‌ها: ‌این پژوهش بصورت کیفی و با استفاده از روش گراند تئوری ‌انجام شد. جامعه‌ آماری شامل همه متخصصان، روان‌شناسان حوزه صنعتی-سازمانی و شغلی، کارکنان ارشد صف و ستاد در نیروی دریایی بودند که با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند تعداد 22 نفر از آنها انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها، مصاحبه عمیق و نیمه‌ساختاریافته بود که در چند جلسه تکمیل شد. داده‌های کیفی به دست آمده از مصاحبه‌ها بر اساس نسخه کوربین و اشتراوس‌ (2008) ‌با روش کدگذاری در سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، کدگذاری محوری و کدگذاری انتخابی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: با کدگذاری باز تعداد 114 مفهوم، با کدگذاری محوری 23 مؤلفه و با توجه به نقش و جایگاه 6 بعد اصلی بدین شرح استخراج شد: عوامل تاثیرگذار‌ (شرایط علّی)‌ بر مدیریت استرس شغلی ‌(مقوله اصلی) ‌مؤثر است و این ابعاد بر سرلوحه قرار گرفتن مدیریت استرس شغلی ‌(بعد راهبردها) ‌تأثیر دارد. از سویی دیگر ابعاد بستر یا زمینه و مداخله‌گرها بر راهبردها مؤثرند و آن را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهند. در نهایت، بعد راهبردها بر به کارگیری مدیریت استرس شغلی‌ (پیامدها) مؤثر است. پایایی نظرات صاحبنظران 96/0 به دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: مشخص شدن این عوامل (یافته‌های این پژوهش و مدل به دست آمده) می‌تواند به مدیریت هرچه بهتر استرس شغلی پرسنل نیروی دریایی کمک کند تا علاوه بر افزایش سلامت فردی و خانوادگی و کاری خود، بهره‌وری شغلی نیز افزایش یابد. 2 Background and Aim: Stressors and job psychological pressures lead to reduced physical health, productivity, and proper performance of personnel. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting job stress management in naval personnel using the grounded theory method. Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using the grounded theory method. The statistical population included all specialists, psychologists in the field of industrial-organizational and occupational, and senior staff of the Iranian Navy, whose 22 of them were selected by purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was an in-depth and semi-structured interview that was completed in several sessions. Qualitative data obtained from the interviews were analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin (2008) using the coding method in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Results: By open coding; 114 concepts, by axial coding; 23 components and according to the role and position; 6 main dimensions were extracted as follows: Influential factors (causal conditions) are effective on job stress management (main category) and these dimensions affect the top position of job stress management (strategies dimension). On the other hand, the dimensions of the context and interveners affect the strategies. Finally, strategies affect the use of job stress management (outcomes). The reliability of expert opinions was 0.96. Conclusion: Identifying these factors (findings of current model) can help to better manage the job stress in naval personnel to increase their personal, family, and work health, as well as increase job productivity. 56 67 2021/04/82022/01/92021/07/42021/10/12021/02/62021/07/192021/08/12 1400/5/21 2022/02/202022/03/52022/03/52022/03/62022/03/12022/03/22022/03/6 1400/12/15 باقر حسنوند Baqer Hasanvand دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی تهران hasanvand06@yahoo.com اسفندیار آزاد Esfandiar Azad مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران esazad@yahoo.com محسن اسکندری Mohsen Eskandari دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله psy.eskandari@gmail.com Job stress Management Grounded Theory Navy استرس شغلی مدیریت گراند تئوری‌ نیروی دریایی. 1. Soomro S A, Gadehi Akhtiar A, Xu Xu H, Shaikh Sarfaraz A. Job Stress and Burnout Among Employees Working in Terrorist-Ridden Areas. J Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 12: 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667488##2. Azad Marzabadi E, Gholami Fesharaki M. Effective Factors on Job Stress in Military Personnel. J Mil Med. 2011; 13(1):1-6. ##3. Davis S, Trust-Based Prayer Expectancies, Attachment to God, and Perceived Stress. A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University. 2017.##4. Masoumi M, Tahmasebi R, Jalali M, Jafari F. The Study of the relationship between Job stress and spiritual health of nurses working in Intensive care ward at Bushehr Hospitals. nvj. 2016; 3(8):37-47##5. Yada H, Lu X, Omori H, Abe H, Matsuo H, Ishida Y, Katoh T. Exploratory study of factors influencing job-related stress in Japanese psychiatric nurses. Nursing research and practice. 2015;(5):1-7 doi:10.1155/2015/805162##6. Gholami Fesharaki M, Kazemnejad A, Zayeri F, Sanati J, Akbari H. Using Bayesian Multilevel Modeling for Determining the Relationship between Shift work and Blood Pressure during a Retrospective longitudinal Study. irje. 2013; 8(4):1-8##7. Vali L, Amini Zade M, Sharifi T, Oroomiei N, Mirzaee S, Ghorbaninia R. Assessing Job Stress Factors among Medical Emergency Technicians 115 of Kerman. jhosp. 2014; 13 (2); 75-85##8. Hajiamini Z, Cheraghalipour Z, et al. Comparison of job stress in military and non-military drivers in Tehran city. J Mil Med. 2011; 13(1):25-30##9. Sladek MR, Doane LD, Luecken LJ, Eisenberg N. Perceived stress, coping, and cortisol reactivity in daily life: A study of adolescents during the first year of college. Biol Psychol. 2016; 117:8-15. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.02.003##10. Mehdizadeh P, Pourreza A, Allahverdipour H, Dopeykar N. Assessing relationship between job stress, self efficacy and coping among teaching hospitals staff in Tabriz university of medical sciences in 2009. Hospital journal. 2013;12(1):57-66.##11. Sakamoto Y, Amari T & Shimo S. The relationship between pain psychological factors and job stress in rehabilitation workers with or without chronic pain. Work. 2018;1: 1-9. ##12. Elovainio M, Heponiemi T, Jokela M, Hakulinen C, Presseau J, Aalto AM. Stressful work environment and wellbeing: What comes first? J Occup Health Psychol. 2015; 20:289-300. doi:10.1037/a0038684##13. Rees CS, Breen LJ, Cusack L, Hegney D. Understanding individual resilience in the workplace: the international collaboration of workforce resilience model, Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6: 1-7. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00073##14. Azadmarzabadi E, Gholami Fesharaki M. Job Stress and Related Factors among Iranian Male Staff Using a Path Analysis Model. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016; 18(6): e34314 doi:10.5812/ircmj.34314##15. Jin H, Lin Y, Strong C. Job stress, sexual harassment, self-harm behavior, and suicidal ideation among military personnel in Taiwan. Social Health and Behavior. 2018; 1(1): 11.15.##16. AzadMarzabadi, E, Tarkhorani, H, Emami Khansari N, Investigating the job stress of a group of IRGC employees. J Mil Med. 2007; 19(1):15-22. ##17. Creswell John W. Research Project: (Quantitative, Qualitative, and Combined Approaches), translated by Hassan Danaeifard, Ali Salehi, Publisher of Mehraban Nashr. 2017. ##18. Ghasemi Bahraseman Z, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P & Nouhi E. The impact of stress management training on stress-related coping strategies and self-efficacy in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychol. 2021;9:177. doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00678-4##19. Lehmann, J A M, Schwarz E, Rahmani Azad Z et al. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a stress management training for leaders of small and medium sized enterprises - study protocol for a randomized controlled-trial. BMC Public Health. 2021. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10398-4##20. Soltani-Shal R, Azad Marzabadi E, Eskandari M. 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مروری بر بیوتوکسین‌ داینوفلاژله‌های دریایی؛ مکانیسم عمل، روش‌های تجزیه‌وتحلیل و اثرات این سموم بر محیط‌ زیست و انسان A Review of the Biotoxin of Marine Dinoflagellates; Mechanism of Action, Methods of Analysis, and Effects of These Toxins on the Environment and Human 1 1 شکوفایی داینوفلاژله‌های بنتیک‌ دریایی با پتانسیل تولید بیوتوکسین‌ها، پدیده‌ای است که اخیراً باعث نگرانی‌های فزاینده در بخش‌های بهداشتی، اقتصادی و اکولوژیکی مناطق توریستی و صیادی شده است. از اوایل دهه هشتاد میلادی، وقوع شکوفایی ریزجلبک‌های سمی دریایی افزایش پیداکرده و باعث مسمومیت‌های گسترده در انسان‌ها گردیده است. به‌تازگی بسیاری از داینوفلاژله‌های مضر و سمی از مناطق ساحلی جنوب ایران گزارش شده است که در اکثر شکوفایی‌های جلبکی مضر در نوار ساحلی دریای عمان و خلیج‌فارس نقش ایفا کرده‌اند. بسیاری از این داینوفلاژله‌ها، بنتیک و اپی‌فیتیک هستند به این مفهوم که عموماً در بستر نواحی ساحلی و یا بر روی صخره‌های مرجانی و ماکروجلبک‌ها زندگی می‌کنند و در زمان شکوفایی گسترده، به علت نزدیکی به ساحل، می‌توانند خسارات بهداشتی و اقتصادی گسترده‌ای ایجاد کنند، همچنین با ورود به شبکه غذایی، می‌توانند از موجودات کوچک مانند زئوپلانکتون‌ها به بدن آبزیان بزرگ‌تر مانند ماهی‌ها راه ‌یافته و از این طریق سلامت انسان‌ها را تهدید کنند. مطالعه حاضر به‌منظور ارزیابی خطرات بالقوه‌ داینوفلاژله‌های عامل شکوفایی جلبکی مضر به‌عنوان گونه‌هایی با پتانسیل تولید سم بر اساس مطالعات مروری- توصیفی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و استخراج و تحلیل مطالب مرتبط از مقالات و همچنین جستجو در پایگاه‌های ایرانی و بین‌المللی به بررسی بیوتوکسین‌ داینوفلاژله‌های دریایی و اثرات آن بر روی آبزیان، اکوسیستم دریایی و سلامت انسان پرداخته است. نتایج این بررسی نشان می‌دهد تعداد 80 گونه از فیتوپلانکتون‌ها پتانسیل تولید سم دارند که در حدود 20 گونه بنتیک از آن‌ها قوی‌ترین بیوتوکسین‌های دریایی را تولید می‌کنند که برای آبزیان و حتی انسان کشنده است. خطرناک‌ترین این بیوتوکسین‌ها شامل ساکسی‌توکسین، گونیاتوکسین، پالی‌توکسین، بروتوکسین، یسوتوکسین، سیگواتوکسین، مایتوتوکسین، اوکادائیک اسید و آزاسپیراسید می‌باشند که عامل مرگ‌ومیر گسترده موجودات آبزی در صورت شکوفایی جلبکی مضر می‌شوند و در صورت ورود به بدن انسان عامل بروز مسمومیت‌های حاد و کشنده می‌شوند. یافته‌های مرور مطالعات پیشین به‌وضوح اهمیت شناخت داینوفلاژله‌های سمی بنتیک و نیاز به گنجاندن آنها در برنامه‌های نظارت بر شکوفایی‌های جلبکی مضر در سواحل را نشان می‌دهد. 2 The blooming of marine benthic dinoflagellates with the potential to produce biotoxins is a phenomenon that has recently caused growing concern in the health, economic and ecological sectors of tourist and fishing areas. Since the early 1980s, the occurrence of toxic marine algae blooms has increased and caused widespread poisoning in humans. Recently, many harmful and toxic dinoflagellates have been reported from the coastal areas of southern Iran, which have played a role in most of the harmful algal blooms in the coastal strip of the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Many of these dinoflagellates are benthic and epiphytic in the sense that they generally live on the seabed or on coral reefs and macroalgae and can cause extensive health and economic damage during large-scale blooms due to their proximity to the coast. Also by entering the food web, they can also be transmitted from small organisms such as zooplankton to larger aquatic organisms such as fish, thereby threatening human health. The present study, to evaluate the potential dangers of toxic dinoflagellates causing harmful algal blooms, conducted review studies using library resources. Also, by analyzing the relevant contents of the articles and searching in Iranian and international scientific databases, the biotoxin of marine dinoflagellates and its effects on the aquatic, marine ecosystem, and human health were studied. The results of this study show that 80 species of phytoplankton have the potential to produce toxins, of which about 20 benthic species produce the strongest marine biotoxins, which are deadly to aquatic animals and even humans. The most dangerous of these biotoxins include saxitoxins, gonyautoxins, palytoxins, brevetoxins, yessotoxins, ciguatoxins, maitotoxin, okadaic acids, and azaspiracids and if harmful algal blooms are formed, they can lead to widespread death of aquatic organisms and if they enter the human body, they can cause acute and deadly poisoning. Findings from a review of related studies clearly demonstrate the importance of identifying toxic benthic dinoflagellates and the need to include them in programs to monitor harmful algal blooms on coasts. 68 78 2021/04/82022/01/92021/07/42021/10/12021/02/62021/07/192021/08/122021/11/7 1400/8/16 2022/02/202022/03/52022/03/52022/03/62022/03/12022/03/22022/03/62022/03/18 1400/12/27 محمد علی آصفی Mohammad Ali Asefi دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار M.ali.asefi@gmail.com گیلان عطاران فریمان Gilan Attaran Fariman دانشکده علوم دریایی، دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار، چابهار، ایران Gilan.attaran@gmail.com Harmful Algal Blooms Biotoxin Dinoflagellate Sea of Oman Persian Gulf. بیوتوکسین شکوفایی جلبکی مضر داینوفلاژله دریای عمان خلیج‌فارس. 1. Wang D-Z. Neurotoxins from marine dinoflagellates: a brief review. Mar Drugs. 2008; 6 (2):349-71. doi:10.3390/md6020349##2. Attaran-Fariman G. Initial Assessment on Dispersion of Harmful Algae Bloom along South-East Coast of Oman Sea. Iran; 2010. p. 99. ##3. Hallegraeff GM, Anderson DM, Cembella AD, Enevoldsen HO. Manual on harmful marine microalgae. Unesco; 2004. ##4. Castro P, Huber ME. Marine biology. New York. NY McGraw Hill. 2013. ##5. Hallegraeff GM. Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. Man Harmful Mar Microalgae. 2004;33: 25-50. ##6. Boisnoir A, Pavaux AS, Schizas NV., Marro S, Blasco T, Lemée R, et al. The use of stable isotopes to measure the ingestion rate of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates by harpacticoid copepods. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 2020;524:151285.##doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151285 ##7. Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Crespín GD, Daranas AH, de Vera CR, Norte M, et al. The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust is a synonym of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust. Harmful Algae. 2018;78:1-8.##doi:10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.009 ##8. Chomérat N, Bilien G, Derrien A, Henry K, Ung A, Viallon J, et al. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. 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