per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 180 181 article Solmaz Sadat Hosseini hosseini1920@gmail.com 1 Faculty of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Letter http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-59-en.pdf Musculoskeletal Disorders Marine Vessels Ergonomy per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 182 189 article Ali Ahmadi 1 Jafar Soleimanian jafar.salimian@gmail.com 2 Chemical Injury Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran The importance of freshwater resources and water infrastructure for the health of human communities has made them one of the main targets of terrorist attacks. Currently, 9 types of biological toxins are considered to be potentially important factors in bioterrorism to contaminate drinking water resources. These toxins include botulinum toxin, T-2 mycotoxin, ricin, aflatoxin, saxitoxin, anatoxin A, tetrodotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxins, and microcystin. There have been several reported terrorist attacks in the world using contaminated drinking water by microbial pathogens. Unlike most terrorist factors, it is very difficult to detect threats to water resources, and because such attacks are characterized only by the spread of contaminated water and the loss of many lives in an outbreak or epidemic, it is important to identify and deal with quickly. In addition to permanent control and elimination of the possible vulnerability of reservoirs and drinking water facilities in usual conditions, in order to quickly and efficiently deal with these threats, especially in crisis situations, most countries are equipped with diagnostic laboratories, monitoring systems and advanced monitoring networks. It seems vital to set up a specialized reference laboratory for controlling and monitoring drinking water in the field of passive defense. In addition to general and traditional tests, this laboratory must have specialized departments for monitoring, tracking and rapid detection of microbial pathogens contaminating drinking water, as well as biological toxins in this area using molecular, immunological methods, biosensors and nanosensors.   http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-60-en.pdf Bioterrorism Water Toxin. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 190 196 article Reza Kazemi Darsanki 1 Alireza Habibi Alirh110@gmail.com 2 Asghar Shokrollahi 3 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Khamenei Marine University, Zibakenar, Rasht, Iran Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Khamenei Marine University, Zibakenar, Rasht, Iran Diving is done for various commercial, recreational, military purposes, installation and repair of underwater structures, oil industry, underwater archeology and marine life. With the development of diving, the medical knowledge of diving has developed and has created new challenges for health professionals. The fascinating, spectacular and mysterious world of the deep waters of the seas and oceans can be potentially dangerous to humans and can cause disturbances and complications. As the depth of water increases, the pressure on a person increases, his field of vision decreases and the ambient temperature falls. The aim of this review study is to investigate the types of diving-induced injuries and damages. Divers are always exposed to a variety of diseases and occupational injuries. Given that the long history of diving, with the advancement of science and the production and invention of new diving equipment and the increasing depth of diving in the water, new diseases have been discovered and various studies have been done. It has been accepted that due to the importance of diving in different fields, more advanced studies are needed in this regard. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-61-en.pdf Diving Diving Medicine Barotrauma Decompression Sickness. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 197 203 article Seyed Ali Mousavi Jazayeri 1 Mohammad Nobakht mono343@yahoo.com 2 Mohammad Reza Shokouri 3 Hassan Dabbaghi 4 Morteza Darvish Amiri 5 Marine Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: In addition to having an acceptable academic level in the field of self-relief and other relief, the combatant must have the necessary available supplies and equipment in sufficiently to prevent injuries from escalating before the medical team arrives and takes care of your life. The present study was conducted to design a military self-relief bag in the Navy. Methods: The present study is applied research. Thematic literature was used to collect the required data and based on it, as well as the experiences of research team, the modeling was developed. The opinions of the experts were asked by a questionnaire to design a self-relief bag. Results: The self-relief bag, in size of 15x18 cm and made of soft military and waterproof tarpaulin, was sewn in such a way that it could be installed on the thighs, belts, cuffs, back straps and backpacks. Based on the results of the analysis of the experts' opinions, a list of pharmaceutical items and medical and health equipment items gained the necessary credibility to be included in the Iranian military self-relief bag. The weight of the bag will be 1200 grams in full charge mode (containing all drugs and equipment). Conclusion: Due to the appropriate weight of the designed bag, the appropriate material and resistance to water and fire, the appropriate location of the bag on the body surface as well as the appropriate and practical contents can be a suitable tool for combatants. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-62-en.pdf Self-relief Bag Military relief Navy Iran. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 204 214 article Ali Aliakbar Esfahani 1 Hamid Azarkhosh hamidazarkhosh@ut.ac.ir 2 Marine Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Determining the actual cost of various services has a great impact on the efficiency of hospitals and increasing their profitability. This study was conducted to introduce and apply the Activity Based Costing (ABC) Method in determining the total price of dental services. Methods: The present study was conducted in 2015 in the dental department of a clinic affiliated with the Navy in Tehran, Iran. The necessary data was collected using methods such as observation and interview. After calculating the costs, the total cost of each process was calculated and recorded in tables. Using the two-way sharing model and with the help of the inverse matrix function, the costs of service and diagnostic units were allocated to each of the hospital's operating units directly dealing with patients by ABC method and then compared with traditional method results.  Results: The total cost of patients in the dental department specifically indicate that there is a significant difference between the total costs of services in the traditional method compared to the ABC method. Conclusion: This study showed that there is a difference between the real price of dental services and government tariffs, which in most activities has led to dental profitability. Due to the high share of direct wage costs in total expenditures (75%), therefore, by increasing labor productivity and improving performance management in the field of manpower and standardization, it is possible to reduce the cost of services and consumption of resources.   http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-63-en.pdf Activity-Based-Costing Dental Services Tariff. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 215 221 article Yahya Haji 1 Ali Choopani abrcs@bmsu.ac.ir 2 Azam Choopani 3 Mohammad Heiat 4 Mansoor Babaei 5 Department of Biology, Payamenoor University, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Cataract refers to the opacity of the lens that impairs vision. Sailors are at risk for radiation sickness and trauma. The present study investigates the prevalence of cataracts and the factors affecting it in Iranian sailors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed during 2017. The medical records of all Iranian sailors who went to the ophthalmology department and had a cataract were included in the census method. The researcher extracted the necessary data from the medical records of patients by visiting the ophthalmology department and registering it in the checklist. A checklist containing demographic (age, sex, education) and clinical data of patients was recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: The total number of medical records of Iranian sailors was 2,500, of which 337 (13.48%) had cataracts or had a history of cataract surgery. The mean age, diabetes, medicine use, and head trauma were significantly higher in people with cataracts than others and their education level was significantly lower than others. Conclusion: Considering that the sailors is one of the groups at risk for cataracts and a prevalence of 13.48% was reported in the present study, so periodic medical examination is necessary in this case. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-57-en.pdf Cataract Occupational Disease Sailor Iran. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 222 229 article Jafar Bayrami 1 Mohammad Hossein Haghparvar 2 Fathollah Adabi 3 Shahab Omid Zahir 4 Mahmoud Ghasempourabadi 5 Hamidreza Hedayati seyedo2275@yahoo.com 6 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Background and Aim: Diabetes is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in the world and is responsible for about 4 million deaths a year. Given the rise of diabetes, it is important to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of diabetes in Iranian sailors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed during 2018. Using cluster sampling, 460 Iranian sailors were selected to participate in the study. Data collection was done by researcher-made questionnaire, which included demographic and clinical and laboratory data of patients. The validity was performed using clinical experts. In order to assess the reliability, 20 people completed the questionnaire in two stages in 2 weeks, and Cronbach's alpha was 83%. The data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software version 18. Results: The prevalence of diabetes in Iranian sailors was 6.4%. The mean age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, total cholesterol, and LDL were significantly higher in diabetics. In this study, there was a significant relationship between some nutritional and dietary factors such as not consuming vegetables, high consumption of high-fat food, frequent consumption of meat per week and lack of necessary mobility such as lack of proper morning exercise, lack of walking and increased body mass index with diabetes. Conclusion: Based on the current findings, the prevalence of diabetes in Iranian sailors is high. Diabetes is a multifactorial disease, and a healthy lifestyle can prevent it. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-64-en.pdf Diabetes Lifestyle Risk Factors Sailor Iran. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2020-02 1 4 230 237 article Kamran Malekpour Lepri malekpour.k92@gmail.com 1 Mojtaba Shahnoshi 2 Anoushirvan Zafari Rigki 3 Department of Educational Management, School of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: In recent decades, organizations have moved from the concept of comprehensive quality to the concepts of organizational learning, intelligence, and forgetfulness, and continuous improvement globally to maintain their competitive position. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational intelligence and learning with organizational forgetfulness in a navy hospital. Methods: The statistical population included Iranian employees of a navy hospital, of which 320 people were selected by simple random sampling. Albrecht organizational intelligence questionnaire, Neef organizational learning questionnaire, and Halen & Phillips organizational forgetfulness questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed with SPSS-18 software. Results: The results indicate that in general, organizational intelligence and learning predict organizational forgetfulness. Each of the components of predictive variables, organizational learning (R=0.38) and organizational intelligence (R = 0.57) positively and significantly predicts the criterion variable, i.e. organizational forgetfulness. Conclusion: Organizational intelligence and learning have a positive and significant effect on organizational forgetfulness. Employers need to motivate and encourage employees in the organization, leading them to purposefully forget old and outdated knowledge. Also, employees should be guided to acquire, distribute, transfer and apply existing useful knowledge, new knowledge as well as implicit knowledge. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf Organizational Intelligence Organizational Learning Organizational Forgetfulness Hospital Navy.