per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 1 2 article Ameneh Marzban amenemarzban@yahoo.com 1 Soheil Golzarhamid golzarsoheil9@gmail.com 2 Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Letter http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-510-en.pdf Marine medicine Education Accidents Rescue Safety eng Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 3 8 article Zahra Fakhra z.fakhra28@gmail.com 1 Ali Bahramifar alibahramifar6@gmail.com 2 Reza Ghanbarpour rdizboni@yahoo.com 3 Seyed Jalal Madani dr.jalalmadani@gmail.com 4 Mojtaba Sepandi 5 Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Trauma Research Center Trauma Research Center Background and Aim: Pleural effusion is common among critically ill patients and often necessitates therapeutic drainage. Although ultrasound guidance is widely used, direct comparative evidence between ultrasound-guided and landmark-based pleural catheter insertion in intensive care unit (ICU) settings remains limited. This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the technical and clinical outcomes of these two approaches. Methods: Patients with clinically significant pleural effusion requiring therapeutic drainage were randomized (1:1) to either the ultrasound-guided group or the landmark-based group. All procedures were performed using the Seldinger technique. Primary outcomes were first-attempt success and incidence of pneumothorax. Secondary outcomes included initial drainage volume, major bleeding, catheter-site infection, number of attempts, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU length of stay. Ethical approval was obtained (code: IR.BMSU.BAQ.REC.1402.093). Results: A total of 68 patients were analyzed. First-attempt success was significantly higher in the ultrasound-guided group (31/34 vs. 23/34; p=0.033; odds ratio [OR] = 4.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–19.76). Multiple attempts were more frequent in the landmark group. No significant differences were observed between groups in pneumothorax incidence, drainage volume, duration of mechanical ventilation, or ICU length of stay (p>0.05 for all). No major bleeding or procedure-related complications occurred. Conclusion: Ultrasound guidance significantly improves technical accuracy and first-attempt success during pleural catheter insertion; however, broader systemic outcomes remain unaffected. This approach may be preferred in critically ill patients when rapid procedural success and reduced mechanical complications are clinically important. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-523-en.pdf Pleural effusion Pleural catheterization Ultrasound Intensive care Pneumothorax per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 9 18 article Hamed Akbari akbarihamed_2005@yahoo.com 1 Mohammad nobakht marinemedicine@gmail.com 2 Kian Kianmehr kiyanmehr.kk@gmail.com 3 Baqiyatallah University of medical science Marine Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of medical science, Tehran, Iran Marine medicine research center Surface waters are among the most important components of the environment. Providing wastewater treatment services that are economically feasible while accounting for technical considerations in small communities remains a significant challenge in many parts of the world. The limitations and shortcomings of centralized wastewater treatment systems for small communities are well recognized. Centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are costly to construct, operate, and maintain, particularly in areas with low population density and widely dispersed wastewater generation points. Furthermore, developing and underprivileged regions often face financial constraints in constructing centralized facilities, as well as a lack of technical expertise required for their effective management and operation. In this context, decentralized wastewater treatment approaches, which rely on on-site systems or small-scale networks serving limited areas, have attracted increasing attention as viable alternatives. These approaches offer greater managerial flexibility and allow for the application of a wide range of technologies, from simple to advanced. Decentralized systems not only represent a sustainable long-term solution for small communities, but also demonstrate advantages in terms of reliability and overall cost-effectiveness. This paper provides a review of various decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management, with particular emphasis on their applicability in small communities. Although numerous barriers and challenges exist in wastewater management for such communities, many of these issues can be addressed through appropriate planning and the implementation of relevant policies. A thorough understanding of local environmental and climatic conditions is essential for selecting suitable technologies and should be achieved through comprehensive site assessment. Moreover, direct and continuous management of decentralized wastewater treatment systems is necessary to ensure regular inspection and maintenance. Finally, management strategies should be specifically tailored to the social, cultural, environmental, and economic conditions of the target region. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-494-en.pdf Decentralized wastewater management islands small communities environment wastewater treatment Persian Gulf per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 19 28 article Majid Mazoochi mazoochii@gmail.com 1 Alireza Yavar 2 Sadegh Zarei zarei88ss@gmail.com 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Atherosclerosis, as the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of lipids and an inflammatory response in the vessel wall. Current treatments are associated with limitations, including side effects and incomplete response in some patients. Therefore, identifying novel therapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms of action and favorable safety profiles appears essential. This systematic review examines the preclinical evidence related to three major classes of marine-derived bioactive compounds (peptides, polysaccharides, and carotenoids) and their potential application in combating atherosclerosis. The primary focus is on analyzing the documented molecular mechanisms of these compounds, which mainly involve modulating inflammatory signaling pathways (such as NF-κB and NLRP3), reducing oxidative stress through activation of the Nrf2 pathway, improving lipid profiles by influencing cholesterol metabolism, and regulating endothelial function and hemostasis. The present review indicates that despite promising data from animal models and cell cultures, there are significant knowledge gaps, including insufficient pharmacokinetic studies, heterogeneity in compound sources and extraction methods, and a lack of controlled clinical trials. This review emphasizes the need for prospective research to accurately assess the bioavailability, toxicity, and clinical efficacy of these compounds, so that their true potential as complementary or alternative agents in preventive and therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis can be scientifically determined. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-521-en.pdf Atherosclerosis Marine Bioactive Compounds Marine Peptides Marine Polysaccharides Marine Carotenoids per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 29 36 article Vida Taghikhani taghikhani.v@iums.ac.ir 1 Mohsen Dowlati mohsendowlati.69@gmail.com 2 Shandiz Moslehi Moslehi.sh@iums.ac.ir 3 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Given Iran's location in high-risk areas and its history of natural and human-made disasters, evaluating the psychological preparedness of educational–medical centers to respond to emergencies is essential. This study aimed to assess the psychological preparedness of educational–medical centers under Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2025. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included all middle and operational managers of 11 educational–medical centers under the university, with a census sampling approach. Data were collected using Checklist “Tool No. 6” from the book National Tools for Health Assessment in Disasters and Emergencies. Results: Overall, the psychological preparedness of the centers was at a moderate to low level. For the “organizational structure and command chain” indicator, 72.7% of centers scored zero and 27.3% scored one. In “resources and infrastructure,” 18.2% scored zero, 72.7% scored one, and 9.1% scored two. Indicators of “knowledge and skills,” “coordination with external organizations,” and “risk assessment and monitoring” were mostly at weak to moderate levels. The lowest scores were observed in “psychological support and interventions” and “information exchange and communication,” indicating weaknesses in structured psychological support programs and inefficient communication systems during disasters. Conclusion: Many educational–medical centers lack adequate psychological preparedness. To enhance both psychological readiness and operational performance, it is necessary to develop infrastructure, strengthen specialized training, improve communication networks, establish psychological support teams, enhance intersectoral coordination, and implement continuous risk monitoring and evaluation systems. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-533-en.pdf Psychological preparedness Disaster management Educational-medical centers Psychological support per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 37 44 article Fathollah Shirnejad f.shirnejad11@gmail.com 1 Bahman Hasanvand hasanvand121@iau.ac.ir 2 Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad Department of Physical Education, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of probiotic supplementation on performance and inflammatory markers in young swimmers. Methods: The study sample consisted of 24 young swimmers (12 in the experimental group and 12 in the control group) who were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group received a course of probiotic supplementation, while the control group did not receive any dietary changes. The indicators studied included aerobic performance, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. The normality of the data was confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests, paired t-tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had a significant improvement in aerobic performance (p=0.001) and a significant increase in CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α (p<0.001) compared to the control group after the intervention. In contrast, the control group did not show significant changes in any of the indicators. The findings show that probiotic supplementation can have a significant effect on improving athletic performance and changes in inflammatory markers in young swimmers. Conclusion: This study can be the basis for the use of probiotic supplementation in training programs for basic athletes. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-529-en.pdf Probiotic supplementation Aerobic performance CRP IL-6 TNF-α Young swimmers per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 45 56 article Mohammad Velayatzadeh mv.5908@gmail.com 1 Young Researchers and Elites Club, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran The Caspian Sea is one of the largest, unique and biologically rich in terrestrial aquatic ecosystems located on the border of two large parts of the Eurasian continent. The biodiversity of this sea with a large number of endemic species includes more than 130 species of fish and rare water lily fields. There are also more than 100 species of wetland bird habitats that serve as nesting and migration sites. The Caspian Sea is the habitat of sturgeon fish and is also the home of the only marine mammal that lives in this sea, the endemic Caspian seal. The countries of Iran, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and the Republic of Azerbaijan are located in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, which is home to a large population. Oil and gas production, as well as fishing and shipping, are the most common economic activities in the water and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Industry and agriculture are well developed in the sea basin. The western coast of the Caspian Sea, with its large urban centers such as Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is more economically developed than the drier lands on the eastern coast. This research aimed to investigate and present the pollution status of the biological and ecological resources of the Caspian Sea (aquatic animals, sediments and water). Many species of the Caspian Sea are under threat due to overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. These developments have a negative impact on human well-being, social and economic sectors and natural environmental services. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-524-en.pdf Environmental pollution Ecosystem pollution assessment Water resources Caspian Sea per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 57 66 article Simin Noorbakhsh syminnoorbakhsh14@gmail.com 1 Fereshteh Kordestani drshabnamtorabi@gmail.com 2 Yalda Delgoshaei yaldadelgoshaei14@gmail.com 3 Baharak Shirzad Kebria baharakshirzad12@yahoo.com 4 Islamic Azad University Department of Educational Management and Higher Education, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Islamic Azad University Islamic Azad University Background and Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of designing an e-learning management model based on human resource development in the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. The necessity of this research stems from the shortcomings of the traditional training system, the need for employee empowerment, increasing organizational productivity, and aligning training with human resource development goals. Review of literature and the existing situation revealed that achieving digital transformation and improving training quality requires a comprehensive and operational model that can account for individual, organizational, and extra-organizational factors. Methods: This study utilized a qualitative approach based on the Grounded Theory methodology. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 19 experts specializing in training and human resource management. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, resulting in the extraction of 189 codes (130 open codes, 51 axial codes, and 8 selective codes). Content validity of the codes was confirmed using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), with all values exceeding 88.5%, indicating high validity of the generated content. Results: The designed model comprises five main components: Causal Conditions, Contextual Factors, Intervening Factors, Strategic Actions, and Consequences. Causal conditions included macro digital transformation policies, senior management commitment, World Customs Organization requirements, organizational culture supportive of learning, and the need to reform the traditional system. Contextual and intervening factors specified the infrastructure and limitations for model implementation. Strategic actions involved developing a roadmap and precise needs assessment, producing specialized and localized content, digital empowerment of employees and instructors, establishing an incentive system, and utilizing a blended learning approach. The model's outcomes were observed at three levels: individual (empowerment and job satisfaction), organizational (increased productivity and reduced errors), and extra-organizational (enhanced international standing and educational equity). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the model designed for e-learning management with a human resources development approach has the necessary comprehensiveness and implementation capability in customs. By identifying 11 key components and emphasizing the centrality of human capital, this model provides a suitable framework for educational transformation. Successful implementation of this model can lead to improved individual and organizational performance, as well as enhancing the international status of customs. Given the validation conducted, the gradual implementation of this model is recommended as a key strategy for developing human resources in the customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-517-en.pdf E-Learning Customs administration Human resource management per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2026-04 8 1 67 74 article Javad Kazemi kazemi012@gmail.com 1 Fatemeh Rahmati rahmati.fatemeh90@gmail.com 2 Malihe Khabbazi m.khabazi@sjau.ac.ir 3 Assistant Professor of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University, Asadabad, Hamedan, Iran Health Research Center, Lifestyle Research Institute, Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Assistant Professor of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University, Asadabad, Hamedan, Iran Background and Aim: The issue of mental health is one of the most important issues for military forces, including naval personnel. Considering the challenges of the sea, the aim of the present study is to investigate the application of mindfulness to manage the challenges of life at sea in order to improve the mental health and attention performance of naval personnel. Methods: The present study is a review study to investigate the studies conducted in the field of the application of mindfulness on mental health and naval performance that have been conducted in different countries for naval personnel. The studies were from 2015 to 2025 in a 10-year period, the results of which were published in the form of articles in reputable scientific databases such as Science Direct, Wiley, Islamic World Database, etc. Using the keywords mindfulness, performance, mental health, navy, 67 articles were found in the first stage. In the re-examination, the number of articles that specifically focused on mindfulness on the mental health of naval personnel reached 17. In the next stage, 4 studies were excluded due to unclear intervention protocols such as the number of sessions, the time of each session, the content presented in each session, or because they were not interventional. Finally, 13 studies were reviewed for content, methodology, and technical analysis. The inclusion criteria were the last ten years, exclusively military personnel of the Navy, reported work experience of less than one year, and the exclusion criteria were having a history of military operations. Results: The studies reviewed on the effectiveness of mindfulness on various mental health indicators such as adaptability, anxiety, performance (military efficiency in assigned tasks) as well as other indicators such as less seasickness and tolerance of being away from family were significant in a range from (P<0.01) to (P<0.034). After integrating the results of all these studies using SPSS 21 software, the results were significant at the level of (P<0.027) for mental health and (P<0.018) for attention performance. Conclusion: The use of mindfulness can help naval personnel overcome the challenges associated with life on ships and warships, and promote health and improve performance in assigned tasks. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-519-en.pdf Navy Mental health Attention performance Mindfulness