per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 141 142 article Ameneh Marzban amenemarzban@yahoo.com 1 Payam Emami payamemami115@gmail.com 2 Iran University of Medical Sciences Department of Emergency Medical Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Letter http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-500-en.pdf Artificial Intelligence Crisis Management Maritime Incidents per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 143 154 article Amir Nezam Barati nezambarati@gmai.com 1 Assistant Professor of Law, Department of Law, Imam Khomeini Maritime Science University, Mazandaran, Iran Background and Aim: With the advancement of communication technologies, the use of telemedicine aboard ships has gained increasing importance as an effective solution to overcome geographical barriers and provide healthcare services to seafarers. However, the legal and ethical complexities associated with physicians' liability in remote diagnosis, prescription, and treatment follow-up have introduced new challenges. This study aims to systematically analyze the legal and ethical dimensions of physician liability in delivering telemedicine services to seafarers and seeks to propose a clear framework for defining the obligations and responsibilities of physicians, shipowners, and flag states. Methods: This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through a review of international documents and regulations, including the Maritime Labour Convention (2006), the SOLAS Convention, World Health Organization guidelines, and relevant human rights covenants. The data were evaluated using qualitative content analysis. Results: The findings indicate that telemedicine is an essential tool for realizing seafarers' right to health. Physicians retain legal and professional liability for negligence in diagnosis or treatment, even in a virtual setting. Additionally, flag states and shipowners are obligated to provide secure communication infrastructure, basic medical equipment, and protocols for data confidentiality and security. Conclusion: The application of telemedicine in the maritime context not only enables more equitable access to healthcare services but also necessitates a revision of international and domestic legal frameworks to precisely delineate liability boundaries and protect the rights of all stakeholders. Clearly defining the scope of physician liability and ensuring effective legal safeguards for seafarers can contribute to enhancing health, safety, and professional ethics at sea.   http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-512-en.pdf Telemedicine Physician Legal Liability Maritime Law Seafarers Human Rights. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 155 162 article Seyed Hassan Saadat saadat350@gmail.com 1 Shima Shahyad shima.shahyad@gmail.com 2 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Floods are among the most common natural disasters worldwide, leading to widespread psychological consequences, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to compare the prevalence and risk/protective factors of PTSD related to floods in Iran and developed countries. Methods: This research was conducted as a narrative-comparative review. Data were gathered through searches of international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) and domestic databases (SID, Magiran) using keywords related to PTSD, floods, risk factors, protective factors, and their Persian equivalents, covering the period from 2000 to 2025. Studies from Iran and selected developed countries (United States, Australia, Japan, Canada, China, and Germany) were extracted and subjected to comparative analysis. Results: Based on the reviewed studies, the prevalence of flood-related PTSD in Iran ranged from 12% to 64%, while in developed countries, it ranged from 5.7% to 45%. The patterns of risk and protective factors were similar in both groups. Risk factors were categorized into four main domains: 1) demographic and individual characteristics, 2) severity and nature of flood exposure, 3) secondary stressors and socioeconomic consequences, and 4) psychological history and personality traits. Protective factors were grouped into three key areas: 1) individual and psychological resources, 2) social support and collective capital, and 3) access to services and institutional response. Despite Iran's relatively strong social support networks, a notable weakness in structured and systematic interventions compared to developed countries was observed. Conclusion: The findings indicate that, despite initial efforts to address the psychological impacts of floods, Iran continues to face challenges such as the lack of a national PTSD screening system, insufficient longitudinal data, and weak integration of psychological services with socioeconomic support. This study emphasizes the necessity of developing an integrated national model for post-disaster mental health, leveraging successful international experiences, and implementing combined psychosocial interventions for high-risk groups.   http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-514-en.pdf Flood Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prevalence Risk Factors Protective Factors per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 163 173 article Sakineh Khanamani Falahatipour 1 Salimeh Khanamani Falahati-pour Sali.falahati@gmail.com 2 Amirreza Ghasemloo ar.ghassemlou.2015@gmail.com 3 Somayyeh Karami-Mohajer somayyehkarami@gmail.com 4 Zohreh Oghabian zoghabian@yahoo.com 5 Soudeh Khanamani Falahati-pour FALAHATI7777@yahoo.com 6 Motahareh Soltani motahareh.soltani@gmail.com 7 Pistachio Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Background and Aim: Marine chemical and biotoxin exposures pose substantial health risks to seafarers and divers, notably in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Individual susceptibility varies with genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in detoxification genes such as the CYP450 family. This study develops and specifies a conceptual AI-based framework to predict genetic vulnerability and defines its evaluation protocol. The key novelty is the multi-source integration of genetic and environmental data with optional links to telemedicine and real-time alerts. Methods: The framework integrates: (1) genetic data from seafarers/divers (SNP profiles in toxin-metabolism genes), (2) environmental measurements from marine sensors and satellite imagery (e.g., ciguatoxin/saxitoxin/ domoic-acid levels, water quality, temperature), and (3) toxin knowledge bases such as ToxCast and T3DB. Three model families -deep neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines- are considered. Evaluation follows train/validation/test splits with cross-validation; performance metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score (AUC may be reported for binary setups). Target geographical scope for field data is the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Results: This is a conceptual/framework study; no numerical or experimental results are reported at this stage. Main outputs are: (a) the model architecture and processing flowchart, (b) executable data specifications and sources (marine sensors, satellite, ToxCast/T3DB, genetic sampling), (c) a quantitative evaluation protocol with explicit metrics, and (d) a clear separation between innovation (genetic+environmental+AI integration) and applications (diving/occupational medicine, maritime assistance via telemedicine, harmful algal bloom early warnings). Key challenges (at-sea compute constraints, data quality/completeness, and genetic-data ethics) and their design implications are documented. Conclusion: The proposed framework delineates a pragmatic path to implement and evaluate a personalized risk-prediction system, with potential to enhance occupational health, reduce hazardous exposures, and support remote clinical decisions. Empirical validation with real-world cohorts and formal reporting of quantitative metrics constitute the next research step. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-502-en.pdf Genetic predisposition to disease Marine toxins Artificial intelligence Seafarers Health prediction per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 174 183 article Pegah Gheshlaghi pgheshlaghi8@gmail.com 1 Moslem Daliri moslem.daliri@yahoo.com 2 Ehsan Kamrani eza47@yahoo.com 3 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Background and Aim: Seawater desalination is a key strategy for addressing water scarcity challenges. However, the production of hypersaline brine, rich in chemicals and heavy metals, exerts significant effects on marine ecosystems and human health. This review aims to examine the environmental consequences of brine discharge on the structure and function of marine biological communities and to analyze its indirect implications for human health and food security. Methods: This study was conducted as a descriptive-analytical review based on a systematic search of relevant scientific literature. Results: The findings indicate that elevated salinity, high temperature, and the presence of heavy metals in brine lead to reduced larval survival, disruption of physiological processes in aquatic organisms, decreased species diversity, and the formation of hypoxic zones. These impacts significantly alter the structure of phytoplankton, zooplankton, crustacean, and fish communities. Furthermore, the transfer of pollutants through bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food web, the occurrence of harmful algal blooms, health risks associated with direct exposure to contaminated water, and threats to the food security of coastal communities represent important indirect consequences of brine discharge. Conclusion: To mitigate the adverse effects of desalination brine discharge, an integrated, multidimensional approach is essential. This includes optimizing discharge point design, implementing targeted dilution, recovering valuable salts and chemicals, utilizing renewable energy sources, applying environmentally compliant subsurface disposal or injection, and establishing long-term monitoring and regulatory frameworks. Sustainable brine management and effective environmental policymaking can play a pivotal role in safeguarding marine ecosystems, preserving biodiversity, and ensuring human health and food security.   http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-520-en.pdf Desalination Brine discharge Marine ecosystem Human health Food security Environmental sustainability. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 184 193 article Ali Farahi mohsen.abasi.1361@gmail.com 1 Mohammad Reza Sultani mohsen10_fam@yahoo.com 2 Vahid Jorasti vjorasi@gmail.com 3 mam Hossein University mam Hossein University Human Resource Management, Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Performance evaluation is a systematic and formal process used to assess employees at defined intervals. Identifying high-performing personnel and rewarding them to motivate both individual and organizational improvement are among the primary objectives of this process. This study aimed to identify performance metrics used in the evaluation of personnel in key healthcare professions within military medical centers. In this regard, the concepts of performance and its evaluation were first examined from the perspectives of experts, followed by a review of common approaches and methods in performance evaluation systems. Methods: This research was designed as a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population consisted of experts and specialists in the healthcare field within a military organization. In the qualitative phase, key individuals were identified using purposive sampling with maximum variation, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. Data were collected through these interviews, and after qualitative content analysis, relevant performance metrics were extracted. Results: Based on the findings of the study, the main performance evaluation metrics for healthcare professions include: adherence to professional guidelines and standards in service delivery, compliance with safety principles, establishment of effective and continuous communication, attention to training and development of specialized and professional skills, responsibility in service delivery, adherence to professional ethics and appropriate conduct, and commitment to individual discipline. Conclusion: Identifying and applying appropriate performance metrics in the evaluation process enables more precise decision-making regarding career advancement, identification of training needs, and improvement of employee competencies. This ultimately leads to the optimal utilization of human resources and enhances organizational productivity and effectiveness.  http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-506-en.pdf Performance metrics Medical centers Performance evaluation Healthcare professions. per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 194 200 article Kosar Jafari kosar.jafary.pit@gmail.com 1 Fatemeh Rahmati fatemeh_rahmaty@yahoo.com 2 Zeinab Gholamnia-Shirvani Z.gholamnia@yahoo.com 3 1. کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل، بابل، ایران Health Research Center, Lifestyle Research Institute, Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences (AJ), Tehran, Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Background and Aim: With the expansion of maritime and military activities, the use of innovative technologies in health and medicine has gained increasing importance. Artificial intelligence (AI), as a transformative technology, has found broad applications in medical, military, and maritime domains. This study aims to provide a systematic review of the applications of AI in military and maritime medicine and to examine associated challenges. Methods: This research was conducted as a narrative review. Relevant data were collected through searches in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using keywords such as artificial intelligence, generative AI, telemedicine, military medicine, maritime medicine, soldier health, marine pollution, and marine toxins over the past decade. Results: AI applications in military settings include support for clinical decision-making, triage algorithms and medical care in combat operations, management of patient and equipment transport, health monitoring and biosurveillance, and development of advanced medical products. In the field of marine sciences, AI is employed in the analysis of marine organisms, classification and collection of data related to marine pollution, and waste management. Conclusion: Telemedicine systems, specialized consultations, provision of medical services to seafarers, intelligent management of marine waste, and development of submarine medical technologies represent key opportunities for leveraging AI in maritime medicine. Additionally, AI can contribute to controlling marine pollution, analyzing health data, and delivering remote medical services effectively. Given the growing adoption of this technology, training physicians, military personnel, and maritime staff in the effective use of AI is essential.  http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-507-en.pdf Artificial intelligence Generative AI Telemedicine Military medicine Marine sciences Marine pollution per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 201 209 article Bahman Hassanvand hasanvand121@iau.ac.ir 1 Milad Delfan Milad.delfan@gmail.com 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Khor.C., Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad Branch, Iran, Khorramabad Department of exercise physiology, Khor.C, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran Background and Aim: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of two feedback types (self-controlled and paired) and two presentation modes (whole and difficult part) on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of the breaststroke leg kick skill in adolescents. Given the importance of feedback in motor learning, this research aimed to clarify the role of self-controlled feedback, particularly under challenging practice conditions. A secondary objective was to examine whether need-based, learner-tailored feedback delivery could lead to improved performance and skill consolidation across different learning phases. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of 40 male students aged 15 to 18 years from Khorramabad, Iran, with no prior experience in basic swimming skills. After initial matching, participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=10 each): 1) Whole self-controlled feedback, 2) Difficult-part self-controlled feedback, 3) Whole paired feedback, and 4) Difficult-part paired feedback. The intervention involved delivering the two feedback types (self-controlled or paired) via two presentation modes (focusing on the whole skill or the difficult part of the movement). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, repeated-measures ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: The results indicated that the interaction effect between feedback type (self-controlled vs. paired) and presentation mode (whole vs. difficult part) on the variables of skill acquisition, immediate retention, delayed retention, and transfer was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the interaction between feedback type (self-controlled and paired) and its presentation mode (whole and difficult part) does not have a significant impact on the processes of acquisition, retention, and transfer of this motor skill in the studied population. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-501-en.pdf Self-controlled feedback Performance awareness Skill acquisition Retention Motor learning per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2025-12 7 3 210 228 article Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra m.zorriehzahra@areeo.ac.ir 1 Mina Ziarati Mziarati2@gmail.com 2 Monireh Faeed faeedm2@gmail.com 3 Parisa Mohammadisefat p.mohammadisefat@urmia.ac.ir 4 Laleh Yazdanpanah Goharrizi l.yazdanpanah@areeo.ac.ir 5 Sana Yousefian Jezi sanayousefian@yahoo.com 6 Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Disease, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Department of Microbiology, National Center for Survey and Disease Diagnosis, Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Bushehr, Iran. Animal and Anmal Products-borne Disease Research Center, Tehran, Iran Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Department of Fishery Science, Microbiology, Agricultural and Natural Recourses Research and Education Center of Kerman. Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Department of Nanobiotechnology and Biomimetics, School of Life Science Engineering, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) technologies, also known as immunochromatographic assays, have been extensively utilized over the past six decades for disease diagnosis. These systems enable the rapid detection of biological ligands in clinical and environmental samples. Their primary advantages include low cost, accessibility, rapid turnaround time, and ease of use without the need for sophisticated laboratory equipment. The appeal of these portable diagnostic tools stems mainly from their acceptable analytical sensitivity and specificity, coupled with the visual interpretability of results. Due to these features, LFIA has gained significant traction, particularly in developing countries and emergency medical settings. In Iran, alongside global advancements, opportunities for the refinement and expansion of this technology have emerged. This article provides a structured review of the evolutionary trajectory, advantages, limitations, and modern applications of LFIA across various fields, including COVID-19 diagnosis. Furthermore, it highlights recent achievements in fisheries and aquaculture, such as the design and development of rapid diagnostic kits for major viral pathogens, including Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN), Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS), and Koi Herpesvirus (KHV). http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-522-en.pdf Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) Rapid COVID-19 Diagnosis Aquatic Pathogens Viral Disease Detection Rapid Diagnostic Kits