per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 80 90 article Amir Nezam Barati nezambarati@gmail.com 1 Abutaleb Motalebi 2 Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran Assistant Professor at Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences (RA), Mazandaran, Iran Background and Aim: Today, more than 90% of goods transportation, oil export and import of basic goods are carried out by sea, and the security of the country's import and export transportation lines in international waters with a distance of more than 2000 km from the depth of the country's soil is also ensured by the strategic navy. takes place Of course, holding maritime jobs of maritime institutions has its own difficulty, which cannot be compared with non-maritime jobs, and it is necessary for the legislative and executive branches to improve efficiency and effectiveness, as well as to institutionalize the components of good governance, laws and regulations regarding the difficulty of jobs to revise and recognize these jobs as hard jobs from a behavioral, structural and behavioral point of view. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the normative, structural and behavioral aspects of recognizing maritime jobs as difficult and harmful jobs from a legal and medical point of view, which can play an essential role in the development of the maritime sector. Methods: In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, the normative, structural and behavioral necessity in recognizing maritime jobs as hard and harmful jobs was investigated and analyzed. Results: From this point of view, there is no difference of opinion among legal, medical and technical experts in recognizing maritime jobs as hard jobs based on hardship, and all individuals, both real and legal, emphasize the difficulty of maritime jobs and work at sea, and this hypothesis They accept that maritime jobs are hard and exhausting. But it seems that in terms of norms, structure and behavior, no significant action has been taken to include these jobs and classify them under the set of hard and loss-making jobs. From this valley, with the help of the heavenly words of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding the special privileges of the position of a martyr at sea, which seems to be the result of hard work at sea, as well as the opinions of experts and legal, maritime, medical and Environmental health in the recognition of maritime jobs as hard and exhausting jobs, as well as the emphasis and confirmation of the difficulty of working at sea by the head of the legislature can pave the way for the recognition of maritime jobs as hard jobs. Conclusion: The results of this research show that in today's world, maritime jobs are considered as one of the hard and exhausting jobs from an international perspective, so that due to these difficulties, it has special benefits related to hard and loss-making jobs, and from the perspective of salaries and benefits and retirement in There is a significant difference in developing countries such as India and Pakistan as well as in developed countries compared to jobs on land. According to international researches, maritime jobs are one of the most exhausting jobs in the world, and every year many sailors stop working in this profession due to the special difficulties of maritime jobs. Therefore, it seems that it is necessary in Iran's legislative system to identify maritime jobs, especially government jobs, as hard jobs. From this point of view, counting maritime jobs as hard jobs can improve efficiency and effectiveness as a key element in maritime governance and provide the basis for creating a modern maritime civilization in the 21st century that Iran is looking for. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-425-en.pdf Maritime jobs Hard jobs Good governance per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 91 97 article Tooba Karimi karimy124@gmail.com 1 Fatemeh Rahmati fatemeh_rahmaty@yahoo.com 2 Maryam Yaghoub3 maryamyaghoubi2023@gmail.com 3 Mohammad Reza Jafari mohammadrezajafari049@gmail.com 4 msc in health education, , Faculty of health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Health Research Center, Lifestyle Research Institute, Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences (AJ), Tehran, Iran Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Student Vice Chancellor, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: The attitudes and expectations surrounding marriage and procreation play a crucial role in determining the success or failure of marital relationships. This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations regarding marriage among unmarried naval personnel in one of Iran’s military districts, as well as the relationship between demographic variables and these factors. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study employed a convenience sampling method involving 100 unmarried naval personnel from one of Iran’s military districts. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, and expectations related to marriage. The questionnaire consisted of 31 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale and demonstrated confirmed validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson correlation, and eta correlation tests. Results: The mean age of participants was 27.5 ± 2.07 years, with a gender distribution of 74% male and 26% female. According to the participants, the average suitable age for marriage was 26.12 ± 3.15 years, while the mean suitable age for procreation was 28.86 ± 3.82 years. The mean knowledge score of participants was 37.65 ± 4.7, and the mean attitude score was 18.25 ± 2.9, indicating a moderate level of attitude toward marriage. Additionally, the mean score for negative marriage expectations was 31.58 ± 3.8, which also fell within the moderate range. Notably, men's knowledge scores were significantly higher than those of women (P < 0.01), and men also had significantly higher expectation scores compared to women (P = 0.04). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that participants exhibit a strong interest in family formation and marriage requirements, along with a positive attitude toward marriage. However, various obstacles have led to delays in marriage among these young individuals. Therefore, further research is warranted to identify the facilitators and barriers to marriage within this group, enabling collaborative efforts between authorities and families to promote the values of family and facilitate the institution of marriage. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-380-en.pdf Attitude Knowledge Marriage Military personnel per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 98 104 article Ameneh Marzban amenemarzban@yahoo.com 1 Negar Fani fani2121@yahoo.com 2 Mohsen Dowlati dolat2121@yahoo.com 3 Reza Faraji faraji1020@yahoo.com 4 Iran university of medical sciences Tehran university of medical sciences Iran university of medical sciences Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Life in today's world is filled with stress and challenges, requiring individuals to develop skills to cope with crises. One such skill is resilience. This study aims to determine the correlation between hope and resilience among students at Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology. Methods: This research utilized a descriptive-correlational design. The study population consisted of all students enrolled at Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology in 2021. A sample size of 200 participants was determined through simple random sampling. Data were collected using three questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, Miller’s Hope Scale, and Connor’s Resilience Scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24, employing descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, independent t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean and standard deviation for hope and resilience were 148.45±5.75 and 67.09±7.07, respectively. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between the average resilience scores and marital status (P<0.05). Additionally, Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between hope and resilience among students (P=0.03). Conclusion: The findings suggest that both resilience and hope play crucial roles in the mental health of students. By fostering hope and resilience, it may be possible to enhance students' life satisfaction. Furthermore, hope serves as a psychological strength that contributes to increased resilience. Therefore, implementing educational programs, workshops, and establishing counseling and support groups can be effective intervention strategies to nurture hope among students. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-419-en.pdf Hope Resilience Students Correlation per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 105 114 article Ali Nasiri alinasiri2@yahoo.com 1 Seyedeh Samaneh Miresmaeeli s.miresmaeeli@gmail.com 2 Mrzieyeh Samadi Froshani M.samadi@gmail.com 3 Faculty of Health and Health Management Research Center, Baghiyatallah University of Medical Sciences and Head of Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization, Tehran, Iran Iran university Medical of sciences Tehran disaster & mitigation organization Marine accidents present significant challenges to the security and economy of societies, necessitating effective methods and strategies for mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. This research identifies the causal and strategic assumptions underlying maritime disaster management in the country through a systematic methodology for surfacing and testing these assumptions. To achieve this, we conducted a thorough review of the literature and background information related to the subject. From this review, we extracted challenges and proposed strategies associated with marine disaster management, framed within the disaster management cycle. Participants then engaged in discussions that led to the identification of 29 major challenges. Among these, key issues highlighted included the lack of necessary information and data for risk prediction, the complexity and interrelatedness of causes behind maritime accidents, insufficient stakeholder participation in planning processes, and a lack of transparency in roles. These factors contribute to weaknesses in coordination and effective cooperation among maritime traffic control centers, firefighting units, and other relevant institutions. Following this, participants discussed and identified 24 strategic assumptions. To pinpoint areas for reliable planning, these assumptions were ranked based on their importance and validity. The top nine strategic assumptions identified include: Designing a security data governance system for maritime accidents. Forecasting the required data and information while creating databases for crisis management related to marine incidents. Consolidating the response system for marine incidents and developing scenario-based incident management plans. Redesigning regulations and rules for marine accident management with input from key stakeholders. Restructuring the marine accident crisis management framework to enhance role transparency. Establishing operational standards for maritime accident management. Educating and informing stakeholders about their roles and responsibilities in the event of a marine accident. Fostering communication between universities, research centers, and industries involved in producing relevant equipment. Developing operational standards for improved marine disaster management. These strategic assumptions serve as a foundation for planning enhancements in marine disaster management. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-465-en.pdf Marine Disaster Disaster Management Soft Systems Strategic Assumptions Surfacing and Testing per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 115 125 article Allahyar Kamari a.kamari63@gmail.com 1 Ayoub Razmjou razmjoo54@gmail.com 2 Department of Biology, Payam Noor University, Kermanshah, Iran . Phytoremediation is a sustainable, natural, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method for removing heavy metals from soil. Heavy metal pollution, due to the high stability of these metals in the environment, poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems. Extensive research has been conducted on various methods for cleaning the environment of heavy metals. Among these, biosorption has emerged as a more effective approach compared to physicochemical methods such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and chemical precipitation. Biosorption offers advantages including cost-effectiveness, high relative efficiency, metal recovery capabilities, and minimal sludge production. Microorganisms are particularly well-suited for the biosorption process due to their ability to stabilize metal ions, adapt to natural environments, and remain inexpensive. Bacteria, in particular, are effective biosorbents due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and active adsorption surfaces. In recent years, leveraging the ability of microorganisms to remove metals from contaminated effluents has been proposed as an optimal solution. The mechanisms and methods of metal adsorption can vary significantly among different microorganisms. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-375-en.pdf Zinc Antioxidant Spinach per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 126 134 article Faezeh Peimanpak f.peimanpak@alzahra.ac.ir 1 Sara Karimi s.karimi@alzahra.ac.ir 2 Abbass Abdollahi a.abdollahi@alzahra.ac.ir 3 Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Alzahra University Alzahra University Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the moderating roles of psychological hardiness and flexibility concerning intolerance of uncertainty and depression symptoms among seafarers. Methods: A descriptive correlational research design was employed. The statistical population consisted of all sailors of a shipping company in 2023. From this population, 580 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. The research instruments included Beck's Depression Inventory (1996), Dennis's Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, Maddy's Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire (2006), and Carleton et al.'s Intolerance of Uncertainty Questionnaire (2007). The collected data were analyzed using correlation and hierarchical regression tests with SPSS-26 software. Results: The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression; specifically, lower tolerance for ambiguity among seafarers was associated with increased depressive symptoms. Conversely, psychological hardiness showed a negative and significant relationship with depression, indicating that higher levels of psychological hardiness corresponded to fewer depressive symptoms. However, the moderating role of psychological hardiness in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression symptoms was not confirmed. In terms of psychological flexibility, a negative and significant relationship with depression was observed. Additionally, the moderating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression symptoms was confirmed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of considering these variables within the seafaring community. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-467-en.pdf Intolerance of Uncertainty Depressive Symptoms Psychological Hardiness Psychological Flexibility Seafaring per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 135 147 article Morteza Azizollahi Aliabadi morteza_azizollahi@yahoo.com 1 Seyed Reza Hosseini Doust hdoust@gmail.com 2 Nahid Masoumi nahid72.m@gmail.com 3 Maryam Miyanabadi miyanabadi@yahoo.com 4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Plastic waste represents one of the most significant environmental challenges facing the world today, with microplastics emerging as a focal point for researchers over the past few decades. Pollution from microplastics is accumulating in aquatic ecosystems at an unprecedented scale, serving as new surfaces for biofilm formation and gene exchange. Recent studies have highlighted the negative impacts of microplastics on marine life. The effects of microplastics on sea creatures primarily occur through the direct ingestion of plastic particles, leading to internal damage. Additionally, these pollutants adversely affect the distribution of certain marine species that utilize these materials as sites for laying eggs. Consequently, the presence of microplastics in seawater-especially given the high consumption of seafood (fish and shellfish) in some countries-raises concerns regarding their potential impact on human health. Many researchers emphasize that one of the most critical effects of microplastics in marine environments is their ability to absorb chemical pollutants. Beyond merely transporting these contaminants, microplastics also enhance the environmental stability of these substances. Microplastics provide an extensive and suitable substrate for microbial accumulation in aquatic ecosystems. The formation of microplastic-microorganism complexes, such as biofilms, facilitates the degradation of organic matter and horizontal gene transfer. In this context, microplastics influence the structure and function of microbial communities, revealing both physical and chemical effects that pose challenges for microbiology, ecology, and ecotoxicology. The dispersion of microplastics is diverse, encompassing associated microorganisms and genetic elements, including antibiotic resistance genes, pathogenicity islands, and metabolic pathways. Functional changes within aquatic microbiomes can alter carbon metabolism and food webs, leading to unknown consequences for both organisms and human microbiomes-and, consequently, human health. The spread of antibiotic resistance through microplastics poses a significant risk for the evolution of aquatic bacteria and represents an often-overlooked threat to human health. Studies indicate that horizontal gene transfer in this habitat can significantly impact the ecology of aquatic microbial communities on a global scale. Therefore, comprehensive research on microplastics and nanoplastics and their effects within the food chain is essential. This article aims to review various studies on this pollutant and highlight some of its effects in marine environments. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-417-en.pdf Microplastics Aquatic Ecosystems Biofilm Horizontal Gene Transfer per Marine Medicine Research Center Journal of Marine Medicine 9 2676-6051 2024-09 6 2 148 164 article Mehdi Alboofetileh alboofetileh@areeo.ac.ir 1 Samira Jeddi Jeddi.ch.88@gmail.com 2 Seyed Hassan Jalili Jalilish@yahoo.com 3 Fish Processing Technology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran Fish Processing Technology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran Fish Processing Technology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran Background and Aim: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a bioactive compound that can be extracted from marine sources. This compound has found applications in various food and pharmaceutical products due to its numerous bioactive properties. Methods: This article reviews published studies regarding the sources, extraction methods, structure, bioactivity characteristics, medicinal applications, and commercial products derived from CS extracted from aquatic resources. Results: The findings indicate that the primary marine sources of CS include various species of sharks. However, other sources such as ray fish, sea cucumbers, sturgeons, and certain bony fish can also be utilized for extracting this compound. In these sources, CS is primarily extracted from cartilage and, to a lesser extent, from bone and skin. Various extraction methods have been employed, including conventional techniques using chemical solvents, enzymatic methods, ultrasound, microwave-assisted extraction, pulsed electric fields, and combinations of these approaches. CS exhibits a wide range of health-promoting and bioactive properties, including antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-malarial effects, as well as benefits for wound healing, bone and cartilage repair, nerve tissue regeneration, liver health, immune stimulation, and digestive protection. Consequently, a variety of products have been developed from this compound and are being used to prevent and treat several diseases, particularly arthritis. Conclusion: Given the bioactivity and medicinal potential of CS, along with the abundance of marine resources in the country's waters, the extraction of this compound and the production of its various derivatives should be considered by the industry. http://jmarmed.ir/article-1-420-en.pdf Marine sources Bioactive compounds Chondroitin sulfate Bioactivities Extraction methods